SWA Sample Solution Answers

Q1]
a) Expected Counts
To find out the expected counts in a reach table, the individual entries is calculated using
the formula:
e i=

rowTotal colTotal
Total

Hence the expected counts would be:

13-24
11.625
19.375

Female
Male
2

b)

25-34
23.625
39.375

35-44
32.625
54.375

45+
7.125
11.875

statistics and degrees of freedom

To calculate the 2

statistics of the above data, the following formula is applied:

(e io i)2
=
ei
Hence we can compute the 2
2

2=

statistics:

( 7 11.625 )2 ( 19 23.625 )2 ( 42 32.625 )2 ( 7 7.125 )2 ( 24 19.375 )2 ( 44 39.375 )2 ( 45 54.375 )2 ( 12 1

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11.625
23.625
32.625
7.125
19.375
39.375
54.375
11

Which, the value would be: 8.706 (3d.p.).

To figure out the degree of freedom, we use the following formula:
Degree of Freedom={Total Row Count1 } {Total ColumnC ount }
Hence the value in the degree of freedom:
df = (2-1) X (4-1) = 3
c) Proportional Value
To calculate the proportional value of a subject we use the following formula:
p ^p z 2

^p (1 ^p )
Total of Subject
, where ^p =
n
Total

Hence the proportional value are shown as:

p=0.375 1.96

0.375(10.375)
0.375(10.375)
,0.375+ 1.96
200
200

p (0.3079, 0.4421)

Q2]
a) Removing Stop-words, Removing Punctuations, Case-folding and Stemming
Document
Number
i
ii
iii

Before

After

Go dog, go!
Stop cat, stop
The dog stops the cat and the
bird.

dog
stop cat stop
dog stop cat bird

b) Document-Term Index
dog
1
0
1

i
ii
iii

stop
0
2
1

cat
0
1
1

bird
0
0
1

c) Cosine Similarity Calculation

From the term frequency of [Dog Stop Cat Bird], the frequency matrix of Stop Cat is [0
1 1 0]. With each document, the value of similarity are calculated as follows:
i.
ii.
iii.

[1000][0110]=0
[0210][0110]=3
[ 1 1 1 1 ] [ 0 1 1 0] = 2

Now to find the cosine similarity score, we need to turn the frequency matrix of Stop
Cat into a query vector value:
02 +12 +12+ 02

q =
Which the value would be: 2
With the same process as above, we need to query each of the documents in its
respective values:
i.
ii.
iii.

q = 1
q = 5
q = 4

Finally, the cosine similarity score is found by:

i.
ii.
iii.

0 ( 1 2)=0
3 ( 5 2)=0.9487
2 ( 4 2)=0.7071

d) TF-IDF Calculation
To find the TF-IDF value we need to use the formula:

n
w d ,t =log (f d ,t + 1)log ( )
ft
Given that there are 3 documents: N is 3, the matrix in document 3 is [1 1 1 1] and
is [2 2 2 1].
Category
Working Out
Answer

ft

Dog

Stop

Cat

Bird

3
log(2) log( )
2
0.2810

3
log(2) log( )
2
0.2810

3
log(2)log( )
2
0.2810

3
log(2) log ( )
1
0.7615

B
1
0
1
1

C
0
1
0
0

D
0
1
0
0

Q3]
a) Adjacency Matrix
A
0
1
0
0

A
B
C
D

b) Graph Diameter
Path
A -> B
A -> C
A -> D
B -> C
B -> D
C -> D

Length
1
2
2
1
1
2

The diameter of a graph is the longest shortest path. Hence the diameter is 2.
c) Betweenness Centrality
Path
A <->
A <->
A <->
B <->
B <->
C <->

Central Node
0
B
B
0
0
B

B
B <-> C
B <-> D
C
D
B <-> D

Since there are modes of central nodes, the betweenness centrality of the graph is B.
d) Graph comparison.
From the graph, the degree of distribution is as follows:
Connection
s
Frequency

Graph of the above data:

Degree of Distribution

Frequency

With observation, the graph is similar towards the Barabasi-Albert Graph.

