TIU LUN THUC TH HU C

ti
THUC TH HU C VI MT S ION KIM
LOI

GVHD : PGS.TS L Vn Tn
NHM TH : Nhm 7
LP : HPT3

1. NI DUNG
ng (Cu)

Coban (Co)

Gali (Ga)

Gecmani (Ge)

BAO
GM

Ch (Pb)

Crom (Cr)

THUC TH HU C XC NH COBAN

Tnh cht ha l ca Coban

Coban l nguyn t chuyn tip c electron ha tr 3d74s2, bn
knh nguyn t 1,27 Ao, bn knh ion coban (II) 0,82 Ao v coban (III)
l 0,64 Ao.
Coban l kim loi mu xm c nh kim, c t tnh. N ha rn v
rt chu nng, bn vi khng kh v nc, nhng d b oxi ha khi
nghin nh nhit t n sng chi, n bc chy trong khng
kh to Co3O4.
S xi ha c trng ca Coban l +2 v +3 trong trng thi
xi ha (II) l trng thi bn v c trng i vi Coban, cc dn
xut ca Coban u c mu ring bit

Tnh cht ha l ca Coban

Mt s thng s vt l ca coban

T
trng
(g/cm

Nhit nng Nhit

chy (

oC)

si (

oC)

3)

8,9

1493

3100

cng

Nhit

(thang

thng hoa (

mox)

oC)

5,5

425

dn
in
tng i
(Hg = 1)
10

Mt s thuc th to phc ca Coban

8 Hydroxiquinolin
Phenylfluorone
-nitrozo- -naphtol

8 Hydroxiquinolin

CTPT: C9H7ON
M = 145,17

8 Hydroxiquinolin
Tnh cht l ha:
Tn ti dng tinh th mu trng hi vng hay l nhng bt tinh th c mi

c trng. Hu nh khng tan trong nc v ete khi lnh; tan tt trong ru

etylic, axeton, clorofom, benzene cng nh trong axit v c long v kim.
Dung dch lim ca 8 hydroxiquinolin c mu vng. Hng s phn ly K25 =
2.10-10.
ng dng:
8 hydroxiquinolin tc dng vi mt s nguyn t (vi mi nguyn t c

pH xc nh) to thnh nhng mui ni phc kh tan. C mui ni phc ny

uwnggs dng rng ri trong thc t tch, phn tch trng lng, phn tch th
tch cc nguyn t.

8 Hydroxiquinolin
Phn ng gia 8 Hydroxiquinolin v Coban
Trong dung dch axetic axetat 8 Hydroxiquinolin tc dng vi coban

to phc kh tan kt ta.

Phc ny c tch v xc nh coban theo phng php phn tch khi

lng.

Phenylfluorone

CTPT:
C19H12O5
KLPT =
320,30

Phenylfluorone
Tnh cht ca thuc th
Phenylfluorone l mt tinh th bt mu cam, c nhit nng chy ln
hn 300oC. Xut hin hunh quang mu hi lc trong dung dch cn pH=8.
Trong dung dch kim, thuc th phn ly yu.
t tan trong nc (3.10-7M trong 20% ethanol, 25oC), t tan trong ethanol

lnh, nhng d tan trong cn b acid ho (HCl v acid H2SO4). N c th kt

tinh li t cn b acid ho vi s c mt ca ammoniac.
Phenyfluorone c xem nh mt cht in ly lng tnh, v s phn ly

trong 25% ethanol c th c xc nh nh di:

Phenylfluorone
S to phc gia phenyfluorone vi Coban (II)
Phenyfluorone to phc mu vi Coban (II) ti khong pH 4,5 5,0.
Phc ny c cu to nh sau:

Dung dch phc ny c em o quang ti bc sng 645 nm xc nh

hm lng Coban. Gii hn pht hin ca phng php ny cho php xc nh
hm lng Coban n 2 ppm.

-nitrozo- -naphtol

CTPT: C 10 H 7 NO 2
M = 173,16

-nitrozo- -naphtol
Tnh cht l ha ca -nitrozo- -naphtol
-nitrozo- -naphtol l hp cht tn ti dng bt tinh th mu vng nu.
ha tan trong 100g dung mi: nc 0,1 g (20oC) ; ru etylic 2,4 g (13oC),
d tan trong ru etylic nng, benzene, ete, acid acetic bng v trong dung dch
kim, bay theo hi nc. Vi loi ha cht khng tinh khit s b nha ha.

ng dng:
Thuc th ny d to mui ni phc kh tan vi mt s nguyn t nn c
dng trong cc phn ng mu, xc nh Coban, Paladi( tch ra khi Pt), Cu, Fe,
theo phng php so mu hay phng php trng lng.

