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Review
Mechanism and Active Variety of Allelochemicals
PENG Shao-Lin1, 3*, WEN Jun1, GUO Qin-Feng2
(1. South China Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
2. U.S.Geological Survey, 8711 37th St.SE, Jamestown, ND 58401, USA;
3. State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China)
Abstract: This article summarizes allelochemicalsactive variety, its potential causes and function
mechanisms. Allelochemicalsactivity varies with temperature, photoperiod, water and soils during natural
processes, with its initial concentration, compound structure and mixed degree during functional processes,
with plant accessions, tissues and maturity within-species, and with research techniques and operation
processes. The prospective developmental aspects of allelopathy studies in the future are discussed.
Future research should focus on: (1) to identify and purify allelochemicals more effectively, especially for
agriculture, (2) the functions of allelopathy at the molecular structure level, (3) using allelopathy to explain
plant species interactions, (4) allelopathy as a driving force of succession, and (5) the significance of
allelopathy in the evolutionary processes.
Key words: allelopathy; active variety; functional mechanism
Allelopathy is commonly defined as any direct or indirect effects (stimulation or inhibitory) by one plant, including microorganisms, on another through production of
chemical compounds that escape into environment (Rice,
1984). It has long been recognized since Democritus, a Grecian scholar, who realized the chemical interactions between
plants since B.C. 3; in China, such a phenomenon was recorded in Qi Min Yao Shu in many agricultural processes.
Since the 1960s, following the rapid advances in chemistry,
plant physiology, biochemistry and ecology, the role of
allelopathy has increasingly become investigated (Anon,
2000; Mallik, 2000). Following the establishments of the
standard phytotoxic bioassay for allelochemicals and the
related nomenclature system, related studies then become
more precise and systemic (Macias et al., 2000a; 2000b).
More recently, growing efforts are being made to examine
the role of allelopathy in controlling the spreads of weeds,
pest insects and diseases.
Allelochemicals are the small molecular weight compounds excreted from plants during the process of secondary metabolism (Rice, 1984). These chemicals usually accumulated in plants, soils, and other surrounding organisms.
These compounds also vary in chemical composition, concentration and localization in plant tissues and from plantto-plant with changes in both biotic and abiotic conditions
(Waller and Einhellig, 1999). As more allelopathic phenomena being discovered and described, studies on the
the same species. Variation in allelochemicalsactivity during the excrete process indicates that plant itself is also a
key controlling factor. Some studies (Jensen et al., 2001)
showed that a certain gene controls the output of
allelochemicals and different allelochemicals are controlled
by different genes and in different time. This proves the
feasibility of using genes to study the mechanisms of
allelopathy.
1.2.1 Allelochemicalsactivity varies with plant accessions Different plants, even different accessions of the
same plant, will produce different allelochemicals. Wu et al.
(2000a) analyzed the phenolic acids in root tissues of 58
wheat accessions, and demonstrated that the concentrations of allelochemicals of different accessions were very
different. Wu et al. (2000b) evaluated the allelopathy in the
seedlings of 453 wheat accessions against Lolium rigidum
by using the equal-compartment-agar method (ECMA). He
demonstrated that there was a considerable genetic variation in allelopathic activity in wheat germplasms. Tang and
Sun (2002) studied allelopathy of 700 rice accessions against
vegetable and their result demonstrated that allelopathic
intensity varied with the accessions and the allelopathy
among local varieties was stronger than that among cultivated varieties. Kamara et al. (2000) investigated the effects extracts from levels and much of 14 trees on maize
germination, growth and yield in the laboratory and field
experiment, and all data showed great variations in
allelochemicalsactivity.
1.2.2 Allelochemicalsactivity varies with plant tissues
Most tissues of plant, such as leaf, flower, fluid, stem, root
and seed, even litter, can release a certain amount of
allelochemicals into the surrounding environments. These
allelochemicals can be very different as different parts or
tissues of plants have different physiological functions.
