Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of of
the
ASME
2010
Pressure
Vessels
and
Proceedings
the
ASME
2010
Pressure
Vessels
& Piping Division / K-PVP Conference
PVP2010
PVP2010
July 18-22, 2010, Bellevue, Washington, USA
July
PVP2010-25092
PVP2010-250
LOWER BOUND BUCKLING LOAD OF A FLOATING ROOF PONTOON
Shoichi Yoshida
Yokohama National University
Yokohama, Japan
ABSTRACT
The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage
to oil storage tanks due to liquid sloshing. Seven single-deck
floating roofs had experienced sinking failures in large
diameter tanks at a refinery in Tomakomai, Japan. The
pontoons of the floating roofs might be buckled due to bending
load during the sloshing. The content in the tank was spilled
on the floating roof from small failures which were caused in
the welding joints of pontoon bottom plate by the buckling.
Then the floating roof began to lose buoyancy and sank into the
content slowly. The elastic buckling of the pontoon is
important from the viewpoint of the single-deck floating roof
sinking. The authors had reported the buckling strength of the
pontoons subjected to bending and compressive loads in the
published literatures. The axisymmetric shell finite element
method for linear elastic bifurcation buckling was used in the
analysis. The buckling characteristics of the pontoon both
with and without ring stiffeners were investigated. The initial
geometrical imperfection may diminish the buckling load.
This paper presents the lower bound buckling load according to
the reduced stiffness method proposed by Croll and Yamada.
The lower bound buckling loads of the pontoon subjected to
circumferential bending load are evaluated from the
axisymmetric finite element analysis which includes the
reduced stiffness method.
INTRODUCTION
The floating roofs are used in large aboveground oil
storage tanks to prevent evaporation of the content. They are
welded steel structure and are classified into two basic types,
single-deck and double-deck structures. The single-deck
floating roofs, which are considered herein, consists of a thin
circular plate called a deck attached to a buoyant ring of boxshaped cross section called a pontoon.
Seven single-deck floating roof had sunk in the 2003
Tokachi-Oki earthquake at a refinery in Tomakomai, Japan.
The floating roofs deformed to leak oil due to the liquid
sloshing as shown in Fig.1, and they lost buoyancy to sink
Floating roof
ti
tL
to
tR
tu
U2b
U2m
u
um
V2m
v
vm
w
wm
m
Ni
Mi
i
i
i
m
min
*
[ ]
Subscript -i
Subscript m
Superscript (L)
Superscript (N)
Superscript *
Pontoon
Pontoon
Detail of Pontoon
Deck
Pontoon
Seal
Spilled oil
Spilled oil
Outer rim
Deck
Deck
Deck
Shell
Bottom
Deck
Max. Sloshing
direction
Buckling
Deck
Buckling
ANALYSIS
Axisymmetric Shell Finite Element
The axisymmetric shell finite element used in this analysis
is a conical frustum element as shown in Fig.6. In this
element, the tangential displacement u and the circumferential
displacement v are assumed to be linear function and the
normal displacement w to be cubic function with respect to s,
where s is the elemental coordinate.
The strain-displacement relation based on the KirchhoffLoves assumption is given by the Novozhilovs equation [10],
and the linear term is expressed by Eq.(1) and the nonlinear
term is expressed by Eq(2) [11]:
i
s
r
dr
L
1 v 1
+ (w cos + u sin )
s( L )
r r
(L )
u v v
sin
+
( L )
r s r
(1)
s
(L ) =
2w
2
s
s
(L )
2
1 w cos v sin w
s(L )
2
+ 2
2
s
r s
r
r
1
w
sin
w
cos
v
sin
cos
2
v
+ 2
+
r s
r
r
r s
u
j
dz
z
v
: Nodal point
1 w
2 s
s( N )
2
( N ) 1 w
v cos
= 2
( N ) 2 r
s 1 w w
v
cos
r s
um cos
v
m 0
=
wm sin
m 0
(2)
1
Ns
Et
N s
=
2
M s 1
M s
sym.
