SCHEME ANSWER

MID YEAR EXAMINATION

CHEMISTRY PAPER 2 2012
QUESTION
1
a
i
ii
iii
iv
b

i
ii

ANSWER
Temperature at which a solid changes to liquid
83C
Solid and liquid
Heat energy absorbed
Heat is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the molecules/particles
- x-axis and y-axis labeled with unit
- smooth curve and vertical part marked with all the temperature involved

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sublimation
Iodine-131
To treat thyroid patients //
diagnosis of thyroid glands
- at least three rows
- closely packed to each other
- not overlapping with each other
eg:

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C

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Able to draw sulphur

3
C
at least 6 particles
groups of particles touching each other

eg:

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C
at leat three sulphur particles
particles not touching each other

eg:

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QUESTION
b

ANSWER
x-axis and y-axis labeled with unit
smooth curve and vertical part marked with 119 C

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eg :
temperature / C

119

time / min
c

i
ii
iii

a
b

ii
i
Ii

i
ii
iii

a
b

i
ii

c
d

i
ii
iii

e
f

Reddish-brown vapour
spreads throughout both gas jars after few hours
Diffusion in gas
Bromine gas is made up of tiny and discrete particles
This particles moves randomly into empty spaces between the air particles
Diffuse in all direction in air

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Number of electrons = 18
Number of neutrons = 22
Nucleon Number is the sum of number of protons and number of neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom
40
2.1
- 3 protons and 4 neutrons are located in nucleus of atom
- 3 electrons located at the shells

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W and Y
Isotopes have same number of valence electron
Y (C-14) can be used to estimate the age of fossils

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Chemical formula is a representation of chemical substance using letters for atoms

and subscript number to show number of atom for each element in a compound
Hydrochloric acid and zinc metal
2HC + 2Zn 2ZnC +H2
Air in the combustion tube must be removed before heating process by flow the
hydrogen gas continuously
Mass of copper = 31.86g 30.24g = 1.62g
Mole of copper used = 1.62g / 64gmol-1 = 0.025 mol
Mass of oxygen = 32.26g 31.86g = 0.4g
Mole of oxygen = o.4g / 16gmol-1 = 0.025 mol
Mole of copper : mole of oxygen
0.025 mol : 0.025 mol
1:1
Empirical formula of copper (II) oxide is CuO
Lead (II) oxide // Iron (II) oxide // Tin (II) oxide
Burning of metal in excess hydrogen

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QUESTION
5
a
i
ii

iii
i
ii

i
ii

a
b
c

i
ii

b
c
d

a
b

i
ii

ANSWER
Elements are arranged in increasing atomic number
from left to right/horizontally.
Period 4
Group 1
M
E
The nuclei attraction towards the valence electron is weaker in E
Thus, it is easier for E to lose electron/release electron to form positively charged
ion
J
Group 18 elements are chemically unreactive / inert chemically

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2.8.2
Q and T
Forces of attraction between nucleus and valence electron in atom S is higher than
those in atom R
Thus, atomic radius of atom S is less than atomic radius of atom R

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Sodium Hydroxide
Hydrogen X
Burning splint
Red to blue
Blue to blue/colorless
2 Na + 2 H2O 2 N OH + H2

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Melting and boiling point increase

Low density increase

Cannot conduct electricity and heat

When proton number increase, number

of electron increase. Thus more shells
are needed to fill in the electrons.
When atomic size increase, forces of
attraction between atoms is stronger.
Thus more energy needed to overcome
these forces.
Atomic mass increase faster than the
increase in atomic size
Absence of mobile electrons since
noble gases are stable

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Colourless gas at RTP

Insoluble in water
Any relevant answers are accepted.
iii

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SECTION B
Aluminium ion = 2.8
Oxygen ion = 2.8
Noble gas
This is because all elements in group 18 are stable and chemically unreactive
The physical properties of elements in group 18:
When down the group:
Atomic radius increase

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Elements in group 18 and its use.

Helium
Fills airships and weather balloons.
Neon
Advertising lights, Television tubes, airport landing bulb
Argon
Fill in light bulbs, provide inert atmosphere for welding at high
temperature
Krypton
Used in laser to repair the retina of the eye, fill in photographic
flash lamps
Xenon
Bubble chambers in atomic energy reactors.
Radon
Treatment in cancer