-nitrozo- -naphtol
S to phc gia -nitrozo- -naphtol v Coban
Khi thm dung dch mui Coban trung tnh vo dung dch -nitrozo - naphtol trong acidacetic 50% ri thm vo dung dch CH3COONa. Khi un
nng s cho kt ta mu nu .

-nitrozo- -naphtol

Phc mu c chit khi nc bng clorofooc hay cacbon tetraclorua, ri

em o quang bc sng 540 nm.
St, ng, niken cng to phc mu vi -nitrozo - -naphtol, dng natri
xitrat loi b nh hng cn tr ca st. Loi b ng v niken bng trilon
B. Nhng cht l lng v cht hu c gy cn tr, loi b bng cch chit

chng ra khi dung dch ngay sau khi axit ha.

Cu
Gii thiu v Cu
Nhm chc phn tch ca Cu
Mt s thuc th hu c to phc vi Cu
Natri dietyldithiocacbamat
Porphyrin
Dithizone

Gii thiu v Cu
ng l nguyn t ha hc trong bng h thng tun
hon c k hiu l Cu v s nguyn t l 29
Tnh cht vt l:
ng l mt kim loi c mu vng nh , c dn
in v dn nhit cao.

Trng thi vt cht: rn

im nng chy: 1357,6oK (1984,3oF)
im si: 2840oK (4653oF)
Nhit bay hi: 300,3kJ/mol
Nhit nng chy: 13,05kJ/mol

Gii thiu v Cu
Do s oxy ha kh d dng ca Cu(I) thnh Cu(0) v
Cu(II), do nhng phc ca Cu(I) thng ch c
to thnh trong trng hp khi chng khng tan (v
d nh CuCN v CuI) hoc l nu lin kt kim loi
phi t c c tnh ch yu l cng ha tr.

Gii thiu v Cu
Tnh cht ha hc:
Cu hnh ca nguyn t ng: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10

V c in tch thp v cu hnh in t 3d10 nn Cu(I) to

nhng phc bn vng nht vi nhng phi t phn cc mnh
Trng thi thng thng ca Cu l ha tr 2 v Cu(II) to nhiu
phc bn vng. Cu hnh d9 lm cho ion Cu2+ d b bin dng
v nh n to lin kt bn vi nhng anion cha lu hunh
nh dietylditiocacbamat, etyl-xantogenat, ditizon to nhng
phc tan trong dung mi hu c

Nhm chc phn tch ca Cu

L nhng -axyloinoxim c cng thc tng qut cha

nhm nguyn t
L nhng thuc th c trng ca Cu (II), (phn ng xy
ra trong mi trng amoniac). Nhng hp cht ny ng
vai tr nh mt acid kp v to vi Cu(II) mui mu lc
khng tan trong nc c cng thc

Nhm chc phn tch ca Cu

Khi nghin cu tc dng ca axyloinoxim vi Cu II ngi ta

chia chng ra lm 2 loi:
Mt loi bao gm nhng hp cht to mui vi Cu khng
tan trong amoniac (trong nhng hp cht ny ng bo ho
phi t)
Mt loi bao gm nhng hp cht to mui vi Cu tan trong
amoniac (trong nhng hp cht ny ng cha bo ho phi
t)

Nhm chc phn tch ca Cu

Mui ng to thnh thuc loi ny hay loi khc l do bn

cht nhng gc c trong phn t quyt nh:
Nu trong phn t thuc t c gc thm
th mui
ng tng ng khng tan
trong amoniac.
Nu trong phn t c gc bo th mui ng trong
nhiu trng hp tan trong amoniac.
Trng lng ca gc khng nh hng n tan ca
mui ng trong amoniac.

