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The Institution of Engineers of lreland

P ilin

g in Rock

Michael Long, 8.E., M.Eng.Sc., CEng., M.I.C.E,


Fergus Collins,

Uniuersity College Dublin.

B.8., Eurlng, CEng, F.I.E.I. HMC Construction

l,aper first prescntcd to a joint mecting of the (lorl< I{cgion of the


at University Colleec

M.I.E.I.

(lork on 30th, N{arch

Co.

Llr.l, and the (lcotcchnical Socrcty of lrcland,

1999

,
I

Structuralload
Ground level

Synopsis
'l his papcr
tcstingIrasusuall1,llcenllvcclrrr,cntiotla1sraticloading[ltttthcrc
cx1;cricnce and docunrenrarion is rcquircd bcfore

SlMllAI-testing can be acccptcd ls a sttbstitttte for static tests. L)esign ofthe piles is
'l'hc rcstrlts of thirty pilc tests at cightccn sitcs
for soft rocks clsovhcrc in thc rvorld.

based on cmpirical mcthods w*rich rvcrc developcd

located throughour thc counrry have bcen backanalyscd using thc hi,pcrboiic transfcr fitnction tcchnique in ordcr to prodttcc estimatcs

of rnobiliscd skrn fricrion and cnd bcaring. Prlc behavioLrr has usLrally [reen vcrv sood, x'itlt thc load scttlement resPonse being linear
clastic rvell beyond design load, suggcsting pcrhaps rhar currcnr pilc dcsign practicc is conservrtivc.

It

is shown that thc cxisting design

methods are nor appropriate for Irish rock socketcd pilcs. Somc gtridancc is givcn on appropriatc dcsign parameters based on experience
and sn the rcsults ofbackanalysis.
:r1 acceptablc valuc and that

lt

is shorvn rhat the govcrning design criteria may bc thc nced to

limit thc concrctc or grotlt

stress to

it rvould sccm that tlicrc is no nced to cxtctr.i thc rock sockct lcngth tty more than four pile dtameters. A

ncw design approach which uscs basic rock and pilc param,rtcrs and ellows fbr thc cffccrs of roLtghncss along thc pilc shaft is introduccd.

l)etails offbLrr case historics rvhcrc problcnrs wcrc encountcrcd rvith rock sockct pilcs arc also prescntcd.

3.

l.INTRODUCTION

ROCK SOCKETED PILING

TECHNIQUBS
The recent period of sustained economic
groMh in Ireland has led to an increase in
the use of rock socketed piling due to the

for higher structural load


and the development of

requirentents

capacities

previously marginal sites. The purpose of

this paper is firstly to

describe the
development and current state of the art of
the techniques available in Ireland and to
then describe the current design methods.
The results of pile loading tests frorn
eighteen sites located widely around the
country will be analysed in order to examine
the behaviour of the piles and to review the

of the current design process.


Behaviour of rock socketed piles has
generally been very good bnt some

validity

examples

of

failures and other problems

associated with rock socketed


presented.

oiline will

be

The research work presented in this paper is


not considered to be in any rvay final or
fully conclusive. It is hoped that this paper

will stimulate interest in this topic in the


industry which in tum will generate nore
case history data. Full scale instrumented
tests are essential to verifr some of the
conclusions made here.

3.1 Small / Medium diameter piles


The techniques described in this paper have
been developed over the past ten years. The
two main criteria which have driven the
development were the need to minimise
noise and vibration, as many of the projects
are located in the inner city areas, and the
need to be able to deal with the variable and
often bouldery overburden. The technique
can be described as bored vibrationless non
- displacement cast in situ piles.

Drilline Plant

Piling rigs are either self contained

or

excavator mounted hydraulically powered

rigs, such as that shown on Fig. 1. A


hydraulic drifter (i.e. a hydraulic rotation

which can rotate and

hammer

simultaneously) or a pure rotation unit is


nrounted onto the mast and this is used to
drill the piles using one of the following sets
of attachments:

1) augers only,
2) augers and ten-rporary casing.
3) casing and rods,
4) augers and down the hole harnmer.
5) down the hole hammer only,
6) Odex svstem.

Sites free of obstructions or large boulders


can be drilled using augers only. If boulders
are present a cased pile and / or augers and
down the hole hammers can be used as and
when required. Tlpical drilling attachments
are shown on Fig. 2a.

The Odex system involves the simultaneous


drilling of a casing with a down the hole
hammer. An eccentric bit is attached to the
hammer which reams out the soil in advance
of the casing following r.nder its self weight.

At the

required toe level the harnmer is


in reverse. the eccentric bit is
withdrawn and the whole drilling assembly
can then be removed, see Figure 2b. The
pile can then be fonned using nonnal tremie
concreting techniques. Once the pile has

rotated

full length, the casing


can be removed and the reinforcement,

been formed over the

which consists

of a helical

cage, can be

lowered into the concreted pile.


The flushing system used for items 1, 2 and
3 is water at high pressure. The high
pressure flushing brings all the displaced
spoil to the surface and also causes the

effective diameter to be greater than the


theoretical one in the overburden layer,
which results in high skin friction. ln items

2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING
r{ i\

Overburden conditions in ireland are


dominated by the rnantle of glacial deposits

that cover the country. These

.!

glacial

deposits are complicated and variable in


nature with randon interlayering of fluvio

glacial gravels and boulder clay.


deposits are usually competent

The

in

strength
terms but often include large cobbles and
boulders. Many of the major cities and
towns have developed on the banks of rivers
or near estuaries where terrace gravels,

,qae

-=::

alluvial clays, silts and peats can be found.

Previous development of the cities has


resulted in rnade ground deposits up to 5rn
thick.

Bedrock in Ireland is frequently fresh and


strong. The most commonly found rock type
is Carboniferous limestone, which underlies

the main cities of Dublin, Limerick and


Cork. Strong sandstones (near Cork) and
igneous rocks (at Galway for example) are
also found.
':t,

Figure 1. Small dia. piling rig

Fignre 2a. Typical drilling bits


Down the hole hantmer

Figure 2b. Typical drilling bits - odex

Figure

3.

dia. piles

Cluster drill usedfor large

ql:-..-g; :

ffi;

r
i
i-lr-

.,.:.liill

of augers, buckets and core barrels to


tbrn'r rock sockets up to 800 mrr-r in dia. The

use

drilling proccss can typically

involve
fbrming the pile using the casing and auger
down to rock. The casing cuts into the top of
the rock and the auger is withdrawn. A
dou,n the holc hammer of diametcr up to
500 mm can then be attachcd, which in turn
tbrrrs the required length ol'the rock socket.
For pile diametcrs of 800 mrn a clustcr drill
is requircd. In the casc ol' the 5CD32 drill
shown on Figure 3, tlris consists ol'a drill of
5 down thc holc hammcrs which is uscd to
fbrrn the requirccl rock socket. Pilcs are then
concrctcd using the standard tremie
concreting techniclucs.

Reinfbrcing of the larger diamcter piles


typically consists of a hclical cage of high
tcnsile bars rvhich is lowered into thc
concreted pilc.

4. PILE TESTING
4.1 Static tests

Figure 1. Reactiort frante used for


Tentple Bar test

.l and 5 high prcssurc water llushins is also


uscd to clean out thc rock sockct on
withdrawal of thc dorvn thc holc ltarnrner.
This cnsures a clcan rock sockct lnd gives
rraximur.n possiblc skrn lriction and cnd
bearin-9 valucs.

Hr-{h pressurc air llushing is used lbr both


thc Odcx systern and the clou,n thc holc
harnrner system. Thc air is used both to
opcrate the hammer and

to keep the bore

1'lushed clcan.

Crouting Procedure
Pilcs of 350 rnm dia. and less arc usually
groutcd with eithcr a neat ccmcnt collordal
grout or a l: I sand cement colloidal grout
having a wiiter / cemcnt ratio of less than
0.5. Thc basic principlc uscd is that the prlcs
are trernie grouted. In order to achicvc a
clean base an auger is oficn attachcd to thc

drill string at the end o1'the drilling


proccdurc. Crouting then usually takes place
through the rods or the hollow stcm of thc
auger being discharged at thc base ol'the
pile thus displacing the spoil upwards to be
rcplaccd by the grout. lt is normal practice
to allow lbr 1.5 to 2 times the theoretical
volume ol grout to be usecr.

Basc groutcd piles havc irlso been used in


lrcland to ir.nprovc settlemcnt pcrlbrrrance
(Higgins and Mason, 1989, Rcl'. l)
Rcrnlbrccmcnt
T-vpically thc pilcs arc rcinlbrced wrth onc

(of a clustcr ol'trvo ur thrcc) high tensile


bars lirr thc lirll lcngth of thc pile. Thc
reinlirrcing is clcsi-rlned to resist thc l'ull
applied load shoulcl any nccking ol'the pile
shati occur'. Dcpending on the latcral
loading recluiremcnts and thc thrckncss o1'
loosc ovcrhurden, l short helical cage can
also be usccl. The relnlbrcement is loq,ered
into the prle on thc completion of grouting.
Constructron Control
Construction control is by good supervision,
cxtracting samples of -qrout fbr cubc tcsting

and carciul monitoring ol'grout volurnes


usecl. Fully instrumcnted piling rigs. with
thc capacity to mcasurc dnlling torque,
dcpth, grout volume and pressure etc. are
gradually being ernployed.
3.2 Large diameter piles

More recently large rigs rvith rrast heights


of up to l5m have been employed in
Ire

land. Piling with these rigs rnvolvcs the

Pilc tcstrng is most frcquently by means of


conventlonal static load testing, using
ground anchorages or kentledgc for
reaction. Prcliminary tests on sacriflcial
piles arc carried out on larger projects or
where qround conditions are unknown,
Prool loading tcsts on contract piles are
carricd out on most jobs, Thc maxrmum
load applied is usually L5 trmc the specilied
*'orking load (SWL) Thc load is applicd in
a numbcr of cyclcs, with cach cyclc
consisting o1' a number of incrcments ol'

load.