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QUESTION
9
a
i

ii

iii
iv

ANSWER
P1 Relative atomic mass of an element is the number of times the mass of an atom is
greater than 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
P2 The relative mass of a carbon-12 atom is 12.000
P1 One mol is the quantity of a substance which contains the number of particles
similar to the one found in 12.000 of carbon-12.
P2 The number of particles forms a constant number called the Avogadro constant,
NA, which is 6.02x1023
P1 Molar mass is the mass of a substance with 1 mol of particles
P2 For example, molar mass of aluminium, Al, is 27g
P1 Molar volume of a gas is the volume of 1 mol of gas under certain conditions
P2 1 mol of any gas occupies 22.4dm3 at standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p).
At room conditions, the volume of 1 mol of any gas is 24dm3.
- No of moles of oxygen = 16/2(16) = 0.5 mol
- Volume of oxygen = 0.5 x 24 = 12 dm3
- No of moles of carbon dioxide = 22/[12+2(16)] = 0.5 mol
- Volume of carbon dioxide = 0.5 x 24 = 12 dm3
The volume of the two gases are the same because at the same temperature and
atmospheric pressure, all gases occupy the same amount of volume

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c
Elements
Mass

Carbon
0.48g

Hydrogen
0.05g

Nitrogen
0.28g

Oxygen
0.16g

No of moles
Simplest ratio

0.48/12 =0.04
0.04/0.01=4

0.05/1=0.05
0.05/0.01=5

0.28/14=0.02
0.02/0.01=2

0.16/16=0.01
0.01/0.01=1

Empirical Formula: C4H5N2O

Molar mass of caffeine = 194
Molecular formula = (Empirical Formula)n
[4(12)+5(1)+2(14)+(16)]n = 194
97n = 194
n=2
Therefore, molecular formula of caffeine = C8H10N4O2

10

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SECTION C
Empirical formula is the formula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each
element in a compound

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Molecular formula is the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each
element in a compound

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Example: empirical formula of ethane, CH 2 but the molecular formula is C2H4 (any
suitable answer)

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i
element
Percentage/mass
Number of moles
Ratio of moles

ii

carbon
40.00
40/12 = 3.33
1

hydrogen
6.66
6.66/1 = 6.66
2

oxygen
53.33
53.33/16 = 3.33
1

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Empirical formula = CH2O

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n(CH2O) = 180
n(12+1x2 + 16) = 180
n(30) = 180
n = 180/30
n=6

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molecular formula = C6H12O6

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QUESTION
c
i
ii
d

11

ANSWER
Substance P.
Substance P has boiling point higher than melting point of naphthalene.
Naphthalene is flammable and easily explodes when directly burned.
From time t1 and t2, the naphthalene exists as liquid.
The arrangement of its particles packed closely together but not in an orderly
arrangement.
As the temperature falls, the naphthalene molecules lose heat energy. Their
movement slows down and they move closer to each other.
At t2, the substance still in liquid state.
The particles have very little energy and begin to move closer towards one another
as it starts to freeze into solid.
At t2 to t3, the naphthalene changes it state to solid form.
Particles start to rearrange and packed closely together in an orderly manner.
Naphthalene exists as both solid and liquid.
The temperature remains constant until all the liquid changes to solid.
This is because the energy released is the same as the energy lost to the surroundings
during cooling.
This constant temperature is the freezing point.
At t3, all the liquid freezes into solid. The particles are now closely packed in an
orderly manner.
At t3 to t4, the naphthalene is now in solid state.
The temperature falls again until it reaches room temperature.
This because it lose heat energy and vibrate slower.

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Antoine Lavoisier
- He differentiated metal and non metal
- He classified elements into 4 groups
- He wrote the first list which contained 33 elements
Johann W. Dobereiner
- He classified three elements with similar characteristics into groups known
as triads
- He suggested the existence of the relationship between chemical
characteristics with the mass of element atoms
John Newlands
- He arranged all elements known at that time according to the order of
increasing atomic mass
- Characteristics which are similar repeats at every eighth element (law of
octaves)
Lothar Meyer
- He arranged 56 elements into one Periodic Table based on periodic
characteristics such as volume
- He discovered that elements with chemical characteristics which are similar
reside on positions of same levels on the graph curve plotted by him
Dmitri Mendeleev
- He arranged elements according to the order of increasing atomic mass
- He left empty spaces for elements which have yet to be discovered at that
time
Elements with similar chemical characteristics are grouped together

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b
Periodic Table proposed by Antoine
Lavoisier
He wrote the first list which contained
33 elements
He classified elements into 4 groups

Modern Periodic Table

Elements are arranged in order of
increasing proton number
Elements with the same chemical
properties are placed in the same

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QUESTION

ANSWER
group
He differentiated metal and non-metal
The horizontal rows are called periods

P1 No
P2 Helium has proton number of 2 and an electron arrangement of 2
P3 Due to the fact that its first shell (the only shell) is filled with 2 electrons, helium
is not chemically reactive (inert)
P4 Thus, helium is placed in Group 18 in the Periodic Table and not in Group 2

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