The extracts from the roots and stems were reported (Mo
and Fan, 2001) that have autotoxicity and inhibit the rooting and germination processes of Braguiera gymnorrhiza,
yet other parts of the plants can stimulate its germination.
Wu et al. (2001) examined the changes in allelopathic content 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy 1,4-benzoxazin 3-one
(DIMBOA) in different parts of wheat, and found that
DIMBOA level in the root tissues is the highest followed
by the stems. Ben-Hammouda et al. (2002) studied barley
autotoxicity from the roots, stems and leaves extraction of
barley, and the result showed that the leaves were the most
important source of allelopathic substances, and the roots
were the last. Ben-Hammouda et al. (2001) also investigated the phytotoxicity of Hordeum vulgare on Triticum
durum and T. aestivum, and showed that the allelopathic
2 Mechanisms of AllelochemicalsFunctions
Presently, studies on the allelopathy mechanisms mostly
concentrate on the physiology. Allelochemicals first damage the cytolemma, and then send the stress information
into the cell through the target point on the cytolemma to
affect the adsorption of incretions and ions. The growth of
plant can be either stimulated or inhibited due to cell division and photosynthesis caused by the adsorption of
incretions, ions and water.
Studies in physiology can be very insightful for allelopathy research. However, most of these studies have focused on a single plant function and cannot explain the
mechanisms of allelopathy fully. Other mechanism such as
genetics, need to incorporated onto more comprehensive
studies to investigate the similarities and differences in allelopathy therefore to form an integrating allelopathy mechanism theory.
2.1 The effect on cytolemma
Allelochemicals can affect the structure, function and
permeability of cytolemma. For example, Pflumacher (2002)
has shown that algae themselves can produce a
cyanobacterial secondary metabolite, microcystin-LR,
which has a strong allelopathy on aquatic macrophytes
such as Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum
spicatum by changing the pigment patterns. Galindo et al.
and evaluated.
3.4 Allelopathy: a driverforce of succession
Succession (Peng, 1996) involves species replacement
process during the community development after
disturbance. Basically almost all the succession theories
suggest that the successional series is caused by plant
development associated with the selection pressure from
the environment. In fact, the driverforces of succession are
multiple. Allelopahty is also a driver force for forest
succession. Booth and Mania (Li et al., 1999) who studied
successions of North American grasslands and Japanese
abandoned field respectively, found that allelopathy was a
major impetus for grassland succession. Rengefors
(Rengefors and Legrand, 2001) found that allelopathy was
an adaptive strategy of winter dinoflagellates that allowed
them to outcompete other phytoplankton species. Tybirk
et al. (2000) found that Empetrum nigrum was a strong
competitor for nutrient due to allelopathy in late successional stages. Escudero et al. (2000) evaluated the allelopathic potential of Artemisia herba-alba and found that
community spatial pattern in the ectones in the gypsum
environment could be at least partially controlled by
allelopathy. The study of Bai et al.s (2000) showed that
allelopathy can stimulate the growth of pioneer species in
the grassland. Huang et al. (2002) studied the autotoxicity
of pioneer species on seed germination and seedling growth
and found that allelopathy is an important factor for pioneer species replacement. All these studies show that allelopathy is an important factor in ecological succession. It
can stimulate or inhibit the successional processes.
However, most studies now mainly concentrate on a certain successional stage in vegetation, especially grasslands,
future studies should cover all successional stages from
pioneer invasion to climax. The physiological and ecological functions can be better understood through studies of
species replacements among dominants across all stages.
3.5 Significance of allelopathy in the evolutionary processes
Allelopathy (Peng et al.,1999) is the product of plant
evolution, and meanwhile, it can also pose significant effects on the plant evolution. Mallik and Pellissier (2000)
studied the effects of Vaccinium myrtillus on regeneration
of Picea mariana, and found that allelopathy was a coevolution result of the long-term plant communities structuring process. Taylor and Irwin (2000) studied altruistic behavior in a patch-structured population, and found that
extraction of some allelochemicals favored the survival of
overlapping generations and promoted the productivity.
Nakamaru and Iwasa (2000) found that three strains of the
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