Q4]
a) Missing Values
PC1
3.763
0.347
*

S.D.
P.V.
C.P.

PC2
2.522
0.156
0.503

PC3
2.374
0.138
0.641

PC4
2.224
0.121
*

PC5
2.155
0.114
0.876

PC6
1.724
0.073
0.949

PC7
1.438
0.051
1.000

The value of the * at PC1 is 0.347 and the value of the * at PC4 is 0.762.
b) Binary Metric
Wor
ds
Twee
t1
Twee
t2

Rememb
ering
1

Lo Re
u
ed
1
1

Lif
es
1

Wo
rk
1

Ro
ck
1

Music
ian
1

Prov
ed
0

Car
eer
0

Me
an
0

Striv
ing
0

Publi
city
0

To compute the binary metric, we need to figure out the count of unique words in each
10
tweet over the total of unique words in all tweets. Hence the binary metric:
. If
13
stemming were applied to the tweets, it would affect the result. For proof, if the word
musician would stem to music, then there is an increase of common words.
Q5]
When looking at the tweet value of the data below:

Week 1

Day 1
36

Day 2
49

Day 3
57

Day 4
74

Day 5
74

Day 6
54

Day 7
61

Week 2
Week 3

58
98

89
145

115
140

89
140

117
156

109
115

93
124

It is shown after performing square-root transformation on a moving average of trends

and periodic components.
a) Computing Trends
We are given:

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3

Day 1

Day 2

8.71
10.93

9.03
11.17

Trends
Day 3
Day 4
7.56
9.47
*
11.21
11.42

Day 5
7.79
10.06

Day 6
8.14
10.43

Day 7
8.59
10.59

To compute the missing trend at Week 2 Day 4, we need to add the average square root
of the Week 2 where the central distant value is at Day 4.
Using this formula:
=

( T d ,w )
n

Hence by using this, the missing value at Week 2 Day 4 can be find out:
=

( 58)+( 89)+( 115 )+( 89)+( 117)+( 109)+( 93)

7

Therefore the missing value at Week 2 Day 4 is 9.73.

b) Computing Periodic
We are given:

Periodic

Day 1
-1.125

Day 2
0.578

Periodic
Day 3
Day 4
0.877
0.323

Day 5
0.724

Day 6
*

Day 7
-0.925

To compute the missing periodic at Day 6 Periodic, we need to know that the sum of all
values must equal to zero (0).
Given that
formula:

( Periodic)=0 , to figure out the missing values, we need to apply the

=( [T p ])
Hence by using this, we can find out the missing value at Day 6 Periodic:
=(1.125+ 0.578+ 0.877+0.323+0.724 +0.925)

Therefore the missing value at Day 6 Periodic is -0.452.

Q6]

a) Explanation
The reason why using a square root transformation is advisable for count data is
because the count data is most likely to be Poisson distributed. The problem with Poisson
is that its variance and the mean would be the same. Which mean if you take a same
with a high mean, and another sample with low mean, then the variance would be
different. Using the hypothesis testing, it is noted that it is impossible to calculate if the
mean is equal the variance then it would show difference in the test value and is
deemed bad for testing.
Hence if we were to square root the count data, it would stabilize the variance.
b) Sum of Squares Interaction Calculation
Given the value

Company
Competitor

Before
54.91
49.87

After
60.20
50.15

We need to establish the difference in terms of letters.