Mt s thuc th hu c to phc vi Cu

Thuc th
Pyrocatechol
tm

Diketonate

Pyrogallol

Phc chelate kim loi

iu kin
H Bc
Mu

b
s
sng
pH = 7
pH = 5.5,
pyridine
chit vi
cyclohexa
ne
pH = 6

Ion cn

630

ML2

430

2,2
.103

ML

582

0.95

Mt s thuc th hu c to phc vi Cu
Alizarin
complexone
Murexid
Zincon

Pophyrin
(TPP)
Pophyrin
(TPPS3)

pH = 10
ML
tm
Vn
pH = 8
ML
g
pH = 5 Xan
ML
9
h
pH = 4,7
+ Natri
_ ML
lauryl
sulfate
pH = 4

ML

570

600

1,9 .104

414

4,7 .105

Ag, Hg,
Zn >
10g; Pd
> 5g

434

4,8 . 105

Zn

Mt s thuc th hu c to phc vi Cu

pH = 3 - 6

ML

419

2,1 .105

pH = 6

ML

434

3,5.105

ML

446

2,46.105

Pophyrin (T(3MPy)P)

Pophyrin (T(4pH > 4.5

MPy)P)

Pd (II)
c che
bng KI
sau khi
chit vi
Chelex
100
Co (II); In;
Pd(II);
V(V)
Sau khi
tch bng
Dithizone

Mt s thuc th hu c to phc vi Cu

Pophyrin
(TTMAPP)

pH =
4.1 5.9
+ acid L
ascorbi
c

ML

411

5,1.105

Nu

436

13.103

Olive
Thiothenoyltriflu
pH = 2
ML2 338
oro acetone
xanh

5,6.103

pH = 9
Natridiethyldithi
(trong
o carbamate
CCl4)

Mt s thuc th hu c to phc vi Cu

Natri dietyldithiocacbamat

Porphyrin

Dithizone

Natri dietyldithiocacbamat

Danh php: Cupral, mui Carbamidat DDTC Natri

Natri dietyldithiocacbamat

c tnh :
Thuc th ny thng l mt mononatri, mui trihydrate,
dng tinh th khng mu. Dng mui khan nng chy 9496oC v tan t do trong nc (35g/100ml 20oC) to ra
phn ng kim.
dng rn th rt bn nhng trong dung dch acid th b
phn hy rt nhanh.
Hu nh khng tan trong dung mi phn
(0.006g/100ml trong CCl4), nhng tan trong ru.

cc

Natri dietyldithiocacbamat
Phn ng to phc v c tnh ca phc
DDTC c xem nh l mt anionic phi t 2 nhnh ha
tr 1 nhn 2 nguyn t sulfur v to thnh nhng kt ta c
mu vi hn 30 nguyn t ti pH > 4.
Phn ng xy ra c chn lc hn trong dung dch acid vi
s u tin i vi ion kim loi. Chng hu ht khng c
in tch dng phc bo ha phi tr v c th tch chit
bng dung mi hu c nh Chloroform hay Tetrachloride.

Natri dietyldithiocacbamat

Phn ng to phc vi Cu

DDTC l mt phi t 2 nhnh ha tr I nn khi cho thuc th vo

dung dch cha ion Cu2+ th DDTC to thnh ion Na+ v ion m nh
trn hnh, ion m tc dng vi ion Cu2+ to thnh phc mu nu v
c th xc nh nguyn t ny bng phng php o quang.

Natri dietyldithiocacbamat

ng dng trong ha phn tch:

c s dng nh mt cht to ta v l dung mi thuc th

tch chit cc ion kim loi nh. Cng nh c s dng
lm thuc th trc quang cho Bi, Cu, Ni v mt s kim loi
khc.

Porphyrin
Porphyrin l tn gi ca hp cht vng porphin.
Cng thc cu to

Porphyrin

Xt thuc th tetraphenylporphin
tetrasulfonic acid (TPPS4) ng vi gc R l

CTPT: C44H42N8S4O12.12H2O
Cng thc vit tch ra: (H2L)(NH4)4.12H2O

Porphyrin
c tnh ca thuc th
Dng tinh th hnh kim
im nng chy 300oC
Thng hoa t 232 262oC
Bn trong khng kh, khng tan trong nc (c th tan nu
c mt mt cht hot ng b mt nh natri lauryl sulfate
5%)v cn, d tan trong chloroform, benzen.
Hp thu tt bc sng 438nm (pH < 3.7) hoc bc
sng 418nm (pH < 4.5)

Porphyrin
Phn ng to phc v tnh cht ca phc

Thuc th porphin to phc bn chealate dng 1:1 vi

ion ca kim loi Cu
Cu trc Cu (II) chealate ca TPPS4

Porphyrin

Tc to phc hi chm, nht l khi hm lng ion

kim loi thp. Tuy nhin tc c th tng nu c thm
tc nhn xc tc (imidazole C3H4N2 hoc bipyridine)

