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2173001

F E The figure below shows a binary star system. The two stars A and B are L apart
and move round the same point O at the same uniform angular speed. The mass
of A is mA and the mass of B is mB. The magnitudes of the centripetal acceleration
of the stars are the same.
L

x
O

(a) How far are they away from O? Express your answer in terms of L, mA and
mB.
(4 marks)
(b) What is the ratio of their linear speeds?

(2 marks)

(c) What is the ratio of their periods?

(2 marks)

(d) Suppose mA greater than mB. Is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration
of A the same as, greater than or smaller than that of B? Show your
calculations.
(3 marks)
-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) Let rA and rB be the distances of A and B from O respectively.


Centripetal force of A = centripetal force of B
1M

mArAA2 = mBrBB2
mArA = mBrB

(1)

Since they are L apart,


1M

rA + rB = L
rA = L rB

(2)

Substitute (2) into (1),


mA (L rB) = mBrB
rB =
rA = L

mAL
m A mB

mAL
mB L
=
m A mB
m A mB

(b) By v r,

1A
1A
1M

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vA
r A A
=
vB
rB B

mB L
mB
m A mB
=
=
mA
mAL
m A mB

1A

vA : vB = mB : mA.
(c)

By T =

TA
TB

1M

2
,

1A

2
A
=
2
B

1
1

TA : TB = 1 : 1.
(d) By a = r2,

1M
2

aA
r A A
=
2
aB
rB B

mB L
m A mB
=
mAL
m A mB

1M
=

mB
mA

The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of A is smaller than

1A

that of B.

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=07><S=extension><T=LQ><M=10><L=2><X=F><id=002>}}


2173002

F E An accident happened when car A was turning a corner. It slid and hit another
car. A policeman did an investigation of the accident and he recorded the
information obtained as follows:
The radius of curvature of the road is 8 m. The
coefficient of friction is 0.4. The monitor record
shows that car A travelled a distance of 20 m in
2 s on the straight road before turning the
corner

(a) If the road is flat, what is the speed limit? Take the acceleration due to
gravity as 10 m s1.
(3 marks)
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(b) Find the speed of car A on the straight road. Deduce the cause of the
accident and explain your reasons.
(4 marks)
(c) Besides the speed limit, suggest a safety measure that can be taken in
building the road to ensure safety on the turning? Explain your answer.
(3 marks)
-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) Centripetal force = friction between tyres and road


2

1M

mv max
= mg
r
Speed limit =
(b) Speed =
=

gr

0.4 10 8 5.66

1M

m s1

s
t

1A
1M

20
2

= 10 m s1
When car A turned the corner, its speed exceeded the speed limit.

1A
1A

The friction between the tyre and the road is smaller than the
centripetal force needed.

1A

Therefore, It slid and caused the accident.


(c)

The road should be banked.

1A

When a car passes the banked road, the horizontal component of


the normal reaction on it contributes to the centripetal force.

1A

This reduces the reliance on the friction between the tyre and the
road.

1A

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=07><S=extension><T=LQ><M=12><L=2><X=F><id=003>}}


2173003

F E Clark buys a new bicycle as shown below. The radii of the front and rear chain
wheels are 10 cm and 5 cm respectively. The radii of the front and back wheels
are both 30 cm.

278413333.doc

rear chain
wheel
front
chain
wheel

pedal

chain

(a) Describe how a bicycle moves by pedalling.

(3 marks)

(b) Clark finds that the surfaces of the tyres are rough. Can you tell him the
reason for this?
(1 mark)
(c) Clark pedals the bicycle at a constant speed. The pedal completes a cycle in
a second.
()

Find the angular speed of the front chain wheel.

() Find the bicycles speed.

(1 mark)
(3 marks)

(d) If the coefficient of friction between the tyre and the road is 0.4, can the
bicycle turn a corner of radius 6 m safely at the speed in (c)()? Explain
briefly. Take the acceleration due to gravity as 10 m s2.
(4 marks)
-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) When we pedal, the front chain wheel, which is connected to the
pedal, rotates.

1A

The movement is passed on to the rear chain wheel through the


chain.

1A

The rear tyre which is connected to the rear chain wheel rotates
and pushes the front wheel, as well as the bicycle, to move.

1A

(b) The surfaces are rough in order to increase the friction between
the tyres and the road.
(c)

()

Angular speed of front chain wheel


=

()

1A

2
= 2 rad s1 ( 6.28 rad s1)
1

1A

Since the two chain wheels are connected by the chain, they
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have the same linear speed, i.e.


rFF = rRR

1M

Angular speed of rear chain wheel


=

r F F 10 2
=
= 4 rad s1
rR
5

1M

The rear chain wheel and the rear tyre have the same angular
speed.
Linear speed of rear tyre
= r = 0.3 4 = 1.2 m s1 = 3.77 m s1

1A

The speed of the bicycle is 3.77 m s1.