'fhe load at

czrch incrcmcnt

is

maintained until the rate ol'scttlcmcnt is less


than 0,05 mrr rn 30 minutcs.

The largest static pile test carricd out in the


country to date (to the knowledge of thc
authors) was on a rock socket pile at thc
Tcmple Bar site (Pile 13e on Table l). It
was loaded to a maximum o1' 13750 kN.
Ground anchorages togcther with standard

kcntledge were used to apply the load


through a heavy duty rcaction fiame as
shown on Figure 4.
4.2 SIMBAT tests

Dynamic testing using

the

SIMBAT

approach is also liequently employed. This


tcchnique involves the dropping of a weight
(typically 1 tonne) on the prepared head of

some selected piles. Thc rcsponse is


monitored using an accelcromcte r and a
strain gauge which have been attached to
the pile head. The data is analysed using

Applied load (kN)


0

tr

yrz
o

SN
\

600 800

i-\
:&.
\\

e3

g(J

1200

1400

1600

-rr - Pile 17 - SIMBAT -+Pile 17 - Static

u+
\\;r* \

--tsPile
<-Pile

a\

ct

1000

.9t
E'

\\

E'

(E

-Ps

it^o

s$

Figure 5. Comparison of SIMBAT and slatic test results

Structurat toad
Ground level

'-

,///,9//*
Soft
Overburden

Cast in - sifu
concrete pile -

Steel Lining

\\\\\

Socket drilled
into rock

Rock tounding
stratum

Side resistance

I Figure 6. Load transfer meclmnisnt for rock socket piles

10 - SIMBAT

,/2,.9/ts\..

10 - Static

Base resistance

thc luvc cquation approach, as lur drivcn


prlcs, to
-rlivc cstimatcs ol' pilc capacity and

or'"^rburdcn contains silts, pclts


slnds.

or

\\,atcl

bcrrri ng

Ioad scttlcntcnt rcsponsc.

Thcrc lias bcen an incrcasing rcliancc on


SIMBAT tcsts ovcr thc past f'crv ycars to the
cxtcnt that in sornc cascs thcy havc been
used as a substitutc to static tests. Thc
results ol static and SIMBAT tesrs olt piics
lronr lwo srtcs in Dublrn (Pilcs l0 and l7 on

Tablc 2) arc shown on Fisurc 5. ln both


cilscs thc operator ol' thc SIMUAT tcst had
no knorvlcdgc ol'thc pcrlirrnrancc of'thc pilc
urtdcr statrc loud. It cun hc scclr thtit thc
SIN4BAT prccliction is vcrv closc to thc
lctuxi statlc tcst rcsult in hoth cliscs.'['hcrc

rs u slight

ovcrprcclictior.r

ol'pilc

hclcl

scttlcmcnt ancl rcsiclual nloVcntct)t

on

unloltding. Thcsc rcsuits and rnanr, likc thcrn


hur,c increliserl thc conllclcncc in this
ploccdurc. llorvcvcr. il ntust hc pointecl out
that thc najoritv ol thc contpar.isons havc
bccn ntaclc on pilcs r''hcrc:

ru) thc prlc bchuviour is llirgcly cllstic.


h) littlc basc rcsistlirrcc has bccn ntohrlisccl.
c) thc luctor ol' salcty against liiilurc is
Irigh.

In lhc opinion ol'thc authors thc tcst clcurlv


lll)l)clrrs pronrisinu uncl provirics vcrv usclirl
clata, palticularly lirr sitcs rvhcrc tlrc r.csults
Itlrr c hct'rt r'lrlihtrlt.tl lrutrirrsl :l.rtr.. (c:ls.
llori'cvcr. ntorc clitta is rccluircd on pilc tcsts
rvhcrc thc pilcs cxhibit othcr thlin clastic
bchlviour lind on prlcs whcrc thc concrctc /
srout ts strcssccl to a high Ict,cl bclirrc
SIN'lllAT tcsting can hc consir.lcrccl an cclull
lltcrnatiIc to stlltic tcsting,
'1.3

5.

UNDERSTANDING THE PILE


BEHAVIOUR

In this

scction

ntodel

to cxplain

bchaviour ol' rock sockctcd pilcs

rvill

lhc
bc

prcscnted and it \\.ill thcn hc asscsscd by


rcl'crencc to a largc databrrsc o1' rcal pilc
l-rchaviour as obscrvcd in static pilc loadin_u
tcst s.

Fiqurc

orclcr to unclcrstiud it. rt is nccessary to


analysc thc bchavrour. ol' rcul pilcs under

Ioad ancl to havc itcccss to an analytical


nodcl which can separatc thc various cflects
discusscd abovc.

5.1 Database ol'load lests

For thc purposc oi this paper thirty pile test


rcsults havc bccn choscn f'ront cightecn sitcs

rn Ircland. Thc pilcs wcrc constructcd

(r

illustratcs

tfirnsltr ol' loutl


grourrd

It is clcrrr lionr thc abovc that thc loacl


trlnslcr rncchltnisrlt is vcry cotnplex. In

ril

litlil

thc

rncchanisnr ol'

thc structurc into thc

thc pilc. I-oatl cln bc transl'crrcd

in skin ll'iction (or sidc fcsistancc)

thc pilc antl thc

bct'"vcct.r

rtvcrbLtrdcn, in siclc
rcsisllncc bct*'ccn thc pilc lnd thc rock ancl

in hasc rcsistuncc. Analvsis ol-pilc loar.l tcst


clata hlts sucqcstcd thut thc llrst c()ntponcnt

is usuiillv vcrv srnull. 'fhc urnount ol loird


thllt ls translcrrctl intO thc tock llong thc
pilc shuli irncl through thc pilc blsc dcpcncls

on nrlny lirctors. including thc dilrrrrctcr ol'

thc pilc, its lcnglh. rhc prlc

rnatcrral

stillicss. thc sl|cnslh and sttllltcss ol- thc


fock. thc lnctlto(l ol'pilc construction, tlrc
tinrc dclly bclitlc concrcting thc pilc ctc. ln
acklitiorr to this thc drilling proccss usccl to
Iolnr thc rock sockct nrtrrnally lclvcs sorlc
lirrtn ol roLrghncss on thc \\,iill ol thc sockct.

L
2.
3.

Sitc rnust havc sitc invcstigation rcsults,


Invcstigltion lnust havc includcd rock
cori ng,

Rcsults ol'static load tcst availablc,


spccillcation

-1.'I'cst carricd out to thc

5.

clcscribccl uhove,
Pilc tcst rcsults arc rcliablc.

Thc dctails ol' thc casc historics and pilc


tcsts arc grvcn in Tablc l. Pilc diarncters
vary bctwecn 0.17 m ancl 0.8 nr and thcir
lcnr:ths vary bctwccn 3.0 rn and l9 m.

N
-.

Integritv testing

Snlall hanrrncr tvpc intcur.ily tcsting

is

licqucntly culriccl out lur quirlily ilssufitncc


purposcs. Thc nicthod rclics on l clcln
si-qnal hcine rcccivcd liortr a pilc ri,hrch hls
bccn stluck u,ith it snnll hlinrrncr.. As a
rcsult lntctprctatiot) ol'thc tcst clat0 is
liaucht with clrl'lrcLrlty. Scvcul conltrcnccs
havc bccn hcld worldrvidc to cliscuss thc
problem and in oltc casc u scrics ot'
clclibcnttcly 11a,'l'cd pilcs \\,crc cot.lstructcd
ltrtd varioLts tcstin-q houscs',vcrc askcd to
pinpoint thc cliscontinuitics irr thc pilcs. Thc
tcsults u,crc rlixccl ltr.rcl oltcn pclor..

At bcst it is possihlc t() sity tllitt thc tcst can


rcvcll only largc anorllilics. It is usclirl lts
part

ol iln

Ovcftrll cluality contKrl packagc

rilriclr inclutlcs !(r(r(l sitc srrpcrvisiorr. stlrtic


tcstlns ilnd / or SIMIIA-l' tcstins. It ciul bc
pnrticuf rrrl), usclul on sitcs $'hcrc

thc

Fignre

7.

Site locatiotts

by

thrcc dil'f'crcnt contriictors. The location ol'


thc sitcs is shor.vn on Fig. 7 and thcy can bc
sccr) to bc sprcacl rvirlcly tlrroughout thc
country. As lvcll irs clivcrsity ol- gcography,
gcololy altd construction tcchnicluc, thc
critcria lirr chorcc 0l'thc tests Nls blscd on
thc lirllowin-r.

scale km

50

100

Case

Location

Contractor

History

Avg.
Pile

SWL

Dia*.
(m)

(kN)

Rock
Socket

Overall
Length

Lenoth
(m)

(m)

Rock
Type

Pile

Head Mov.

(rrun)

F
rb

9"

(a-

C/ q,
SWL

1.5

swl.

2.5

Unload

(kNim')

(kN/m')

(MN/m')

0.19

20r5

150

0.013

750I

30/50

0.028

SWL

2a

Galway

HMC

0.35

700

1.5

7.15

Westport

HMC

0.35

1000

2.8

8.3

2b

Westport

HMC

0.35

1000

3a

Limerick
Limerick

0.35

Ringaskiddy

HMC
HMC
HMC

0.35

JD

Cobh

HMC

2.3

7.8

1000

J.J

9.3

1000

2.0

9.0

0.225

600

1.0

10.0

0.18

500

3.0

19.0

Strong
sranite
Mod. strong
limestone
As above

1.40

2.19

l0

t.76

l.8l

2.87

As above
As above
Mod. strong/
strong I'mst
Strong

3.22

4.92

r.94

3.15

t.l4

1.78

2.62

4.47

l.76

2.90

3.7r

5.48

t.o

2.56

1.58

2.56

1.78

1.