Porphyrin
ng dng trong phn tch

L thuc th c nhy cao dng xc nh Cd, Co,

Cu(II), Fe(II), Hg(II), Mg, Mn(II), Ni, Pb, Pd (II), Zn v
mt s kim loi khc
TPPS4 b phn ly bi KBrO3 vi s c mt ca Ru(III)
dng vt c th xc nh Rb nng rt thp (10-10 M)
C th xc nh kim loi da vo s xut hin hunh quang
trong phc ca thuc th porphyrin (Mg, Zn) hoc s tt
hunh quang bi cc kim loi Co(II), Cu(II), Pb, Pd(II)

Dithizone

Danh php: Dithizone hay cn gi l 1,5

diphenylthiocarbazone;
n,n-diphenyl-Cmercaptoformazane; phenylazothio-formic acid 2phenylhydrazide

c tnh ca thuc th
Dng bt tinh th mu tm en, c nh kim,
im nng chy 165oC-169oC, thng hoa
40oC 123oC.

Thc t khng tan trong nc pH < 7 (5

7,2.10-5g/l) nhng tan hon ton trong kim
(pH > 7; >20g/l) c mu vng ca ion
dithizoneate (HL-) v tan nhiu trong dung
mi hu c khc.

Phn ng to phc v tnh cht ca phc

Dithizone cho phi t S, N nn u tin phn
ng vi cc kim loi nh
Phc to thnh gia ion kim loi v dithizone
c cu trc nh sau

 Nhng phc ny tan trong dung mi hu c

nh chloroform hoc carbon tetrachloride.
p dng i vi kim loi Cu, khi tc dng vi
dithizone, Cu2+ s lin kt cng ha tr vi 2
phi t S ng thi nhn 2 lin kt phi tr t 2
phi t N, phc Cu vi Dithizone c cu trc
nh sau:

Trong trng hp kim loi d hoc pH qu cao, Cu2+ s to

phc ph vi Dithizone, khi 2 ion Cu2+ s lin kt vi 2 ion
dithizoneate, trong 1 ion Cu2+ s lin kt cng ha tr vi 2
phi t N v nhn 2 lin kt phi tr t phi t S; chiu ngc
li, 1 ion Cu2+ s lin kt cng ha tr vi 2 phi t S v nhn 2
lin kt phi tr t phi t N. phc ph c cu trc nh sau

ng dng trong phn tch

Dithizone c s dng rng ri trong phng

php chit trc quang xc nh cc kim loi
nng nh Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn v c tnh chn lc
v nhy cao

Thuc th vi ion kim loi ch

Tnh cht vt l
L mt kim loi bn, d un, mu xm, mi ct c mu sng sau xm
dn do to thnh lp Pb2O (sous oxide), d = 1,37, chy 3250C, bc hi
5500C, hi ch c v ngt.
im nng chy

600,61 K (621,43 F)

im si

2.022 K (3.180 F)
18,26 10-6 m/mol

Th tch phn t
Nhit bay hi
Nhit nng chy

179,5 kJ/mol
4,77 kJ/mol

Trng thi trt t t

100.000 Pa ti 2.027 K
nghch t

Vn tc m thanh

1.190 m/s ti r.t K

p sut hi

Thuc th vi ion kim loi ch

Tnh cht ha hc ca ch

Cu hnh Ch : [Xe]4f145d106s26p2
Cu hnh in t ny cn phi to nhng phc bn vng
nht vi nhng phi t phn cc mnh.
C nhng in t 6s2 ca ion Pb2+ lm trng thi ha tr II
ca ch trong cc hp cht bn hn rt nhiu so vi trng thi
ha tr IV do nhng hp cht loi tetra axetat ch u l
nhng cht oxy ha mnh
Cu trc tinh th lp phng tm mt

m in 2,33 (thang Pauling)

Nhit dung ring 128,61 J/(kgK)
dn in 4.807,7 /m
dn nhit 28,9 W/(mK

Thuc th vi ion kim loi ch

Bng tm tt tnh cht ha hc ca ch
S ch
Phn loi kim loi
Nhm , Chu k, Khi
Khi lng ring
cng
B ngoi
Khi lng nguyn t
Bn knh nguyn t (calc.)
Bn knh cng ho tr
Bn knh van der Waals
Trng thi xi ha (xt)

82
yu,kh mm
14, 6, p
11.340 kg/m
1,5
trng xm
207,2(1) .v.C
180 (154) pm
147 pm
202 pm
4, 2 (lng tnh)

Thuc th vi ion kim loi ch

STT

TN THUC TH

NG DNG

Eriocrom en T

Phng php th tch

Xylen da cam

Pyridin (NH4CNS)

