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Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Magnetic fields are described by drawing flux lines
that represent the magnetic field.
Where lines are close
together, the flux
density is higher.
Chapter 7
Summary
Chapter 7
Summary
Chapter 7
Magnetic Materials
In ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt,
the magnetic domains are randomly oriented when
unmagnetized. When placed in a magnetic field, the
domains become aligned, thus they effectively become
magnets.
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
The unit of flux is the weber. The unit of flux density is
the weber/square meter, which defines the unit tesla, (T),
a very large unit.
j
B=
Flux density is given by the equation
A
where
B = flux density (T)
Flux lines (j
j = flux (Wb)
A = area (m2)
2
Area (m)
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Example: What is the flux density in a rectangular core
that is 8 mm by 10 mm if the flux is 4 mWb?
j
B=
A
4 103 Wb
8 10 m10 10 m
-3
-3
50 Wb/m2 = 50 T
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Magnetic flux lines surround a current carrying wire.
The field lines are concentric circles.
As in the case of bar magnets, the effects
of electrical current can be visualized with
iron filings around the wire the current
must be large to see this effect.
Iron filings
Current-carrying wire
Electric Circuits Fundamentals - Floyd
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Permeability (m) defines the ease with which a
magnetic field can be established in a given material. It is
measured in units of the weber per ampere-turn meter.
The permeability of a vacuum (m0) is 4p x 10-7 weber
per ampere-turn meter, which is used as a reference.
m
m0
Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Reluctance (R) is the opposition to the establishment
of a magnetic field in a material.
R
l
mA
R= reluctance in A-t/Wb
l = length of the path
m = permeability (Wb/A-t m).
A = area in m2
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Recall that magnetic flux lines surround a current-carrying
wire. A coil reinforces and intensifies these flux lines.
The cause of magnetic flux is called magnetomotive
force (mmf), which is related to the current and number of
turns of the coil.
Fm = NI
Fm = magnetomotive force (A-t)
N = number of turns of wire in a coil
I = current (A)
Electric Circuits Fundamentals - Floyd
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Ohms law for magnetic circuits is
Fm
j
R
flux (j) is analogous to current
magnetomotive force (Fm) is analogous to voltage
reluctance (R) is analogous to resistance.
What flux is in a core that is wrapped with a
300 turn coil with a current of 100 mA if the
reluctance of the core is 1.5 x 107 A-t/Wb ? 2.0 mWb
Electric Circuits Fundamentals - Floyd
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
The magnetomotive force (mmf) is not a true force in
the physics sense, but can be thought of as a cause of
flux in a core or other material.
Iron core
Chapter 7
Summary
Solenoids
A solenoid produces mechanical motion
from an electrical signal.
Stationary core
Sliding core
(plunger)
Spring
Chapter 7
Summary
Relays
A relay is an electrically controlled switch; a small
control voltage on the coil can control a large current
through the contacts.
Contac t points
StructureAlternate
schematic symbol
Schematic
Arm ature
Term inals
Spring
symbol
Fixed
contact
NC
contacts
CR1 -1
CR1
Movable contact
NO
contacts
Elec trom agnetic
c oil
CR1 -2
Fixed
Term inals
contact
Chapter 7
Summary
Fm
l
or
H = NI
l
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
If a material is permeable, then a greater flux density
will occur for a given magnetic field intensity. The
relation between B (flux density) and H (the effort to
establish the field) is
B = mH
Chapter 7
Summary
Saturation begins
Non-magnetic material
Magnetic Field Intensity, H, (At/m)
Chapter 7
Summary
B
Saturation
Bsat
H
BR
Hsat
Hsat
H= 0
Bsat
Saturation
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
B
HC
Bsat
H = 0
0
BR
H
Hsat
H
H
HC
HC
B
(e)
B
(f )
(g)
Chapter 7
Summary
Magnetization Curve
A B-H curve is referred to as a magnetization curve for
the case where the material is initially unmagnetized.
The B-H curve differs for different materials; magnetic
materials have in common much larger flux density for a
given magnetic field intensity, such as the annealed iron
shown here.
Flux Density, B, (T)
2.0
1.5
Annealed iron
1.0
0.5
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Chapter 7
Relative motion
S
Chapter 7
Summary
Induced voltage
The induced voltage due to the relative motion
between the conductor and the magnetic field when the
motion is perpendicular to the field is dependent on
three factors:
the relative velocity (motion is perpendicular)
the length of the conductor in the magnetic field
the flux density
Chapter 7
Summary
Faradays law
Faraday experimented with generating current by
relative motion between a magnet and a coil of wire.
The amount of voltage induced across a coil is
determined by two factors:
-V+
Voltage is indicated only
when magnet is moving.
Electric Circuits Fundamentals - Floyd
Chapter 7
Summary
Faradays law
Faraday also experimented generating current by
relative motion between a magnet and a coil of wire.
The amount of voltage induced across a coil is
determined by two factors:
-V+
Chapter 7
Summary
South
North
Chapter 7
Summary
DC Generator
A dc generator includes a rotating coil,
which is driven by an external
mechanical force (the coil is
shown as a loop in this
simplified view). As the coil
rotates in a magnetic field, a
pulsating voltage is generated.
Mechanical drive
turns the shaft
Brushes
Commutator
To external circuit
Electric Circuits Fundamentals - Floyd
Chapter 7
Magnetic units
It is useful to review the key magnetic units from this
chapter:
Quantity
SI Unit
Tesla
Weber
Weber/ampere-turn-meter
Ampere-turn/Weber
Ampere-turn
Ampere-turn/meter
Symbol
B
f
m
R
Fm
H
Chapter 7
Magnetic flux The lines of force between the north pole and
south pole of a permanent magnet or an
electromagnet.
Weber (Wb) The SI unit of magnetic flux, which represents
108 lines.
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Chapter 7
Quiz
b. ampere-turn/weber
c. ampere-turn/meter
d. tesla
Chapter 7
Quiz
Chapter 7
Quiz
b. induced voltage
c. induced current
d. hysteresis
Chapter 7
Quiz
b. ampere-turn/weber
c. weber/ampere-turn-meter
d. dimensionless
Chapter 7
Quiz
b. ampere-turn/weber
c. weber/ampere-turn meter
d. dimensionless
Chapter 7
Quiz
Chapter 7
Quiz
l
mA
Chapter 7
Quiz
c. coil
d. armature
Chapter 7
Quiz
BR
H
Chapter 7
Quiz
Chapter 7
Quiz
Answers:
1. d
6. b
2. d
7. c
3. a
8. c
4. c
9. b
5. d
10. a