2.37

0.26

1500+
0.40

1000 /
1880+

30/50

0.035

0.40

1920

50

0.038

0.49

1455

50

0.36

3000

75

0.029
0.040

4.85

200

12500

100

0.002

0.33

550

100

0.006

1.s2

t20

30000

50

0.002

0.22

765

50

0.015

0.80

1620

50

0.032

2.97

0.40

1270

50

0.025

8.81

r4.15

sandstone
6

Little Island

HMC

0.3

800

3.0

14.0

Midleton

HMC

0.35

700

1.5

7.5

Enniscorthy

HMC

0.325

650

2.25

9.0

9a

HMC

0.35

r000

2.7

7.1

HMC

0.35

1000

3. 15

t2.65

l0

Dublin Civic
Offices
Dublin Civic
Offices
Dublin Ship St

Strong
limestone
Mod. strong
limestone
Mod. strong
siltstone
Mod. strong
limestone
As above

1000

2.0

8.2

As above

3.88

5.8 r

0.02

1275

Monaghan

HMC
HMC

0.35

lla

0.21

425

u.)

I 1.3

Strong

7.44

15.15

7.27

620

9b

1lb

Monashan

t2

Blanchardstown

l3a

limestone
As above
Mod. strong
limestone
Mod. strong
limestone

10.19

4.43

0.026

80

0.008

l.3swl-

HMC
HMC

0.19

425

0.35

600

0.5

5.2

Dublin Temple
Bar

Murphy Int.

0.6

3000

2.0

6.8

Dublin Temple

Murphy Int.

0.6

1000

0.2

6.25

As above

2.62

4.67

1.78

Murphy Int.

0.6

3000

t.75

9.1

As above

4.19

7.11

0.08

Murphy Int.

0.6

2750

2.1

6.6

As above

4.93

8.53

Murphy Int.

0.8

5000

1.5

3.0

As above

5.00

7.44

5.5

50
1500

3.66

6.09

1.07

420

1.38

2.t4

0.27

3275

3.05

4.27

6.38

15.54

5642s

80

50

0.005
0.066

14200

50

0.039

7050

50

t670

50

0.033

2.03

500

t4200

50

0.010

5.13

470

87000

50

0.009

950

SWL

l3b
l3c
l3d
13e

Bar
Dublin Temple
Bar
Dublin Temple
Bar
Dublin Temple
Bar

13. 13

2.75

SWL

Case

Location

Contractor

History

Avg.
Pile

SWL

Dia*
(m)

(kN)

Socket

Rock

Overall
Lengtlr

Leneth
(m)

(m)

Rock
Type

Pile

SWL

Head

1.5 SWL

Mov.

2.5

(mm)

Unload

(kN/m')

rb

Q"

(kN/m')

(MN/m')

t/

q"

SWL

13f

l3e

Dublin Temple
Bar
Dublin Temple
Bar

Murphy Int.

0.8

3000

0.2

4.9

As above

2.79

5.00

0.69

2000

19900

50

0.040

Murphy Int.

0.6

22s0

1.6

6.5

As above

3.33

6.55

r.40

t300

50

0.026

Dublin

Murphy Int.

0.8

5000

3.0

9.5

V weak m'st
/ strong I'mst

4.r9

7.77

2.21

910

4000

l6

0.057

Murphy Int.

0.6

2500

J.U

13.3

As above

3.2s

).9 I

1.60

975

16

0.060

Murphy Int.

0.8

3000

3.0

7.0

Mod. str.

1.65

2.57

0.30

995

25

0.040

1.98

3.58

0.81

99s

25

0.040

Mod. strong
limestone

2.1

2.75

0.75

15700

50

Strong

3.32

5.53

0.64

3000

40

0.075

2.2

4.15

0.22

1500

74

0.020

I4a

Townsend St.

bands

l4b

Dublin
Townsend St.

Dublin

15a

I'mst / weak

Nangor Rd.

t5b

Dublin

Murphy Int.

0.8

3000

3.0

7.9

m'st bands
Mod. str.
I'mst / weak

Nangor Rd.

m'st bands

l6

Blanchardstown

PJ Edwards

0.45

900

0.2

3.5

t000

0.5

8.7

(CFA)
Dublin

t7

PJ

Edwards

0.19

I'mst/weak

Oliver Bond St.

l8

Dublin

PJ Edwards

0.17

400

0.5

12.5

St. Steohens Gr

* value quoted is the amount mobilised, actual value available likely to be much larger
rock / intact rock

* for weathered

Table 1: Details of Case Histories

m'st bands
weak / strong
I'mst

2.

Llltirnltc pilc clpacitr,{Q,,) is thc sunr ol'


rhc ulrinlrrc

shlli capacity (e.) and lhc

Lrltintatc basc cupacity (Qr,). i.c.

Q,,

= Q, -l

(])

Q,'

Allorvable pilc capacity (Q.,rr) is


-qivcn
NV:

Q,,rr

(l)

L5

-1. I-intit scttlcntcnt itt SWL to l0ntnt.


Q. is Lrsullll, rlctcr ntincd

lhll tltc lirrrrulu

O:tA

(3)

or

Figure 8. Civic Offices, Dublin

An irtspcction

Avcragc rock sockct lcn-lths rvas 1.8 rl ultrl


thc range was 0.2 rn to 3.3 nt. The ntaxintunt
pile test load was 13750 kN.

good irr

o1' ull ol' thc pilc louclin_q tcst


rcsults cunlilnts thut thc hch.rr iour hls bccn

ail clses. Most pilcs

hcad scltlcntcnt rcsl)onsc bcing llirqclv


Iine ar

clrstic *,cll bcvoncl thc SWL.

Thc cornpleted building fbr Casc Hisrory 9.


the Dublin Civic Ofllccs is shown on Figurc
8. This building wiis constructcd on l sitc

Pilc spccilicltions

which contained importlnt Vikinc rcnrtins.

cxcc'ccl

5.2 Preliminary

assessment

ol'

pile

behaviour

rcspondctl

sinrilur to thc \lount Kcnnctt clsc uith pilc

licc;ucntl1, r'crlLrilc thlt


thc scttlcnrcnt ol'thc piic lt SWI- shoultl rrot

ltbout l0 tlrn and thlt thc lcsiclutrl


scttlcnlcnt orr unloitriing il0rn thc sccOncl
loacling cvclc

( I .-5

SWL Lrsuirlll,) should not


It can hc sccn tlnt irr

cxcccd ubout 3 rnnr.

The behaviour ol.thc piles r','ill Irrst bc


illustrated using tr.',,o cxnrrplcs. Figurc 9
Iull load tcst rcsult lirr Pilc 31. thc
prcliminary tcst pile at rhe Mount Kcnncrr
site in Limerick. lt can bc secn that thc pilc
behaviour was virtually elastic up to ir load
ot' 2500 kN, which is 2.5 times rrs SWL.
Residual settlcment on unloading rvas only
0.4 mm. It is clear thar all ol' thc load is
shows the

being supported by clastrc rcsponsc betwcen


the pile shaft and the rock.

Figure l0 shows thc lull load tcst results fi)r


Pile l3a, the preliminary resr pilc ar Tcmple
Bar in Dublin. Thc bchavrour ol'the pilc is
vcry dil'f'crent llorn thc Mount Kcnnct.t pilc.

It is a "stubbicr" pilc and it rs clcar thnt


lbllowing an initial clastic

respctnsc, with

thc cascs urrcicr considcltrtion Itcrc

thc

scttlc'nrcnt ut SWL oltlv crcccdccl 5 ntnt irr


onc ciisc urrri uls usrnlll' lbout 2 nrnr. Thc
rcsirlLtitl scttlcllcltt orr Lrnlolclinq llont 1.5

SWL rras usrrlll\ lcss tltan I ntnt.


Clcarll, thc bchaviour ol'thc rock sockctccl
piles undcr consideration has bccn very

goocl. Howct,cr clocs tlris

cxccllcnt

bchaviour suggcst that pilc dcsign pmcticc

is ovcr)y conscrvativc'l. In orclcr

to

undcrstand thc bchaviour ntorc clearll, it is


ncccssarv to rclcr to an anulytical rnodcl.
Firstly a simplc ana)ytical nroclel, rvhich is
currcntly uscd in dcsign practice in Ircland

u'ill bc prcscntcd trnd thcn Iwo


*ill bc discLrsscd.

lrorc

is

then transl'erred
mostly onto thc pilc basc lbr the retllarndcr
of the test. The load scttlenlent curve is
rnuch more rounded. Howevcr the pilc
wcll with a residual settlcntcnt
lbllowing removal of 3 SWL of only 6.-l

\\'hc rc.

c = lclhcsi0rr llictot tcliltc(l to rl.,


D = llctor to allou lirr rock ll'actLrlc spacinrr.
cl. = unconllncd conrprcssivc strcn_qth ol thc
r()c K.

n, = pilc shalr

arcu.

o and B urc usuallv dctcnnincd liom thc


.,r'ork ol Willianrs uncl Pclls ( 1981, Rct'. 2),
uho lclatcrl thc pilrilntctcr ct to q. Lrsing thc

rclutionship sho\ n lrtcr o|t Fig

l l.
lntl Pclls rvork gas lirl thc u'clrk
siln(lstoncs. ntuclsloncs tirrd shtrlcs ol
Austrlliu. rocks q hich be rrr' littlc
rcscnrbiancc 1o lltc strong lintcstoncs artd

Willranrs

gmnitcs ol'Ircland.

Valucs

ol l.

bct.,vcen

500 KN/rn: lnd

7.50

kN/nrr arc ti'picallv usctl in dcsisn.


Q- rs dcterrttitrcd lrulr) tlrc cxprcs:iolt:

Qt, = .l',,-\A,,

(5)

whcrc:
An

5.3 Simple model ol'pile behaviour

11.

Thc dcsign ol rcck sockctcd pilcs in Ircland


to clatc has bccn bascd on a sirnplc nrodcl ol'

thc prlc belraviour itrrd a scrics of'rulcs

as

fbllows:

behavcd very
MITI.

(J)

conrplcx nroclcls

thc load being transl'crrccl into thc rock via

the shali only. load

a, = (xpq,,A,

l.