Competitor (C)
Company (I)

Before

After
+
+ + +

Now we need to investigate if =0 , if =0 then we know that there are external

influences that is not related to the topic itself.
To figure out the Interaction contrast value we need to use this formula:
SS I ,C =(B C + A I ) (B I + A c )
Hence the value in Sum of Squares Interaction Contrast is 5.01.
2

( SS )
To Figure out the Sum of Square Interaction, this formula is needed: SS I = I , C .
4n

Therefore the value of

SS I =1.5688 .

c) F-Statistic Calculation and Degree of Freedom

Since we are given that

SS E =1.579

To find out the F-Statistic we need to use the formula:

SS
F 1,4 ( n 1 )
SE
F=

Where

SE =

SS E
4 (n1)

=0.313125
SS

SS

and the value of

SE =0.132

also the

= 4 nI

and the value of

SS

Therefore the F-Statistical value is 2.3797 and the Degree of Freedom is between 1 and
12.
Q7]
a) Sum of Squares Between Cluster Calculation
Given that the center point for the clusters:

( =[0 0])

and associated clusters:

=2

With 10 centered data points:

x1
-5.902
-6.111
-4.946
-4.788
-4.699
6.237
4.104
5.850
4.709
5.546

[1, ]
[2, ]
[3, ]
[4, ]
[5, ]
[6, ]
[7, ]
[8, ]
[9, ]
[10, ]

x2
1.5777
2..9893
0.5736
2.1324
1.0887
-1.2161
-3.8206
-1.6509
-0.6621
-1.0120

Cluster
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1

And Between Cluster Sum of Squares:

1

SSB

0.0

2
*

3
315.2

4
318.3

5
319.6

6
320.9

If the cluster centers are not given then perform the following formula to calculate them:
CC= n , c
Hence by using the formula above, it can generate Cluster Centers as shown below:

1
2

x1
5.289
-5.289

x2
-1.672
1.672

To solve for the value of Sum of Square Between Clusters, it is given by this:
Cluster Distance [Cluster Center Square]values
SSB=

When figuring out the Cluster Distance Matrix, we need to look at the number of data
points in each cluster. In this case Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 both have 5 data points.
Hence the Cluster Distance Matrix would be:

[ ]
5 0
0 5

Now for SSB to be Calculated which would be:

[ ][

SSB= 5 0 27.973 2.797

0 5 27.973 2.797
Therefore the value of SSB is 307.7.b) Plot Elbow Graph
Now we know the missing value in the above question we can plot these data:
1

SSB

0.0

2
307.7

3
315.2

4
318.3

5
319.6

6
320.9

SSB

SSB

c) Cluster Determination and Explanation

The number of clusters that would be suitable for this data would be at =2 , the
reason why =2 is the most suitable for this data would be that there is a steady
increase in the number of Between Clusters Sum of Squares rather than a large increase
in the number of Between Clusters as it contains sudden changes.
Q8]
a) Probability Transition Matrix
In the graph shown, the Probability Transition Matrix would be:

[ ,1]
0

[ ,2]
1/3

[ ,3]
1/3

[ ,4]
1

[ ,5]
0

B
1/3
C
1/3
D
1/3
E
0
b) Graph Explanation

0
1/3
0
1/3

1/3
0
0
1/3

0
0
0
0

1/2
1/2
0
0

Since in the graph, it shows that there are no distinct specific network paths to be taken,
the graph is proved to be ergodic. This means that there is a path to all vertices making
the network able to be walked around infinitely without having to be confined to a
network vertex. Another reason would be that there are no arrows in the graph that
could indicate that this is an undirected graph.
c) State Distribution and Random Walks of 2 Steps
Given the Probability Transition Matrix from part a), it is deduced that the Matrix is T.
Therefore T:
[ ,1]
0
1/3
1/3
1/3
0

A
B
C
D
E

[ ,2]
1/3
0
1/3
0
1/3

[ ,3]
1/3
1/3
0
0
1/3

[ ,4]
1
0
0
0
0

[ ,5]
0
1/2
1/2
0
0

And since we begin at vertex A, then the initial state distribution would be:
0=[ 10 0 0 0]
To figure out the first step of Random Walks, then it follows as:
1= 0 T
Hence by using this formula, the first step of Random Walks is achieved by Matrix
multiplication:

[ ]
0

1
3
1=[ 1 0 0 0 0 ] 1
3
1
3
0

1
3
0

1
3
1
3

1
0

0
1
2
1
2

1
3

1
3

1
3

Therefore in each value of the first step of Random Walks, it is seen that the values
would be:

[ ]
0
1
3
1
3
1
3
0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

1 1 1
0
3 3 3
Next, to look for second step of Random Walks, it is performed with the same process as
above:
With concatenation of the above matrix, it will be seen as:

1= 0

2= 1 T
Hence by using this formula, the first step of Random Walks is achieved by Matrix
multiplication:

[ ]
0

2= 0

1
3

1
3

1
3

1
3
0 1
3
1
3

1
3
0

1
3
1
3

1
0

0
1
2
1
2

1
3

1
3

1
3

Therefore in each value of the first step of Random Walks, it is seen that the values
would be:

[ ]
5
9
1
9
1
9
0
2
9

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

With concatenation of the above matrix, it will be seen as:

NOTE: TO PERFORM MATRIX MULTIPLICATION,
[ ROW ] =( N [ ROW ] T [ ROW ] )
IT IS FOUND BY: N+1
d) Stationary Distribution

2=

5
9

1
9

1
9

2
9

When calculating Stationary Distribution, it is performed by:

= T

[ ]
0

Given in the above question, it is seen that

1
3
T= 1
3
1
3
0

It is required to develop sub-stationary value of

[ 1 2 3 4 5 ]

1
3
0

1
3
1
3

1
0

1
2
1
2

1
3

1
3

1
3

as its own matrix

Now to perform the first equation of this question, matrix multiplication is used to show
it as:

[ ]
0

=[ 1 2 3

5 ]

1
3
1
3
1
3
0

1
3
0

1
3
1
3

1
0

0
1
2
1
2

1
3

1
3

1
3

It is given as 1= 2 = 3= 4= 5 and due to the graph being undirected, the vertex is

proportional number of edges connected to the vertex. Therefore, it is solved by:
Number of Connections on theVertex
Total Number of Connectionsthe entire Graph
Hence, the answer is

=[ 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.083333

0.16666
]

END OF EXAMINATION PAPER

SWA Spring2013 Solution Answers

Q1]
a) Problem Statement
Given the data about the counts of reach by age groups and gender:
13-17
5
8
13

F
M
Total

18-24
9
20
29

25-34
8
22
30

35-44
10
21
31

45-54
6
6
12

55-65
2
7
9

65+
4
12
16

Total
44
96
140

One problem with using 2 (Chi-squared) test with this data is that some of the
expected values in this data are less than 5. This is because it only works if the expected
values are all bigger than about 5.
b) Reduced Table
13-24
14
28
42

F
M
Total

25-34
8
22
30

35-44
10
21
31

45+
12
25
37

Total
44
96
140

c) Expected Counts
To find out the expected counts in a reach table, the individual entries is calculated using
the formula:
e i=

rowTotal colTotal
Total

Hence the expected counts would be:

Female
Male
2

d)

13-24
13.2
28.8

25-34
9.4286
20.5714

35-44
9.7429
21.2571

45+
11.6286
25.3714

statistics and degrees of freedom

To calculate the 2

statistics of the above data, the following formula is applied:

(e io i)2
ei
Hence we can compute the 2
2

2=

statistics:

( 14 13.2 )2 ( 8 9.4286 )2 ( 10 9.7429 )2 (12 11.6286 )2 ( 28 28.8 )2 ( 22 20.5714 )2 ( 21 21.2571 )2 ( 25

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13.2
9.4286
9.7429
11.6286
28.8
20.5714
21.2571
2

Which, the value would be: 0.4136 (4d.p.).

