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JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH, INTERNATIONAL. 2009, 16(4): 39-43
Ij1.3 ,
ZHOU Hong",
ZHANG Zhi-hui" ,
REN Lu-quarr'
O. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Change hun University of Technology. Changchun 130012.
Jilin. China;
2. The Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University,
Changchun 130025. Jilin. China;
3. The Key Laboratory for Terrain Machinery Bionics Engineering of the
Ministry of Education. Jilin University. Changchun 130025, Jilin. China)
Abstract: The striations on the surface of 3Cr2W8V die steel were processed by laser. The microstructure, hard-
ness, wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of the specimens processed by laser were measured. The appearance and mechanism of thermal fatigue crack propagation in the zone processed by laser were observed and discussed.
The results show that the wear resistance and thermal fatigue resistance of materials processed by laser are all better
than those of the unprocessed material. The processed zone by laser plays a role in baffling wearing process and crack
propagation. The pile-nail effect of processed zone is the main factor for improving the wear resistance and thermal
fatigue resistance of material.
Key words: laser processing; die steel; property
Natural biomaterials have some unique properties and functions and have attracted many researchers' interest, including their structures, mechanical
properties, physical and chemical behavior and their
biomimetics. Related researches show that there
are, respectively, convex, reticulate, striate, etc.
shapes on body surfaces of some soil animals, such
as the dung beetle and mole-cricket, etc. Researches
in tribology and bionics show that this kind of nonsmooth biont surface can break one consecution and
lower the resistance of friction in crawling process,
so eases consumedly the harm to the body surface,
thus their wear resistance is superior'{r", The characteristic of biont that adapts to the survival environment has emerged gradually through hundreds of
millions of years of evolution and optimization'P'!".
Practices also indicate that not the surface with more
uniform microstructure has more excellent property,
but the property of material with nonuniform microstructure excels on the contrary. It has been found that
the wear resistances of cast iron[5.6] and 3Cr2W8V
die steel[?] processed by laser are markedly improved. The 3Cr2W8V is used as die steel. Wear
Experimental Procedure
Foundation Item, Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50635030)
Bi~raphy,
E-mail: chli0423@I26.com:
40
Table 1
Si
Mn
Cr
O. 35
O. 30
O. 40
2. 60
8. 02
O. 40
0.025
%
Fe
O. 025 Balance
tween bordered striations is 1. 2. 3. and 4 mrn , respectively. The width and depth of unit are O. 9 and
0.3 mm , respectively. And specimens used to wear
testing and fatigue testing are shown in Fig. 1 and
Fig. 2. respectively. The laser current intensity is
200 A; the laser frequency is 10 Hz; and the laser
impulse duration is 3. 0 ms.
Micro-hardness of the material processed by laser is
measured on a type of HXD-lOOO micro-hardometer.
The distance between the tested two bordered dots
is about 0.2 mm and the load is 1 N. The used
method to test hardness is shown in Fig. 3 in detail.
The wear resistance of the materials is done at a pinon-disk abrasive wear tester. and the load is 1. 3. 5
and 8 N. respectively. The specimens are purged by
ultrasonic before and after the wear experiments.
then the mass loss is measured with a F A2004 current analytical balance. and the mass losses of three
pieces of specimens at the same kind of laser processing condition were averaged. The material worn
opposite with the specimens is carborundum sand
paper. The worn surface processed by laser is observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
The thermal fatigue test machine was designed
to install multiple specimens simultaneously in order
to obtain specimens under identical testing conditions.
/1
Fig. 1
3mm
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Vol. 16
41
Issue 4
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------------
( a) Processed zone;
Fig.4
Cb) Matrix
Microstructure of material
Table 2
1200
4mm
Spacing
Mass loss/ I 0 '
I mm
2 mm
:0 mm
Unprocessed
10, 2
II. 8
12, 2
18. 3
L.-
o
Fig. 5
.....
~_~_~_~~_
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Distance from edge of striation/mm
1.2
2.2
Wear resistance
Table 2 shows that the mass losses of specimens with different spacing striations are less than
that of unprocessed specimen, that is, the wear resistance is superior to that of unprocessed specimen.
The wear resistance of material processed by laser
improves along with the decrease of the distributing
distance. When the spacing between bordered striations is 1, 2, 3 mm , the wear resistance of the striate specimen is 1. 79, 1. 55, and 1. 50 times of that
of unprocessed surface, respectively.
Table 3 is the mass loss of specimens with 2 mm
spacing striations processed by laser under different
load. The mass loss increases with the increase of
load. When the load is 1. 3, 5 and 8 N, respectively,
Load
Mass loss/10--
1N
:ON
10.2
11. 8
8N
12.2
18. :J
42
Bouncing
Fig. 6
2. 3
Vol. 16
face. There are fourth cracks on unprocessed specimen in which the length of four cracks is more than
5 mrn , and six is less than 1 mm. However. on the
surface of specimen with 4 mm spacing striation, the
number of crack is only six which include one more
than 1 mm and three less than 1 mm. Evidently. the
number of crack on the surface of unprocessed specimen is much more than that of the specimens with
striations processed by laser. This indicates that the
specimens with striations have a superior thermal fatigue resistance compared to the unprocessed specimen.
The appearances of thermal fatigue crack propagation on the surface processed by laser are observed
by optical microscope and stereornicroscope. It can
be seen that the main thermal fatigue crack is
stopped (in Fig. 8) by the striation and bifurcated at
the striation. At the crack tip near the striation. the
path of crack propagation becomes more and more
zigzag. It is obvious that the striations processed by
laser on the surface of steel have better thermal fatigue resistance and positive effect on inhibiting the
crack propagation. The crack must expend more energy to propagate'f ' .
There is difference in microstructure between
processed zone and matrix. The grains of microstructure are finer after being processed by laser.
and there is bigger dislocation density to increase the
number of dislocation, intensity and toughness. The
striations stud on the metal surface such as piles and
nails. and they can retard the initiation and propagation of crack. Thus, the fatigue strength of material
is markedly improved. The effect of striations on the
material surface is similar to the "piles and nails
effect". The pile-nail effect can be described by a
crack retardation mechanism and a stress counteraction mechanism.
PI
P
Fig. 8
Fig. 7
Issue 4
by laser
Striations processed
Crack
--{
--------
Crack
Striations processed
cmc~#i~~~
[2J
[3J
[4J
[5J
Fig. 9
[6J
[7J
[8J
Conclusions
[n.
Spacing
Crack nucleation
43
100: 63
[9J
[IOJ