Linrit coltcrctc / qrout strcss to 257 ol'


its charactcristic strcngth,

= pilc birsc arcu

is choscn (liont cxpcricncc) to bc in thc

ransc ol'-5 N4Pu to 20 \{Pl. -['ltis *'iclc- rlngc


ol Values inclicatcs thc unccrtuinty thilt cxists
in thc industly rcgarclinu ln appropriatc
desi-sln r,aluc lor this parantctcr.

In order to

unclerstand

hrlrv the

rcal

behaviour ol'rock sockctcd piles in Ireland

Applied load (kN)

1000

500

1500

2000

2500

3000

-=*<+

2
E
E
+,

o
E
o

j'

=---.._

trc,timafcd elaqfie
resDonse

\-T-f

10

o
o
12
T'
(E
o 14

Pile diameter 0.35 m


7.2 m

Overburd

In

iT 16

2.1 m

18

*L

Rocl<

20

Figure 9. Mount Kennett, Linterick trial pile (Pile 3a)

Applied load (kN)


0

4000

2000

:_\=+=_
\-

6000

--\:f

E4

-..l__-\___

8000

Predicted elastic
resoonse

+ro
tr

g8

o
o
=10

Ip
(E

P14

t
-l--l4.8 m

Overburde

Pile diameter = 0.6 m


q=16

18

2.Om V

'KOCK

20
Figure 10. Temple Bar trial pile (Pile l3a)

\
-\

0000

The l. r'alues are in thc rangc

ol 120 kN/m2
to 3375 kN/m2 ancl are above 1000 kN/mr in
firitny cases. An averagc value ol'about I 335
kN/rn2 was obtained. Thesc valucs

arc

Itighcr than thosc which would bc normally


employed in dcsign.
There are sonrc anornalously Iow rcsults, lbr

cxample the Midleton tcst (Pilc 71. T'hc


reason fbr this is that this sitc is in a karst
area. Somc voids wcrc encountercd whilc
drilling thc pile irnd ii pcrmancnt lincr had ro
bc placcd ovcr thc majoritv ol'thc pilc shali
in ordcr to prevcnt grout loss. It irlso sccms
that in cascs r'"'hcrc high cnd bcaring was
ntobiliscd, thc r,alues arc rclativcly lo',v. lirr
cxamplc Pilcs 5, I Ir. I lb, l3d and l3c.

This point ncccls lirrthcr rcscarclr but ntay


possibll,' due to u rccluction in skin l'riction
at largc clisplaccntcnt cluc to l brcakclown in
the concrclc / rock contacts rvith incrcasing
st

ral n,

Figure 11. Hyperbolic transfer


functions

with the Wrlliams and Pclls


it is necessary to resort to l ntorc

compiires
method

complex model so as thc valucs of

l.

and

fl,

can be determined.

5.4 "CEMSET" model of pile behaviour

An analysis of the pilc test dara has bccn


carried out using t.hc hyperbolic transl'er
lunction approach as describcd by Chin
(1970, Rel'. 3 and 1983, Rcf. 4) and Flcrning

(1992, Ref. 5) Thc intcraction at thc pilc


shali - soil, pile shati - rock irnd prle basc -

rock ilrc rnalysed using lhrcc

scnitratc
hyperbolic lunctions,
illustratcd on
Figure I l. Elastic shortening is also allorvccl
lbr in thc analysis. In thc casc of thc pilcs in
this study, pile shali - soil intemction wils

as

fbund

to bc vcry smirll rncl

hus

bccrr

ignored. Thc rrethod has also bccn usccl


successlully to analysc some rock sockcted

piles

in Italy as dcscribcd by

Carrubba

(1997, Ref.6).
The fbrmulac riven by Flernin,u (1992) u,crc

inscrted into a spread sheet analysis ancl


typical output lbr the analysis of'Tcst l3a at
Tcrnple Bar, Dublin (sce also Figurc l0) is
included in Appcndix A of thrs papcr. This
test is chosen to illustratc thc process as thc
pilc load was resistcd by a cornbination ol

that hyperbolic lirnctions urc


in thc nrattcr ol' lbundation

in'rportant

scttlcment bccausc nrobilisation of stress in


a soil q'ith incrcase in strain is ir l'unction ol'
tlic incrcasing nunrbcr ol'cl-lcctivc soil
contacts. It may,thcn bc visualisccl thlt a sorl
ur.tclcr corttprcssivc strcss transrlits load bv
intcrnll colunrnirr grain structurc. u,itlt rnorc
and rlorc colurr.urs supporting loaci as thc
strcss incrcascs. It is ltlt that this hypothcsis
rray also bc applicablc
the nrincnrl
structurc ot locks.

to

sunrnary ol the analysis rcsults in terms


ol rnobiliscd skin liiction (l-). mobiliscd end
hcarintt ( li ) and thc bnck crrlculatcd rr valucs
is givcn on Tablc l. Thc q. r'alues wcrc

trkcn lls thc ilVcragc Vltluc liitm

thc

labomtory tcstinq (rnostly point load tcstint


but somc r-rnconlined contprcssivc stren-cth
tcsts rlso available) or',r,here no valucs ',verc
luvailablc arc bascd on vrsual cstitnates ol'
the rock strcngth. B .,vls assur.necl to bc cqual
to 1.0 in lll cuscs as cxpcricncc has shown

ol jointing

rrnrl jointing

is

unclcr

cxpcricncc sirlgcsts that in rnany cascs load

considcration.

Fleming (1992) shows that rhc rncrhod is


applicablc lbr a widc rangc ol soils and lbr
weak rocks. Is the method also the n
applicablc to strong rocks'?. Chin (1983)

is only bcing tnrnslcrrcd llong part oi


sockct. Thus thc valucs
be conscrvatr \,c,

of'I, dctcrntined

thlt dcsicn clrricd out using


tlris rncthocl could bc unsal'c. A tcntiltivc
trcnrl linc lirr Irish rocks, rvith q clccrcusins
li'orn 0. I at q. equal to l0MPa ro 0.01 at q.
Jinc, suggcsting

llgure

Skin lriction

tlrrrt llrt'nutrrrc

c0rnprcssiVc strL.nqth is coltsistcnt r','ith


llndin-{s clscwhcrc. it can bc sccn that thc ovllucs irll llll bclori'thc Willianrs lnd Pclls

cqurl to 100 MPa is also shown on

5.5 Results of "CEN'ISET" analvsis

patterns in Irish rocks docs not secrn to


rnl'lucncc the prlc bcaring capacity. Load
*'ils ussurricd to be transf-errcd along thc lirll
lock socket lcngth in all cascs, although

skin ll'iction and cncl bearing, which

unusual lirr thc pilc tcsts

sug-qcsts

Comparison with Wrllilms and Pells ( 198 I )


ct valucs dctcrrnincd liorr the analysrs abovc
havc bccn plotte'd against qf on Fi-qurc 12.
Willrants ancl Pclls'(l98l) pnrposed design
linc has also bccn supennrposed on thc
ligurc. Althouch thc pattern ol- clccrcusing
adhcsion l'actor with tncrcasing unconlrncd

the

rnay

thc

As an cxirrnplc, lilr thc N'lount Kcnnett tr-ial


pilc in Limcrick (Pilc 3a), thc Williams and
Pclls rrcthod would givc an l* r,aluc of 3000
kPa and thc proposed dcsign linc rvould
givc a valuc o1'1750 kPa. Thc pilc hacl an
(CEN'ISET) cstinrated l', r,aluc of 1920 kPa
and thc valuc uscd in thc original design
was 7-50 kPa.

Comparison
(|

with Kulhawv and

Phoon

993)

Althou-ch the Williarns and Pclls dcsign linc


has bccn uscd extensivcly worldwidc, it wes
dcvclopcd lilr thc weak slndstoncs,
mudstorres and shales o1'Australia and
thcrefbre its weakness has becn long
rccogniscd. Rowc and Armitagc ( 1984, Rel'.
7) cxtcndcd thc original databasc with 67
l'urthcr tcsts obtaincd liom sitcs worldwidc.

This databasc \\,ils again cxtcnded by


Kulhawy and Phoon (1993, Rcf. 8) who
added 47 morc tests. Both of thesc studies
also extended the correlation to account fbr

0.2
rE
CL
(E

0.18
0.16

Design line suggested by


Williams and Pells (1981)

0.14

o 0.12
o
(E
0.1

0.08
o 0.06
o
E 0.04
.9

0.02
0

weaK

ately weak

[tf

{str

Unconfined compressive strength q" (MPa)


Figure 12. Alpha (a) values tlerived fnttn Williams and Pells ( I98l)
Kulhawy & Phoon (1993) design
line for very rough sockets
(E

-c

oG

0.1

Trend for lrish rocks

o
(E
tr
.9

o
o

0.01

-tr

0.001
100

10

9" I 2P'
Figure 13. Alplm (a) values derived from Kulhawy and Phoon (1993)
'100000

90000

zj

80000

End

bering

No end beari g usually mob sed

-^tit:^^l

70000
(D

'= 60000
(E
o 50000

(, 40000

t,o

30000

-o

20000

.9

0000
0
12

16

Ratio of rock socket length to pile diameter

Figure 14. End bearing resistance versus rock socket length

20

socket roughness and produced design lines


to cater for different roughness conditions.

The data determined in this study has been


replotted on Figure 13 together with the
design lines proposed by Kulhawy and

Phoon (1993). Note that

the data

is

presented in a slightly different form from


that used by Williams and Pells (1982). Log

scales are used

on both axes and

urconfined compressive strength has

normalised

by twice p",

the

been

atmospheric

pressure (equal to 100 kN/m21. Again it can


be seen that all the data points fall below the

Test at Rossaveal Co,. Galway


The test arrangement at Rossaveal is shown
on Figure 15. The pile was initially loaded
under tension to 1600 kN. Elastic movement
of about 10 mm only was recorded and it
was fully recovered on unioading. The pile

was then reloaded to 1600 kN, with a


similar response and then on loading to

1800

kN a

further

design lines suggesting that the stronger


Irish rocks do not conform with findines

Case

elsewhere.

on the Galway

End resistance
Most of the tests showed that the applied
load is being supported entirely in skin
friction on the pile shaft / rock interface and

no load is being shed to the pile base.