To figure out the degree of freedom, we use the following formula:

Degree of Freedom={Total Row Count1 } {Total Column Count }
Hence the value in the degree of freedom:
df = (2-1) X (4-1) = 3
Q2]
a) Adjacency Matrix
A
0
1
1
1

A
B
C
D

B
1
0
0
1

C
1
0
0
0

D
1
1
0
0

b) Degree of Distribution
From the graph, the degree of distribution is as follows:
Connection
s
Frequency

Graph of the above data:

Degree of Distribution

Frequency

c) Closeness Centrality
To figure out the Closeness Centrality of a graph, it is needed to take in consideration of
what is the smallest amount of total steps to cover the entire network.
A

d) Central Decision
To find out about the most central vertex of a network, it is easily able to figure out in
the table of part c). By using this table, it is needed to look at the lowest value to
determine the most central vertex.
In this case, the answer is "A".
Q3]
a) Missing Values
PC1
3.923
0.316
*

S.D.
P.V.
C.P.

PC2
3.069
0.194
0.510

PC3
2.867
0.169
0.679

PC4
2.579
0.137
*

PC5
2.038
0.085
0.901

PC6
1.887
0.073
0.974

PC7
1.125
0.026
1.000

The value of the * at PC1 is 0.316 and the value of the * at PC4 is 0.816.
b) Binary Metric
Wor
ds
Twee
t1
Twee
t2

assa
ult
1

assista
nce
1

disadvant
aged
1

univer
sity
1

stude
nts
1

begi
ns
1

belie
ve
0

mo
re
0

doi
ng
0

bett
er
0

To compute the binary metric, we need to figure out the count of unique words in each
8
tweet over the total of unique words in all tweets. Hence the binary metric:
.
10
Q4]
a) Sum of Squares Within Cluster Calculation
Given that the center point for the clusters:

( =[0 0])

and associated clusters:

With 10 centered data points:

[1, ]
[2, ]
[3, ]
[4, ]
[5, ]
[6, ]
[7, ]
[8, ]
[9, ]
[10, ]

x1
-1.7016
-1.9107
-0.7456
-0.5877
-3.4993
-2.5633
-4.6964
-2.9502
8.9087
9

x2
-3.522
-2.111
-4.526
-2.968
2.989
3.684
1.079
3.249
1.238
0.888

Cluster
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2

=2

And Within Cluster Sum of Squares:

1
314.077

SSW

2
*

3
11.381

4
5.511

5
3.076

6
1.875

If the cluster centers are not given then perform the following formula to calculate them:
CC= n , c
Hence by using the formula above, it can generate Cluster Centers as shown below:
x1
-2.332
9.327

1
2

x2
-0.2657
1.0629

To solve for the value of Sum of Square Between Clusters, it is given by this:
Cluster Distance [Cluster Center Square]values
SSB=
When figuring out the Cluster Distance Matrix, we need to look at the number of data
points in each cluster. In this case Cluster 1 have 8 data points and Cluster 2 have 2 data
points. Hence the Cluster Distance Matrix would be:

[ ]
8 0
0 2

Now for SSB to be Calculated which would be:

[ ][

SSB= 8 0 5.43753 0.07061

0 2 87.00
1.13

Therefore the value of SSB is 307.7.

To find out the missing SSW value, it is SSW = SST- SSB. Hence, is at: SSW = 314.1 220.3 = 93.75b) Plot Elbow Graph
Now we know the missing value in the above question we can plot these data:

SSW

1
314.077

2
93.75

3
11.381

4
5.511

5
3.076

6
1.875

SSW

SSW

c) Cluster Determination and Explanation

The number of clusters that would be suitable for this data would be at =3 , the
reason why =3 is the most suitable for this data would be that there is a steady
decrease in the number of Between Clusters Sum of Squares rather than a large
decrease in the number of Between Clusters as it contains sudden changes.
Q5]
a) Probability Transition Matrix
In the graph shown, the Probability Transition Matrix would be:

A
B
C
D
E

[ ,1]
0
1
0
0
0

[ ,2]
1
0
0
0
0

[ ,3]
1/2
1/2
0
0
0

[ ,4]
1/2
0
0
0
1/2

[ ,5]
1/2
0
0
1/2
0

b) Graph Explanation
Since the graph is a directed graph, by assumption there is a 50-50 chance that the
graph is state to be ergodic or non-ergodic. With close observation of the graph: Vertex
"A" is unable to travel to "C", "D" and "E"; Vertex "B" is unable to travel to "C", "D" and
"E"; Vertex "C" is unable to travel to "D" and "E"; Vertex "D" is unable to travel to "C" and
Vertex "E" is unable to travel to "C". Therefore the graph is deemed non-ergodic as
neither Vertex "A", "B", "D" nor "E" is able to travel to Vertex "C".
c) Random Surfer Probability Transition Matrix