w =dw/ds
0
1
2
t2
t2
12
12
t2
12
0
s
0
s (3)
0
s
0
(1 )t 2 s
24
0
0
0 um
u
cosm
v 0
sinm
0
0 vm
=
0
cosm
0 wm
w m=0 0
0
0
cosm m
0
(4)
(5)
{u m } = [ ]{d m }
0 sin 0d zm
1 0 0d m
0 cos 0d r m
0 0
1 m
(6)
(7)
INITIAL STRESS
The hatching area of Fig.7 is the pontoon cross section
and is discretized into 1500 to 1600 axisymmetric shell finite
elements. Point G is the centroid of the cross section. The
deck plate is not modeled in the analysis. The bulkhead plates
can not be taken into consideration in the analytical model
because of the axisymmetric analysis. Fig.8 shows the ring
stiffener which is LR in length and tR in thickness, and it
attaches to both the pontoon roof plate and the pontoon bottom
plate at regular intervals. The pontoon is subjected to
circumferential bending moment M as illustrated in Fig.9
M
M
M
z
Ir
(9)
NS0 = 0
(10)
tu
N 0 = t
to
ti
Li
(11)
M cr = min M
Lo
(12)
LD
Lp
ri
tL
(13)
s( L )
( L )
(L)
s
s
where i(L), i(L) (i= s, , s) are the linear strain and the
change of curvature, i(N) (i= s, , s) is the nonlinear strain
due to the virtual displacements.
The membrane forces and the bending moments due to the
virtual displacements can be also written in the following form.
(15)
= 1 + 2 + 3 + L
(16)
2 = U 2 M + U 2b + V2 M
of the
virtual
is the
is the
(17)
1
N s( L ) s( L ) + N( L ) ( L ) + N s(L ) s(L ) dA
2 A
(18)
1
N s 0 s( N ) + N S( N ) s 0 + N 0 ( N ) + N ( N ) 0 dA (20)
2 A
U 2 M + U 2b + V2 M = 0
(21)
where U2b is the linear bending strain energy, U2m is the linear
membrane strain energy and V2m is the nonlinear membrane
strain energy.
These can be written in the following
equations.
V2 M =
1
M s( L ) s( L ) + M ( L )( L ) + M s(L ) s(L ) dA (19)
2 A
U 2b + *V2 M = 0
N s N s0 + N s( L ) + N s( N )
N
(L)
(N )
N 0 + N + N
N s N s(L ) + N s(N )
=
M s( L )
Ms
M
M ( L )
M s
M s(L )
U 2M =
U 2b =
(27)
ANALYTICAL MODEL
The pontoon is made of mild steel, and Young's modulus E
and Poisson's ratio are 200 GPa and 0.3, respectively. In
this analysis, the circumferential bending moment M where the
pontoon roof plate is subjected to compressive stress is defined
as positive as shown in Fig.9. Table 1 shows the basic
analytical conditions of the pontoon. The cross sectional area
10000
Mcrm-i (kN-m)
Circumferential bending
No ring ( i=0 )
One ring ( i=1 )
Two rings ( i=2 )
1000
100
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1.2
RS factor fRSm-i
1.0
0.8
Circumferential bending
0.6
No ring ( i=0 )
One ring ( i=1 )
Two rings ( i=2 )
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Fig.12 RS factor
1000000
Circumferential bending ( i =1 )
10.0
Circumferential bending
No ring ( i=0 )
One ring ( i=1 )
Two rings ( i=2 )
crm-i /Mcr-i
100.0
1.0
100000
10000
U2b
U2b
U2m
U2M
1000
100
0.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20
40
60
80
100
120
1000000
Cicumferential bending ( i =2 )
100000
U2b
U2b
U2M
U2m
10000
1000
100
0
40
60
80
100
120
1000000
Circumferential bending ( i =0 )
Strain energy (N-mm)
20
100000
10000
U2b
U2b
U2M
U2M
1000
100
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CONCLUSIONS
The initial geometrical imperfection may diminish the
buckling load. The lower bound buckling loads of the
floating roof pontoon of an oil storage tank subjected to
circumferential bending load are evaluated from the
axisymmetric finite element analysis and the reduced stiffness
method. The shape of imperfection is not required to define
in the reduced stiffness method.
As a result, the lower bound buckling loads of the pontoon
both without ring stiffeners and with one ring stiffener are
almost the same as the buckling loads without geometrical
imperfection. However, the lower bound buckling load of the
pontoon with two ring stiffeners is 56% of the buckling loads
without geometrical imperfection.
In this paper, the finite element method is the linear elastic
bifurcation buckling analysis for non-axisymmetric buckling
mode under axisymmetric loading. Though the sloshing load
is non-axisymmetric and theoretically has the circumferential
wave number m=1 due to the horizontal seismic excitation, it is
assumed to be axisymmetric, i.e., m=0, in this analysis. The
verification of this assumption will be a future study.
REFERENCES
[1]Yohida, S. and Kitamura, K., 2006, "Buckling of SingleDeck Floating Roofs in Aboveground Oil Storage Tanks
due to Circumferential Bending Load", PVP2006-ICPVT-