However ten of the tests did record
mobilised f6 values, which were in the range

to 87000 kN/m2 with


of about 27250 kN/m2. It should

4000 kN/mz

an

average

be

20 mm

movement

occurred suggesting that full skin friction


had been mobilised. This load is equivalent
to a skin friction (f,) value of about 3,200
kN/m'.

is

At

Galway granites (typically about

arTangement.

1000

arrangentent

was sirnilar to Wood Quay.

Shannon, although the rock was termed


it had average TCR, RQD and
SCR values of 100%, 60% and 80%
respectively. Loading was again by a similar

"fissured",

kN/m').

It can be seen that based on a number of


tests on different lirnestone strata throughout
the country
values mobilised are much
greater than had been allowed for in design
in the past.

Pile reinforced with

Table 2: Pullout tests in limestone.

T32 rebar md 76
dia. steel tube
50 N/mnz grout

friction dominated have relatively large rock


8.0 rn

Pile sleeved through


old quay wall (215
mm dia.)

Peaty clay

FRICTION AVAILABLE

strata as follows.

of the skin friction

complicated by the presence of a nut on the


end ofthe Dwyidag bar.

Four tests were carried out at Leixlip. The

where end bearing was mobilised, see


Figure 14. The pile tests in which skin

It has long been felt in the piling industry


that the skin friction values being assumed
in the design of rock socketed piles in
Ireland were very conservative. In order to
prove this a series of tests were carried out,
by PJ Edwards & Co. Ltd, during which
piles with very short rock socket lengths
were extracted from the ground. Four tests
were carried out, one in granite at Rossaveal
Co. Galway and three in various limestone

Interpretation

pile dimensions and load test

interesting to examine the rock socket


to pile diameter ratio in the piles

6. PROOF' OF HIGH SIilN

The Wood quay test was on a 150 mm long,


104 mm dia. socket, which was constructed
using 50 N/mm2 grout. Load was applied
via. a 36 mm dia. Dwyidag bar. Maxirnum
load was about 900 kN and the mover.nent
recorded was mostly elastic and recoverable.

compression test pile.


Allowing for the conservative assumption
that the full 1.5 rn long socket had been
mobilised in this case, then these skin
friction values are reasonably compatible.
The value of about 3000 kN nr2 is nruch
higher than had previously been allowed for

length

bearing was mobilised have a ratio of 4 or


less. This is consistent with the findings of
Tomlinson (1995, Ref. 9) who repo(s that
the ratio must be less than 4 if it is desired
to mobilise base resistance in addition to
skin friction.

country as shown on Table 2.

history I , on Table 1, shows that a skin

essential here.

socket lengh to pile diameter ratio, being in


the range of 4 to 10. Those in which end

different limestone strata throughout the

friction of about 2000 kN/rn2 was mobilised

noted that the ma-.cimum base resistance


actually available would have been much
greater than this. This is an area of major
uncertainty and more research work is

It is

Tests in limestone
Three similar tests were carried out in three

Site

Rock

tlr:e

f, 1kN/nr'z)

Wood Quay

Black

Dublin
(ddh hamner)
Leixlip
Co. Kildare

"calp"
Lirrrestone
with bands

(4 tests)
(odex)

mudstone

3,750
5,000
5,000
5,000

Shannon

Fissured

7,500

Co. Clare
(odex)

limestone

-7.000

limestone

of

7. PILE DESIGN
Having established the nature

of

the

.192.mm
1.2 m socket in very
fissured weathered

behaviour of the rock socketed piles and


having established some design paran-reters,

granlte
Dia.

methods for Irish rocks.

it is now possible to present

some design

7.1 Suggested pragmatic approach

Figure 15: Test atangement at Rossaveal


Co, Galwav

Pile bearine capacity - skin friction

The calculation procedure outlined

in
section 5.3 above should be used. t values
can either be determined from the design
line shown on Figure 12 or from the values
listed on Table 3 below for some selected

areAs whcrc ,good expcricncc cxists. Thcsc


valucs hlve bccn dctcrminccl 1'rorn thc

cxpCficncc ()l- thC Various contrilctors ilnd

consultlng cnginccrs $ho havc bccn


involvcd in rock sockct pilc dcsicn and in
thc intcrprctittion ol pilc loircling tcsts.

It ts Itol 1r,rrsihlc lrt tlris:tlrgc lo !l\r,

guiclclinc dcsisn values lirl thc Cork


lirncstoncs. Cork in atiy cvcnt is notcd lirr
CFA typc pilcs lirunclcd in thc in lluvio -

glacial gravcls. Sorlc, but n(it

corlprchensivc illlloultt, ol rock sockctcd


pilc expcricncc docs cxist rntl this cllila
tcncls to bc sornc* lrat I lrrrehlc lncl sitc
spccilic.'fhc Cork lintcstoncs arc l'r-cc;ucntlv

hclvilv ri'cathcrcd ut thc surllcc itnd luc lrlso


knorvn to bc karstic. IjLrrtlrer rcsciircn \\'()tK
is rccluirctl into this topic.

'fahlc 3: Susgcstcrl l. ticsrr:n valtrcs.

-fcR / RQI)

/ rocK tvpc

(r'(

Dublin

>80/>10

l.500

nrcstonc
Li nrcnck
I i nrcstonc

As abovc

1.t00

Sor,rth

As aboVc

I ..s00

N/rrr

dia, pilc

tinrcs thc pilc cliirnrctcr'). Llsrng rn l. r'aluc ol2000 kN/nrr rreans that thc Q,,11 r'aluc (shali
l'rictron alonc) *'ill hc irbout 1..100 kN.
Il()\\c\CI. lh\' qIrril( :ttclS \'r'it('r'ir)lt I)tL'ilt)\
thlt thc Q,,,, rlluc ntust hc lirnitcd to 1000
KN,

Lortd scttlcnrcnt lcsponsc

l-hcrc arc lnrlnv tcchniclres uvailublc lirr


prcclicting pile hcud loacl sL'ttlcnlcnt
rcspolrsc. Il thc pilc bchaviour is cxpcctccl to
bc nrostly cllstic, thc clcsign churts
dcvclopccl bv Poulos und Daris ( 1990. Rcl.
l0) can prolidc usclill antl accuriitc rcsults.
Irt othcr-cases thc "CE\,lSET" approlch
outlinc(l in Scctirrn 5.J ahovc is consiclcrccl
to hc ln cxccllcnt tool lirr prcrlictiorr ol' ptlc
loutl scttlcrlcnt hchlr iour.

Dcspitc thc ability' ol' thc sinrplc nroclcl to


sLrcccsslullv prcdict pilc hchaviour ancl its

2.(XX)

vulicialion by mlny loltcl tcsts. l clclLrbt cxists


ahout tlrc lirntlarncntal mccherrisnr ol' load
tntrtslcr into thc rock. Pilr'/ rock intcrluccs
ilrc usurtlli, llr lhrnr bcing slllootlt.

Inspcction ol' tltc rntcrllicc


r.(xx)

As lrbovc

in thc

bccldcd
Duhlin linrcstoncs. lirl cxirnrplc. hls shorl'n
it to lirlnr u scries ol'horizontal shclves, ri ith

qranltc
rlfitn I tc

thc stfor)qcl Iirrrcstortc hlinds protrLrcling

Pile bcaring crrpacitv - cnd hculinil

rt is

suggestcd that it
rclativcly conscrvlltivc cncl bcuring valuc
(lr,) ol' 7,.500 to 20.000 kN/mr bc Lrsccl in
clcsrgn to lllou, lirr possiblc unccrturntics in
thc qualrty ol lhc pilc basc itncl llso to
cn\utc thirt lltc loud \cttlL'nt|'nt trsn0lt\c i\
controllccl to lrcccptablc lcvcls. In grlnitcs.
sinrillr to thosc cltcountcrccl rn Gllri,ay.
valucs up to 50.000 kNirnr coultl bc saltll'
iidoptcd. It is likcly that all ol'thesc values

lirlcstoncs,

.l-50 rnnt

[] irckground

Dublin

In

ol'l

I,
I

I i

Gnlu'ay

c.xlrnpic thc casc

7.2 "ROCKI'l'l'97" nrethod

Locatron

lol

in Dublin uitl.r u sockct lcngth ol' I.5 m (-1

11,

coLrltl hc incrc;rsccl il'rlcccnt prclirninrrry pilc


tcst clirta rvas lvailablc ltrr particular sitc.

Factor ol'sal'ctli

An ovcrall l'actor ol' sulety oi' 2.5 should bc


applicd und whcrc possiblc pilcs should hc
dcsi-gned such that all ol-thc u'orkrng loacl is
takcn rn skin ll'iction and thc pilc busc acts
rncrcly to provicic a lactor ol' sllcty luainst
lailurc.
Cmut / cr
Thc net resull o1'this study ntay bc that thc
govcrning critcfia in pilc dcsign may bc thc
rtccd to linrit thc _grout / concrctc strcss to iur
lucceptable lcvcl, providcd o1'coursc thcrc is
a rcasonable sclckct into sound rock. Takc

ovt'r' thc rruclstor.rc buncls into lhc pilc bulc.


In tltc Crilulv gnrnitcs bv contrast thc borc
is oitcn snrooth cluc to thc strcngth lind
r.rni lbrnritt' ol thc rock.

Rockct9T rnoclcl

This problcrn \\,as rcco-rnrscd by thc


Australiln rcscarchcrs (Johnston and
Hlbcrllcld, 1991. Rcl. I I ancl Sciclal and
Habcrllcld. 1995, Rcl, l2) at an cally stage
ancl

thct'havc dcvclripcrl a rnodcl to ilccount

lirr sockct roushncss. It is illustrllcd

on

Figulc l(r.

boundury condition.