(d) Friction between tyre and road = centripetal force

mg =

mv max 2
r

vmax =

gr

1M

0.4 10 6

= 4.90 m s1
The bicycle moves at a speed is lower than the speed limit,

1A

so it can turn the corner safely.

1A
1A

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=07><S=extension><T=LQ><M=9><L=2><X=F><id=004>}}


2173004

F E The figure below is a circular runway. Jane walks along the runway with a
uniform speed. It takes her 10 minutes to finish a loop.
R2

R1

(a) Name all the forces acting on Jane.

(3 marks)

278413333.doc

(b) Then Jane runs and finishes a loop in 3 minutes. Compared with her original
motion, how do Janes linear speed, angular speed and centripetal
acceleration change?
(3 marks)
(c) If Jane rides a bicycle on the runway, what factors limit her speed? List two
factors and explain briefly.
(3 marks)
-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) The forces acting on her include weight,

1A

the normal reaction from the ground

1A

and friction.

1A

(b) Her linear speed, angular speed and centripetal acceleration


3 1A

increases.
(c)

Jane rides a bicycle and is in a uniform circular motion. The


centripetal force is provided by friction.

1A

Her speed is limited by the radius of the runway

1A

and the friction between the tyres and the ground.

1A

(Or other reasonable answers)

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=07><S=extension><T=LQ><M=12><L=2><X=F><id=005>}}


2173005

F E Some information of a top loading washing machine is shown below.


Capacity: 7 kg
Washing power: 300 W
Spin dryer power: 160 W
(a) Explain briefly how the spin dryer works.

(4 marks)

(b) Wet clothes of mass 7 kg are put in the dryer. Two minutes later, the mass of
the clothes becomes 5 kg. During the process, 5% of the energy consumed
by the machine is transferred into the waters kinetic energy. The radius of
the roller is 200 mm.

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()

What is the average speed of the water when it leaves the roller?
(2 marks)

() How many rotations does the roller make in a second?

(2 marks)

() Jim puts a coat with a ping pong ball inside the pocket into the washing
machine. The net mass of the clothes pressing on the ball is 0.05 kg.
The ball can only sustain a force of 30 N. Will the ball be crushed in
the drying process?
(4 marks)
-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) The roller rotates in a very high speed in the drying process and so
the clothes are in circular motion.

1A

The centripetal force of the clothes is provided by the normal


reaction from the roller.

1A

The moisture in the clothes can pass through the cloth and the roller,

1A

so there is no force acting on it as the centripetal force.

1A

As a result, the moisture is thrown out of the clothes.


(b) (i)

Kinetic energy of water = energy provided by dryer


1
mv2 = 5% Pt
2

1M

1
(7 5)v2 = 5% 160 2 60
2

v = 31.0 m s1

1A

The average speed of the water is 31.0 m s1.


()

Let n be the number of rotations the roller makes in a second.


v = r = r 2n
n=

1M

v
31.0
=
= 24.7 s1
2r 2 0.2

The roller makes 24.7 rotations in a second.

1A

() Normal reaction from the ball on the clothes


= centripetal force of the clothes
=

mv 2
r

0.05 31.0 2
0 .2

= 240 N

1M

1M

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By Newtons third law of motion,


the force acting on the ball by the clothes
= the force acting on clothes by the ball
= 240 N

1M

This is much larger than the force that the ball can sustain, so
the ball will be crushed.

1A

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=07><S=extension><T=LQ><M=14><L=2><X=F><id=006>}}


2173006

F E Jack takes a ride on the Flying Swing as shown. His mass is 50 kg. The length
of the rope (L) is 6 m. The mass of the chair is 20 kg. The bottom of the chair is 1
m above the ground when it is at rest. The Flying Swing completes a rotation in
4.53 s. The horizontal distance between Jack and the rotation axis (r) is 3 m.

Assume that the mass of the rope is negligible. Take the acceleration due to
gravity as 10 m s1.
(a) State the forces acting on Jack when the Flying Swing is rotating.
(2 marks)
(b) Find the angular speed of Jack.

(2 marks)

(c) Find the linear speed of Jack.

(2 marks)

(d) Find the tension in the rope.

(2 marks)

(e) If the Flying Swing rotates 1.5 times as fast as it does at the beginning,
how high is Jack above the ground?
(6 marks)

278413333.doc

-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) His weight

1A

and normal reaction by the seat

1A

2
4.53

1M

(b) Angular speed of Jack =

= 1.387 rad s1
1.39 rad s1
(c)

Linear speed of Jack = r

1A
1M

= 3 1.387
= 4.16 m s1
(d)

1A

Horizontal component of tension = centripetal force


T sin = mr2
T =

1M

mr 2
sin

(50 + 20) 3 1.387 2


=
3
6
= 808 N

1A

The tension is 808 N.