Given the Probability Transition Matrix, it shows the matrix value of T:

[ ]
1
2

1
2

T= 0 0

1
2
1
2
0

0 0

0
1
2

0 0

1
2

0 1
1 0

When figuring out the Random Surfer Probability Transition Matrix, the Jump Matrix is
needed and =0.8 is needed as well.

[ ]

1
5
1
5
J= 1
5
1
5
1
5

1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5

1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5

1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5

1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5

To perform the Random Surfer Probability Transition Matrix, the following formula is
applied:
=T + ( 1 ) J
Therefore the Random Surfer Probability Matrix will be:

0.04 0.84 0.44 0.44

0.84 0.04 0.44 0.04
T = 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.44
d) Stationary Distribution

0.44
0.04
0.04
0.44
0.04

When calculating Stationary Distribution, it is performed by:

= T

Given in the above question, it is seen that

the value of

= [ 0.49 0.34 0.10 0.04 0.03 ]

0.04
0.84
T = 0.04
0.04
0.04

0.84
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04

0.44
0.44
0.04
0.04
0.04

0.44
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.44

0.44
0.04
0.04
0.44
0.04

and given by

Now it is shown as:

0.04
0.84
= [ 0.49 0.34 0.10 0.04 0.03 ] 0.04
0.04
0.04

Therefore the answer would be:

0.84
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04

0.44
0.44
0.04
0.04
0.04

0.44
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.44

0.44
0.04
0.04
0.44
0.04

= [ 0.38 0.472 0.04 0.052 0.056 ]

Shown as the stationary distribution for the random surfer transition matrix in the
question to be assumed as = [ 0.49 0.34 0.10 0.04 0.03 ] , through calculation of the
actual answer. It has fallen to the conclusion that the calculated answer is
= [ 0.38 0.472 0.04 0.052 0.056 ] . With the difference in all of the values for the two
matrixes, it is given an indication that the hypothesized matrix is not the same as the
one that is calculated and confirmed. Hence the hypothesized matrix would not be the
stationary distribution of the random surfer probability transition matrix.
Q6]
a) Computing Trends
Given the information of the count aggregation are gathered in 4 periods, it is safely
assumed that these are specified windows of points.
We are given:

Day 1
Day 2
Day 3

Period 1

Trend
Period 2

7.65
8.42

7.87
8.68

Period 3
6.78
8.08

Period 4
*
8.17

To calculate the missing trend with window sizes, the following formula is used:

T P , D : n + T P , D:1 + (
Letting n=window =

T P , D :[ n1 : 2])

Hence by using this, the missing value at Day 1 Period 4 can be found out:

35 + 69 + 63+ 47 + 55
=

Therefore the missing value at Day1 Period 4 is 7.3301.

b) Computing Periodic
We are given:

Periodic

Periodi 1
-0.610

Periodic
Period 2
0.235

Period 3
0.541

Period 4P
*

To compute the missing periodic at Day 6 Periodic, we need to know that the sum of all
values must equal to zero (0).
Given that
formula:

( Periodic)=0 , to figure out the missing values, we need to apply the

=( [T p ])
Hence by using this, we can find out the missing value at Day 6 Periodic:
=(0.610+ 0.235+0.541)

Therefore the missing value at Day 6 Periodic is -0.166.

Q7]
a) Explanation
The reason why using a square root transformation is advisable for count data is
because the count data is most likely to be Poisson distributed. The problem with Poisson
is that its variance and the mean would be the same. Which mean if you take a same
with a high mean, and another sample with low mean, then the variance would be
different. Using the hypothesis testing, it is noted that it is impossible to calculate if the
mean is equal the variance then it would show difference in the test value and is
deemed bad for testing.
Hence if we were to square root the count data, it would stabilize the variance.
b & c) Sum of Squares Interaction Calculation
Given the value

Company
Competitor

Before
29.27
24.86

After
33.98
23.92

We need to establish the difference in terms of letters.