Thc lpprorrch outlined abor,c has

Bclirrc thc pilc is lorclcd thc side o1' thc pilc


l!ll contact r',ith thc surrouncling
rock as illustratccl in Figurc l6a. Whcn thc
stnlctunrl lortd is upplicd it is nornral lbr thc
pilc to causc thc sockct to dilatc initialll, as

thc pile concrctc sliclcs over thc

lock

aspcrities as illustratcd in Figure | 6b. As thc


dilltion procccds thc arca ol'rock in contirct

with thc concfctc

dccreascs

using thc draincd shcilr strcngth ol thc intact


rock and thc rcsiduirl sliclin-q liiction anslc
ol' thc rock / c()ncrctc tntcrlacc. Advancccl

nroclcls ol'rcugl.rrrcss. bascd on ll'actal


gcornctrv. rrc incOIpuratcd into thc codc,

scc cxarnplc orr Figure 17. Vcry

lt lbllou,s

thc initiully dorlinant slrding

good

cortrplirisons havc bccn obtitincd bctw'ccn


Rockct9T prcrlictions ancl rerl licld
bchlr iour in ir varictv ol' rocks, llbcit
q,cukcr than thosc cricountclcd in llclancl.
Apnlicution ol'Rockct97 to Irish pilc tcsts
Rockct9T has bccn usccl to prcdict thc
hchar rour ol'tuo ol'thc pilc tcsts clctailccl on
Tlblc I (pilcs l3g rvlrcrc thc skin ftiction
dortrinltcd und thc bchavior wus clastrc and

pilc Ila

rvhcrc load \\'as takcn

cornbination
ncanng

ol' skin liiction and

il

cncl

).

Thc input paranrctcrs tirr thc two tcsts arc


sutnnlrr-iscd orr Tablc -1. (Othcr plrantctcrs
arc givcn on 'l'lblc l ) It can hc secn that li
good rrumhcr ol' pltrartrctcrs arc rccluired,
nltnV ol u,hich .,r,crc not llvailirblc lirrnr thc

sitc invcstigation ancl hucl to bc clctcrminccl


l'ronr gcncritl corrcllitrons in thc litcraturc.
Tablc 4: Rockct9T input pararlctcrs.
P.trlntr'tcr
Shali

LJnit

Tcst

N,IPA

l3Lr

000

'fest l3q
2000

nrodLrlLrs

)1<

0rli,lir

Dcc

0,,',

Dcs.

-10

-1()

N,IPA

0.75
(, 2-5

0.75
0.25

0.t

0l

L)
20

25

Cohcsion
Poissor.t's

riltl()
MPrr

strcss

Scs. hcicht
Scs. lcngth

Itlrll

Laycr
thickncss

Basc

MPa

nlodul us
Basc dcbris

tlllTI

nilI

000
U

t.6
5

until

the
uspcrity shearing bccorncs lcss

than tl.rc rcsistancc to sliding.

bccn

intcgftltcd into thc colrrputcr codc Rockct97,


rihich *as tlcvclopccl at Monush LJnivcrsity
in Australil (Scidal. 1995. Rcl'. Il). Thc
sliding / shcarinc rncchlirlsms arc rnoclcllcd

Init. nrrrrnal

i',ill bc in

rcsistlncc to

this approach is the rnodclling o1'the


rntcrl'acc by ar corrstant normal stillncss

that
rncchanism

givcs su1' to a shcaring nrcchanisnr.

It

becn sl.rown that a lilndamental aspcct ol'

has

Full Rockct9T output lbr Pilc l3a is givcn in


Appcnclix A ol' this papcr. It can bc scen

to that dcduccd l'rom thc


CEMSET analysis. shati liiction initially
dominates thc bchaviour but is lully
mobilised at a movcment of about 8.0 nm,
that, sirnilur

bcyond which thc pilc basc provides the

r - -t
Socket

V ertic al

displacement '
of Rile

T?

dia.

D+AD

IF

Pile diameter

lDl

Bough wall of
rock socket

,I

I'

l*'"":Ti'
l.[*r
Shear
force

Figure 16. Rocket97 roughness model - general

Figure 17. Rocket97 roughness model - asperities

Applied load (kN)

4000

2000

\
\\

a4

.-\

;6

tra
o,^
o tu

+ Hile 3a - Static
+Pile 3a - Rocket9T
-

+Pile
Pile

39 - Static
39 - Rocket9T

0000

2000

\
\\

\\

to

\\
\

Et+ J
-

8000

\\

t\

812

\\

6000

18

Figure 18. Results of

Rocket9T

analJses versus static tests.

lcsrstancc.'fhe Rocket9T prcdictions alc


compared '"vith the results ot thc static loatl
tcsts on Figure 18. lt can bc sccn that thc
results are rcasonablc and that thc progrant
modcls the gencral bchaviour ol thc pilcs
"vell.

Altltough tlrc rncthod sh(lg\ \{)rrc prorni:t'.


rnuch more work would nccd to bc donc to
validatc this rnoclel lbr application to Irish
conditions. This work would includc:

ir)
b)

c)

parametric study to asse ss thc r.nost


lmportant lnput paramctcrs.
cxtracting rock corc lhrrn u nurlhcr ol'
srtcs whcre pilc tcst data is avrilahlc and
carrying out a scries o1'lab. tcsts to
determinc thc parametcrs given bv thc
parametric study,
carrying out Class A prcdictions prior to
pile Ioading tests to incrcase conlldencc

in the modcl.

Following it succcsslirl trial drivin_q cxcrcisc.

during .'i,hich l dcsign "sct" *'as agrced.


contftict pilinu, rncluclins a static load test.

prourcsscd succcssl'ull1,' until Pilc 30D lailcd

cluring a load tcst at a load o1'about 725t.,


scc Figurc 19. Thc pilc rvas rcdriven the
lbllowing day and subsequently load tested
successfully. Piling u'as thcn suspcnded and
all uncapped pilcs wcre rcdrivcn. A
substantial number of'pilcs lblcd to lichicve

thcir initill sct on rcdriving. Furthcr

toc

pcnctrations ol up to J.1 ril rvith an iivcragc

o1 0.6 rn rvcrc achicvcrl bclirrc thc sct


rcachcd an acccptablc vuluc. Sornc piles
q'crc rcdrivcn l sccond, third and lirurth
tirnc. In all 33% o1'thc totll nurnbe r o1' pilcs
had to be rcdrir,en. Pilin-{ rvas held up lirr

PILES
8.1 Moneypoint jetty

("false set" in laminated mudstone)

The problems encountered at Moneypoint


jetty have bcen describcd in detail by Long
(1995, Ref'. 14). The jetty is underlain
mostly by slightly weathered rnoderately
strong rnudstone anJ is lirunded on | 220
mrn tlia. open cnded tubular steel piles.
These pilcs have an increascd wall thickness
over the bottom m and werc designed to
take their working load of 600t. entircly by
end bearing on the mudstone.

zone

4, that is up thc

succcssion. The detcrioration

gcological

in quality

is

fxrticul:lrly mrrkctl in tlrc rrnge 2rn to 3 m


below rockhciid. The rock strength is very

variable,

with only minor

diff'ercnces

ht'lrvcr'n llte rltrrtrus zones.

From ii study of 170 piles it would appear


that the "problcm" piles werc those in zones
3 and 4 , with a limited numbcr in zone 2.
Avcragc penctrations during initial driving
incrcascd l-rom 0. I m in zone I to 1.4 ln in
zonc J. Thc rcsults ol the strlic tests arc
sumrnariscd on Table 5. It is possible to
interpret thc succcsslul tests as those in
whrch thc L/D value was greilter than unity.
All ol'thc lailed pilcs wcre in tctne 4.

threc n.ronths.

Trvo lurther load tcsts failurcs

Trhlr' 5:
\\,cre

Summary

ol' stirtrc tcsls

Jl

Moneypoint.

cncountercd on tcsting piles 388 ancl tl2E,

scc Figurc 19. The shape ol'thc load


settlcrnent curvcs suggest iailure in cnd
beari ng.

8. CASE HISTORIES WITH


PROBLEM ROCK SOCKETED

lo

Piling r.vas subscqucntly restartcd basecl on


itn incrcascd set and on An agrecd
programme ol' rcdriving. Two rcdrivcs wcre
ncccssary on many occrlsions. Furthcr
pcnetrations of up to 1.2 rn werc recorded.

Meanwhile a comprehensive rcview of thc


bedrock conditions was carried out bascd on
the data fiom approximately 100 borcholcs.
It was lbund that the bcdrock could be subdividcd into 4 zones as shown on Figure 20.

The bedrock

parameters, presented on

Figure 21, show a clear decrease in fiacture


f..,..,,.,-..,,
"L9ur,,Lj

f"^,-

.,,.--,

Pile No,

Zone

LlD*

Result

4A

t.t2

Passed

l9D

2.52

Passed

26D
68D
30D
388

1.33

Passed

n/a tn sst

Passcd

0.49

Failed

0.9'7

Failed

0.87

Failed

* ratio ol'pcnetration in rock / pile diameter

It was concluded that thc most likely reason


lirr the "false set" phenomenon at
Moneypoint was that the action of driving
the piles into the heavily jointcd mudstone
shattercd the rock into small pieccs. These

PILE

JAA

AM nAttNESl
ffi
5AO

MMIMLM

SETEilEilT tnnl

1A

60A

20

*-=

lE J'q fEsr /+--\_\ \

s'5

PI[f

0.5

i l'-r

I'

38E TEST 2

uo
l

42t

0.,

,ts"-

doo

,l/

05

- -1r l1-1*'--t

i"Q

o,2

:AD

z1tL DiFLilltalt

'

znqE 1-sANDSfAta Ar F&KHaM aP

ZAIIE

3 SNDSTCNE E]||EEt +, ND Ar 9ELN Rac(.FAD. d1-DlZCr J AJiatuF.


4 sltnsToilE GRallER lrtt 9n BEiOt FACKHE&, tCF)ZAr I AITCRAP.

ii

tl

aailPqisar aF
,LAfrED

RAD T2

CAM

t5

2D

2t

j!

r-

15

5A

55

6A

E5

lC

/5 ptLE BENI NA.