(e) From (d),
T=

mr 2
sin

1M

= m2L
= (50 + 20) (1.5 1.387)2 6

1M

= 1820 N
Consider the vertical direction.
Vertical component of tension = total weight of Jack and the chair
T cos = mg
cos =
=

1M

mg
T

(50 + 20)10
1820

= 0.385

1M

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Height of Jack above the ground

1M

= 6 + 1 6 cos
= 7 6 0.385

1A

= 4.69 m

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=07><S=extension><T=LQ><M=10><L=3><X=F><id=007>}}


2173007

F E Marie and her dad go to the amusement park in the weekend and see a rotor
there. People inside can stand on no floor as shown. They feel it very funny and
take a ride. The mass of Marie is 30 kg and that of her dad is 60 kg. The radius of
the rotor is 2 m. The coefficient of friction is 0.4.

(a) Explain why the people will not fall down in the rotor.

(5 marks)

(b) Find the ratio of the normal reactions by the wall of the rotor on Marie and
her dad.
(2 marks)
(c) How many times should the rotor rotate in a second at least? Take the
acceleration due to gravity as 10 m s2.
(3 marks)
-- ans
Solutions

Marks

(a) When the rotor rotates, the normal reaction N by the wall of the
rotor on a person provides the centripetal force for him.

1A

N = mr2

1A

Maximum friction between the person and the wall = N = mr2

1A

10

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The higher the rotating speed, the larger the maximum friction.

1A

The person will not fall down if the maximum friction is larger than
his weight.

1A

(b) By N = mr2,

N1 m1r112 m1 30 1
=
=
=
=
N 2 m 2 r 2 22 m 2 60 2
The ratio of the normal reactions on Marie to that on her dad is 1

1M

1A

: 2.
(c)

Let n be the number of turns that the rotor rotates in a second.


1M

= 2n
Maximum friction = weight

1M

N = mg
N=

mg

By N = mr2,
mg

= mr (2n)2

n=
=

g
4 2 r

10
2

4 0 .4 2

= 0.563 s1

1A

The rotor should at least rotate 0.563 time in a second.

-- ans end -{{<P=21><C=07><S=extension><T=LQ><M=16><L=3><X=F><id=008>}}


2173008

F E Two wooden blocks A and B are placed on a rotating plane (Fig a). They are of
the same mass m. The distance between A and the rotational axis is r. A and B are
L apart. The coefficient of friction is . Suppose A and B perform uniform
circular motion.

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A
O

r
L

Fig a

(a) A and B do not slide on the plane. What is the maximum angular speed of
the plane?
(3 marks)
(b) Now, A and B are connected with an inextensible string. The mass of the
string is negligible.
()

If A and B do not slide on the plane, what is the maximum angular


speed of the plane?
(3 marks)

() What is the tension in the string in ()?

(2 marks)

(c) Suppose there is a hole at the centre of the plane. An inextensible string X
hanging a metal ball is connected to block A through the hole. The two
blocks are connected with another inextensible string Y (Fig b). The mass of
X and Y is negligible. The tensions in X and Y are TX and TY respectively.
Now, the angular speed of the plane is 3 times of that in (b) (), and the
blocks do not slide.

inextensible
strings

metal ball

12

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Fig b

()

What is the minimum mass of the metal ball?

(5 marks)

() What is the maximum mass of the metal ball?

(3 marks)

-- ans -Solutions

Marks

(a) Since centripetal force = friction,


for block A,
1M

mg = mrA2
A =

g
r

for block B,
1M

mg = m (r + L) B2
B =

g
<
r L

g
r

The maximum angular speed of the plane is


(b) ()

1A

g
.
r L

For block A,
friction tension in the string = centripetal force

mg T = mr2

(1)

1M

For block B,
friction + tension in the string = centripetal force

mg + T = m (r + L) 2

(2)

1M

(1) + (2),
2mg = mr2 + m (r + L) 2

1A

2g
2r L

The maximum angular speed of the plane is


()

Substitute =

2g
into (1),
2r L

mg T = mr

2g
2r L

2g
.
2r L

1M

1A

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T=

mgL
2r L

The tension in the rope is


(c)

()

mgL
.
2r L

Let M be the mass of the metal ball.


1M

TX = Mg
For block A,
tension TX + friction tension TY = centripetal force
Mg + mg TY = mr2

(3)

1M

For block B,
friction + tension TY = centripetal force

mg + TY = m (r + L) 2

(4)

1M

(3) + (4),
2mg + Mg = mr2 + m (r + L) 2
2g
= m (2r + L) 3
2
r L

1M

= 18mg
M = 16m
The minimum mass of the metal ball is 16m.
()

1A

If the weight of the metal ball is greater than the centripetal


force, the friction will point radially outwards.
For block A,
tension TX friction tension TY = centripetal force
Mg mg TY = mr2

(5)

1M

(6)

1M

For block B,
tension TY friction = centripetal force
TY mg = m (r + L) 2
(5) + (6),
Mg 2mg = mr2 + m (r + L) 2
= 18mg
M = 20m

1A

The maximum mass of the metal block is 20m.

-- ans end --

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