Competitor (C)
Company (I)

Before

After
+
+ + +

Now we need to investigate if =0 , if =0 then we know that there are external

influences that is not related to the topic itself.
To figure out the Interaction contrast value we need to use this formula:
SS I ,C =(B C + A I ) (B I + A c )
Hence the value in Sum of Squares Interaction Contrast is 5.6572.
2

( SS )
To Figure out the Sum of Square Interaction, this formula is needed: SS I = I , C .
4n

Therefore the value of

SS I =2.667 .

d) F-Statistic Calculation and Degree of Freedom

Since we are given that

SS E =1.579

To find out the F-Statistic we need to use the formula:

SS
F 1,4 (n 1 )
SE
F=
Where

SS

SS E
SE =
4 (n1)

=0.222249
SS

SE =0.151667

and the value of

also the

= 4 nI

and the value of

SS

Therefore the F-Statistical value is 1.46538 and the Degree of Freedom is between 1 and
8.
Q8]
a) Word Distribution
Given from the tweets shown:
Positive
My teeth shine #funfun
#funfun love my fun teeth
#funfun is fun fun
Negative
No shine #funfun
No love fun fun
Where is my teeth shine #funfun
Now to tabulate the words:

Positiv
e
Negati
ve

#funf
un
3

fun

is

love

my

no

shine

teeth

where

b) Word Sentiment
The sentiment of the tweet of "fun teeth shine", is shown as:

Positiv
e
Negati
ve

~#funf
un
0/3

fun

~is

~love

~my

~no

shine

teeth

2/3

2/3

2/3

1/3

3/3

1/3

2/3

~wher
e
3/3

1/3

1/3

2/3

2/3

2/3

1/3

2/3

1/3

2/3

NOTE: WE ARE ONLY ACCOUNTING FOR "FUN TEETH SHINE" TO BE PRESENT, WHEREAS
THE REST ARE ABSENT PROBABILITY VALUES.
Now to apply the Rule of Succession:

Positiv
e
Negati
ve

~#funf
un
1/5

fun

~is

~love

~my

~no

shine

teeth

2/3

2/3

2/3

1/3

4/5

1/3

2/3

~wher
e
4/5

1/3

1/3

2/3

2/3

2/3

1/3

2/3

1/3

2/3

NOTE: THE RULE OF SUCCESSION ONLY APPLIES TO VALUE OF "1" AND "0", HENCE THE
CHANGE OF VALUES AT "~#funfun", "`no" AND "~where" OF POSITIVE.
To determine the probability ratio, the following formula is applied:
RATIO=

POSITIVE
NEGATIVE

Hence the values are:

Ratio

~#funf
un
0.6

fun

~is

~love

~my

~no

shine

teeth

2.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

2.4

0.5

2.0

~wher
e
1.2

Now to find out the log probability ratio of the values, which is done by:
=log RATIO
Hence the values are:

Ratio

~#funf
un
-0.5108

fun

~is

~love

0.6931 0.0000 0.0000

~my

~no

shine

0.8755 0.6931
0.6931

teeth
0.6931

~wher
e
0.1823

NOTE: IT MUST BE DONE WITH LOG NATURAL (LN).

Calculating the Log Likelihood Ratio of the Tweet, given by the following formula:
P(w iS )
P(SD)
P( SD)
= log
+ log
P(S ' D)
P( S 'D) i
P(w iS ' )
log
P(SD)
=0.5108+ 0.69310.6931+0.87550.6931+0.6931+0.1823
P(S ' D)
log
Hence the answer is 0.547
c) Tweet explanation
Since the log likelihood ration is above 0.5, then the tweet is classified as positive.

END OF EXAMINATION PAPER