ENELaFES 0F 4U2FESS\/E SiPEXSlh

EAtilf

PRESSM

DEPrk

BaL@r'

E Sf RE hcf H

te

24

RCC(ra{)

IN

/ N 2J

ja

,-rl''

S;

'

,r::'
I

ii

ll
lj
r{o

'-'i:,::,,",,,
|

ii
ii
ti

tZ

F.

of

&UP8]S'I] AF EilIiDFES OF FFL|UR' FFEAOEilCI


PLANTD &NNSI DEPIH BEIA/ RA'IHEfu

3+

2 00lCF

,eeno,urrr ErrEilr .F ,a'DsrcttE .JicR.)p

tc

'7"',,i,'

tsELAt RrKaEAD. rliFtZA\

rEf, PtE LDCArrArs

ilEI1t

I AriaFOp.

2 54rD9t!E rl lA 4it

V4il

D]SCAFINATJES PER

FEilNEt,4aFtltt

:OrE

zsuE

Figure 20. Moneypoint jetty - zoning


bedrock /jetty layout

Figure 19. Moneypoint jetty


- results of static loading tests

::

n"

t6

ZOilE

+J

Figure 21. Moneypoint jetty


- bedrock quality
AF ENVEL)PES DF F at: arLm DtStGxATrAn
PLAITED &NISI D'PTN BELAT FAC\] IAD

CAMPS|SAN

Site Address:
Dublin
BoringCornpleted: lll/88
Diameter of Borehole:200 mnt
Boring Coninienced. 25106/88
TNw
ot tsonng: Shell & Auger and Dlaniond lJnl
Re-duced
Tloe
Descriotion of Strata
Level
Depth
Ground Level l8.62mOD
nl
I'I'I

ill

Loose

fill of red brick, silty clay

etc

16.42

2.20

c(l

6)

CTR)

Very Loose fill of silty clay, pieces of timber etc


Sofufirm grey silty clay with stones
Soft/finn srev siltv sandv cla\
Medium dense fine to nredium sandv sravel
Stiff grey sihy stonev cla
Stff/hard grey silty stony clay

380
4.80

t3.42

520

cfl

|.42

7.20

c(20)
c(29)

10.12

850

c(l

6.92

il50
ll. 70

5.32

13.30

c(81)
c(96)
c0 l8)
c(10)

|72

16 90

1.t2
Boulder (Chiseline 3 hrs)
Boulders and Clavey gravel
Fractured grey limestone rock with very
Weathered bands

c(2),c(s)

14 82
13.82

0)

A programme of rock coring was urdertaken


to investigate the rock quality. It was
concluded that the probleurs were caused by
the damage to the bedrock by the large and
powerful equiprnent used to drill the rock
and exacerbated by the deterioration of the
rock surface due to the presence of water in
the drilling process (similar to the problem
described in section 8.3).

e)

The problem was overcolne by a review of


the rock socket lengths in the two zones.
8.4 Commercial development, Dublin

("presumed" rock)

Site investigations on this site indicated

Final Level

"presumed rock" at a depth

of

12 m below

ground level. Piles were

Remarks:

Chiseling 3 Hor-rrs
lnstalled lOonrnr 0 plastic pipe to I 1.70n1BGL
Cored fronr I 1.70 to l6.90mBGL

designed

accordingly and dr.re to the variability in the


overbnrden, a rock socket length of 3 m was

chosen. On

conrpletiorr of

underperforming prelirninary pile

Figure 22.

additional site iuvestigations were carried

Rock core from site

contnrcrci(l development site


pieces were wedged

tightly between the pile

and the intact bedrock during driving.


Following the driving some stress relief took

place resulting

in a loss of

bearing

For this reason use ofwater flush during the


drilling of piles in Dublin limestones is also
not acceptable unless the piles are carefully
redrilled and cleaned prior to concreting.

resistance.

Remedial action included irnplementation of


a regilne of increased sets and redriving,
downrating some of the piles, a review of
the actual working loads and the driving of
some additional piles.
8.2 Industrial development, Dublin
(time delay prior to concreting)

A small diameter piling contract (with air


flush as the drilling rnediurn) being
for an industrial development in
Dublin was relatively routine, save for the
fact that access to the building was only
available during the niglrt as production in
undertaken

the building had to continue during the day.


Due to tine pressure and against his befter
jLrdgurent the contractor was forced to drill
some piles one day and leave the bore open
rurtil the piles were grouted the next day.

number

of

failures under static

test
occlrrred. The contractor reasoned that the

failure was due to the deterioration in the

of the "calp" limestone ovemight


during which a slickensided surface
sr.rrface

developed. This process was likely to have


been aided by ground water penetration.

The problem was overcome by installing


replacement piles which were drilled and
grouted in one day.

an

test,

8.3 George's Quay, Dublin


(deterioration in bedrock quality)
The problems at George's Quay have been
explained in detail by Lee (1993, Ref. 15
and 1994, Ref. 16). Bedrock at the site
consisted of interbedded strong "calcisilite"
lirnestone, weak weathered limestone and
conpletely weathered (clay like) rock. The
site was subdivided into 2 zones of good
rock and poor quality rock. The buildings
are founded on large diameter (0.75 m to
1.05 m) bored cast insitu concrete piles.

A pair of prelininary pile tests was carried


out in each zone, one with a soft toe to
enable skin friction to be determined. the
other with a normal toe. In tlle zone of poor
rock, testing of the "normal" pile proved
successful with a 750 mm dia. pile settling
approx. 5 nrm at SWL (:3000 kN) and 25
mm at 3 SWL. ln the zone of good rock
testing showed significantly more settlement
than originally envisaged and was between
23 mm for the soft toe pile and 13 mm for
the "normal" pile. Although the ultimate
bearing capacity of the piles was adequate,
the settlement values were deemed to be
unsatisfactory for the particular buildings

as the columns were each


on a single pile and it had
relatively tight differential settlement
involved

suppofted

criterion.

out which in this instance included rock


cores, see Figure 22. The rock cores
indicated boulder clay and badly broken
rnudstone layers within the lirnestone. Pile
lengths, which had to be closely monitored.
varied from 15.9 m to 22.3 nr with rock
sockets lengths of 3.3 m to 9.64 rn.

9.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR

FURTHER WORK
9.1 Further load test data
It is hoped that this paper will

be the

first in

of similar productions. It is essential


that the industry feed all future pile load test
data), particularly those with good quality
site investigations, including rock cores. It is
proposed that the Dept. of Civil Eng., UCD
maintains the database of tests with free
access to anybody interested.
a series

Areas ofparticular future interest are:

o
o
.
.

base resistance values.

how shaft friction varies with increasins


base resistance,
tests in Cork limestone,

relationship between SIMBAT

and

static test results.

9.2 Full scale instrumented loading test

In order to validate the ideas presented in


this paper it is essential that a number of
tests on well instrumented piles are carried
out in the various rock types throughout the
country. The piles should be instrumented,
in a manner similar to that shown on Fisure

pDisplacement

Pells (1982) and Kulhawy and Phoon


(1993) tbr deterrnining adhesion factor

transducers

do not work firr Irish rocks. This


possibly due

5.

6.
.

is

to thc rocks being in

general stronger than those considered


by these other authors.
An alternative approach fbr determinrng
skin lriction values fbr Irish rocks, based
on experience and back analysis of the
case history data. has bcen outlined in
this paper.
The data shows that cnd benring is not
rnobilised until thc rock sockct Icngth to

drarnctcr

rati() cxcccds .1.

Somc

rltlttu: lirr tltd hc tr'nr


on lrish rocks havc also bccn givcn in
suggestetl tlesirln

Figure 23: Instrumented test pile


23, so that, the eff'ects ol'shafi resistance in

7.

the overburdcn, in the bedrock and thc base


resistance can be separated. Thc piles should
be tested to tailure and rock cores should be
taken on the site to enable the rock to be

examincd closely and lbr the purpose of


laboratory testing. The pile shafi should also
be examined prior to grouting / concreting
by means of a down thc hole cctv camcra.

8.

9.3 Lab. tests for Rocket9T

Thc validation of Rocket 97 would rcquire


parametric study to assess the most
important input pararnete rs and also thc
extraction ol' rock corc from a numbcr ol'
sites where pile test data is available so that
a series of lab. tests could be carricd out to
determine the most important parametcrs
given by the parametric study.

9.

presented

tcsts

in this paper have shown that

rock socketed piles

in

Ircland havc
very well and that it is possible

behaved
to generate a large load bearing capacity
even in small diameter piles.

2. The hyperbolic transf'er

f unction
approach is an cxcellent tool in giving
insight to pile behaviour. However carc

should

be taken when using

thc

technique to determine absolutc values


of the various parameters.

3. Back analysis of

case history

data

that currcnt design practice is


conservativc and that hishcr skin
liiction valucs than are currcntly used
suggests

4.

could be adoptr'd in dcsrgn.


The analyses havc also shown that the
well known methods of Willianrs and

that this papcr w'ill act as

govern design conclition and tlrerc is r.ro


ncetl ttr hrrrc il r'()ck \o('kr'l lcngth lrt'lrtcr
than about -1 tinrcs thc pilc dianreter
(1,5m lor thc 350 mrr diarnctcr pilcs),
provided thc socket is in sound rock.
Thc Rocket9T design approach. which
includcs lbr a rough pilc / rock intcrlace
shu*'s somc promrsc fbr Irish conditions
but more ',r'ork (prinrarill, lab. bascd) is
rcquircd rn ordcr to validate thc rnodcl.
Problcms ciur ()ccur rvith nrck sockctcd
pilcs, particularly duc to dctcrioration ol'

REFERENCES

causccl

by thc piling

Higgins. J. and Mason, S. ( 1989).


"Gcotechnical aspects ot' the
rcdcveloprrcnt ol- the Custorn Housc
Docks arca in Dublin". Transactions
Institution ol'Enginccrs

Ircland. 1988

Williams, A.F. ancl Pells, P.J.N. (198 l).


"Sidc resistancc ol'rock sockcts in
sirnclstor.rc. r.r.ruclstone and shale". Can.
Cco. Jnl. | 8, 502-5 I 3.
Chrn. T.K. (1970). "Estimation ol' thc

proccss

ol $'atcr

o1'

1989

cxposcd pilc borcs

ultinratc load ol'pilcs lrom tests not


carriccl to lailurc". Proc. 2ncl. Sor.rth East

At lcast onc rock core is arr esscntial


rcquircment on uny sitc whcrc rock

92

pcnctr.rtion

in

Asilrr Ctrnl-. on SMFE. Sirtgaprrrc.

Chin. F.K. (1983). "Bilatcral

socketed pilcs arc proposcd.

l. Futurc dcvclopnrcnts
rccluircs sr-lpport

. The databasc o1' thirty pilc

It is hopcd

catalyst lbr lirrthcr sharing of intbrnution on


rock sockctcd pilcs uncl dynamic tcsting.

lnd duc to thc

10. CONCLUSIONS

Some lbrmer studcnts oi UCD (Siobhan


Fallon. Olivcr Kclly. Martin O'Flahcrty and
Tonr Staunton) also contributed to this work
and amor.rg othcr tasks crossed chcckcd thc
CEMSET analyscs.

the papcr.
It rvould secm that that thc nccd to limrt
grout stress in thc pilcs nray bcconrc thc

thc rock
10.

Tony O'Dowd of PJ Edwards & Co. Ltd and


Pat Fox of Murphy International Ltd.
contributed both load test data and their
own considerable experience to the papcr. lt
is hoped that the views expresscd in this
paper also reflects thc opinions of Tony and
Pat and the authors are extremely grateful
tbr thcir co-operation.

lirrr

in this

platc

bcaring tcsts". Proc. Int. Syrl. on In -

ilrca
the inclustry in thc

lirrm ol'iirrthcr loacl tcst clatil and hclp


with lully instrunrcntcd pilc Iolcl tcsts.

lil-

Situ Tcsting, Paris. 2, 29-31.


5

Flcnrins. W.K.C, (1992), "A ncw


nrethod lbr singlc pilc scttlemcnt
prcdiction and analysis". Geotcchniquc,
42, 4l

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I --12-5.

complete this papcr. Horvcver John Mrtchell


was tragically killed in a piling accidcnt in
Sept, 1990 and this wurk wns never carricd
out. Howcvcr many of the idcas contained rn

Carrubba. P. (1991). "Skin l'riction of


largc dizrmeter pilcs sockctcd into rock".
Can. Geo. Jnl,, 34, 230-240, 1991.
Rowc, R.K. and Armitage, H.H. (1987).
"A clesign rnethod tirr drilled picrs in
soli rock". Can. Ceo. Jnl., Vol. 24, No.
I, Fcb. 126 - 142.
Kulhawy, F.H. and Phoon, K.K. (1993).
"Drillcd shafi sidc resistancc in clay soil

this papcr originatcd l'rom John and

tu rock". Proc. conf. on dcsign

This plpcr is csscntiulll

rr

eotttptltittn prpcr

to "Piling in

Gravcls" by Collins and


Mitchcll ( 1990, Ref. l'7). It hld bccn

intcnded that thcsc

t\\'o authors alscr

his

inllucnce is still prcscnt.

and

pcrlormancc ol' clccp fbundations: piles

and picrs

in soil and solt rock.

Geo.

The authors arc cxtrcmely gratcl'ul lirr thc


hclp and co-opcration of therr liicnds and

spccial publication No. 3tl. ASCE: 172 -

collcagucs involvcd in geotcchnical work in

Tomlinson, M,J. "Foundation dcsign


and construction", 6th cd.. Lon_qman,

lrcllnd. Data, inlirrnration and advice


licely given and is nruch appreciatcd.

rvas

83.

| 995.
10. Poulos,

H.C. and Davis, E.H. (1990).


"Pile fbundation analysis and design",
John Wilcy, New York.

ll.

Johnston, l.W. and Habcrllcld, C.M.


( 1 992). "Sidc resistancc of'pilcs in wcak

rock". Proc. Conl'. Pilin-e:

Europcan

practice and worldwide trcnds. Thontas


Tcllbrd London, 52 - 58.
12. Seidal, J.P. and Habcrlleld, C.M.
( 1995). "The axial capacity ol' pile
sockcts in rocks and hard soils". Ground
Engineering, March, 33 - 38.
13.

Seidal, J.P. (199-5). "Rockct lbr


windows v2.0". Users Manual, Dept. ol

Civil Engineering. Monash

Univcrsity,

Clayton, Australia.
14.

Long, M. (1995). "Thc bchavrour of

drivcn tubular stccl pilcs in thc


lanrinatcd mudstones ol'south - u,cst

Ircllnd". Proc. ICE

Ccotcchnical

cnginccring, | 13, Oct.. 212 - 252.


15. Lcc, F. (1993). "Ccorgc's Qury pilrn,u".
notcs on mccting held hy lStrucE / IEI
on I -519/93.
16. Lcc, F. (1994). "Ccorgc's quay pilin,r".
Tlic En-{inccrs Journal, Junc. 3(r - 39.
17.

Collins, F. and Mitchcll, J.M. (1990).


"Piling in gravcls". Trans IE,l 1989 /
I

990.

APPENDIX A
Typical dctailed output lbr CEN,ISElRockct9T analyscs att2rchcd,

and

PILE SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS


INPUT DATA

Temple Bar - Dublin - Test a


OUTPUT DATA

(UNITS m,kN & kN/m^z)

ULTIMATE SHAFT CAPACITY

(tb)

LOAD
rKN)

7300

ULTIMATE BASE CAPACIW (Ub)

0
339
678
1,017
1,356
1,695

40@

FLEXIBILITY COEF (Ms)

0.00100

SETTLEMENT SHORTENING
(mm)
(mm)
0.00
0.03

0.06
0.09
0.13
o.17
o.22

0.00
0.26
o.51
o.T7
1.03
1.24
1.54

MOVEMENT

{mm\
o.@
o.2a
o.57
o.85
1.16
1.45
1.76

BASE SOIL MOOULUS (Eb)

5000q)

SHEAR EFFECT COEF (Ke)

o.60

2,O34

4,80

2,373
2,712

o.27

PILE LENGTH (Lo)

0.32

2.6

2.38

3.051

0.39

2.31

2.70

EFFECTIVE PILE LENGTH (LD

2.OO

3,390

0..16

3,729

0.54

2.57
2.83

SHAFT DlA. Os)

0.60

4,068
4,407

0.gl

3.O8

0.75

BASE DIA, (Db)

0.60

4,76

0.E8

3.34
3.60

3.03
3.37
3.72
4.09

5,085
5,4?4
5,763
6,102
6.441

1.(X
1.22
1.14
1.70
) (r3

6,//UU

2.12

5.14

7.$

7,119

2.e1

5.40

7A8

3.52

7,797

1.24

8.31
9.19
10.24

(mm)

8,'t36
8,475
8,8't4

6.49
8.13

0.m

9,153
9,492

5.67
5.96
6.25
6.54
6.88
7.12
7.42

2.8oE+O7

CONCRETE MODULUS (EC)


LOAD

PILE TEST RESULTS


LOAD

% ULT LOAD

(kN)
U

7g
1500

2250
30@
4500
5250

0.oo
6.64
13.27
19.91

26.55
39.82

$.46

60@

53.1 0

6750
7500
8250
9000
g(x)o

59.73
66.37
73.0',1

MEASURED
MOVEMENT

o.30
0.89
1.49
3.(}5
4.27

5.28
6.53
8.33
10.11

12.83
15.54

% DIA

0.00
0.18
0.15
0.25

9.831

10.33
13,.O
17.95

2.6

4.8

3.E5
4.11

4.89

4.37

5.8'l

4.62

6.33
6.91

4.EE

7.71

0,170
10,5@

25.30

u.(,t,

39.03

10,8216

73.8

a.2s
8.58

11.187

314.86

8.87

'|

0.51
o.71

5.25

1.EO

5.33

11 .50

13.O4

14.96
17.15
20.42
?q AA
J5.JU
47.32
82.O4

1)a 7a

0.88
1.11

NOTE

1.39
1.69
2.14

FILE REF A1MNTKENTP

WBI

PRINTED 02/09/99

:- This spreadsheet adods ihe

tv\ro hyprbolic
funciionc rnodol prcontd by W.G.K.Floming
in GeotechnQue (1992) 'A new msthod br single
pile ssttlemert prcdiction and anslysis

Client:Test by Murphy International Ltd,


Job:Temple Bar, Dublin
Description: Pile Test 13a

18.0

16.0

14.O

12.O

2
;

I
J

10.0

,4

"#

6.0
4.O

2.O

_#

#
#
W
"#
*F

2.0

F-

4.0

6.0

,P-

8.0

d#

#F
aa-

.&

d#

..* ***e

F
.F

*6/D'

-,J

MA.AA

10.0 12.O 14.O 16.0 18.0

Dcfleclim (mm)

PibTop L6d Dsflction

Analysis

Parameters

Number of

Layers

'

Layer

Thickness

1 - 4.8

(m).

Graph Legend
Total

_9_

2-2.0(m)

Diameter
(mm)
Pile Modulus
3.0e+04 (MPa)
Pile

Shaft

---=-#-

600.0

Base

--------

Base Drameter
600.0 (mm)
Base Modulus
1000.0 (MPa)

Base Debris
0.0 (mm)
Base Ultimate
20.0 (MPa)
Zone of Influence
4.00 (Diameters)
Rocket9T for Windows
Date:Thu Feb 25 1999 12:41 -

a:\temple'l.rkt

Dr. Mike Long - Non Commercial U

Licensed from Monash University

20.0

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