Mecaptobenzothiazol

8-Hydroxyquinolin

Phng php trng lng v kt

Axit salixylic hoc salyxilat natri

ta

Thiour

Galoxyanin

Hematoxylin

10

iphenylthiocacbazon (ithizon)

11

Rodizonat natri

12

Tetrametyldiaminodiphennylmetan

13

sunfacsazen

14

i--naphtolthiocacbazon

15

1-(2-pyridilazo)- 2- naphtol (PAN)

16

Benzidin + (H2O2)

17

Rodizonat natri

18

Axetat ng + axit axetic + (KNO3)

Phng php mu v phng

php o mu

Phn ng git

Phn ng tinh th

Thuc th vi ion kim loi ch

1
2
3

Dithizonat

1-(2-pyridilazo)- 2- naphtol (PAN)

Xilen da cam (XO)

Dithizonat
Dithizone hay cn gi l 1,5diphenylthiocarbazone, n,ndiphenylC
mercaptoformazane, phenylazothioformic acid 2phenylhydrazide.
Cng thc

Dng bt tinh th mu tm en c nh kim, im nng chy

165o C n 169oC, thng hoa 40 n 123oC (0,02 Torr). Thc t
khng tan trong nc pH nh hn 7 (5 n 7,2.10 -5 g/l), nhng tan
hon ton trong kim (pH >7, > 20 g/l) c mu vng ca ion
dithizoneate (HL - ) ( max = 470 nm, = 2,2.10 4 ) v tan trong nhiu
dung mi hu c khc.

Dithizonat
Ph ca dithizone trong nhng loi dung mi hu c biu din
thnh hai di ph kh r m n c quan h ti hin tng h
bin thione (1) v thiol (2).
Ph hp th ca dithizone (H2L) trong carbon tetrachloride, ion
dithizonate (HL- ) trong nc, v mercury dithizoneate [Hg(HL)2]
trong tetrachloride biu din trong hnh (2).

Dithizonat
ng dng
iphenylthiocacbazon (ithizon), l thuc th truyn thng c s
dng rt rng ri xc nh lng vt ch mt cch chc chn da
vo phn ng vi ithizon
Mc d phc ch - ithizon cho ta mt phng php kh nhy
( = 520 nm, h s hp th mol phn t = 65 000), nhng iu
kin khng thun li l s quang ho dung dch ithizon v phc
khng tan c trong nc.
Nguyn tc :
Mu dung dch sau khi hiu chnh pH v thm cc cht b tr cn
thit, lc lin tc chia carbon tetrachloride hoc chloroform ca dung
dch dithizone n khi tt c kim loi bt u tch ra. Giai on
cui cng ca qu trnh chit, mu ca dung dch dithizone cn
li l mu xanh l cy.

Dithizonat
C ch
Ion Pb2+ phn ng vi dithizone c minh ha trong hnh di .
Phc ny tan trong cc dung mi hu nh chloroform hoc carbon
tetrachloride. Cu trc chnh ca dithizonate cho ion kim loi tetra
coordinate ha tr II c th trnh by nh sau

Dithizone c th c di chuyn d dng trong dung dch carbon

tetrachloride hn trong dung dch chloroform. Bn cnh kh nng thay
i phc chnh thnh phc ph do s ty ra ca kim. V th, trong thc t
khng th loi b dithizone tha mt cch trit khng hnh thnh vi phc
ph.

Dithizonat

www.themegallery.com

Company Name

Thuc th 1-(2-pyridilazo)- 2- naphtol

(PAN).
Cng thc

Khi lng phn t: M = 249,27.

- Cng thc phn t ca PAN:
C15 H11ON3
Gm hai vng c lin kt vi nhau qua cu -N = N- , mt vng l
pyridyl , vng bn kia l vng naphtol ngng t
PAN l thuc th hu c c dng bt mu , khng tan trong nc, tan tt
trong ru v axeton. V c im ny m ngi ta thng chn axeton lm dung
mi pha PAN. Khi tan trong axeton c dung dch mu vng hp th
bc sng cc i max = 470nm, khng hp th bc sng cao hn
560nm.

Tu thuc vo pH ca mi trng m thuc th PAN c th tn ti cc

dng khc nhau, n c ba dng tn ti H2R+ , HR v R- v c cc hng s phn ly
tng ng: pK 1 = 2,9 v pK 2 = 12,1.

Thuc th 1-(2-pyridilazo)- 2- naphtol

(PAN).
ng dng
nh lng ch bng 1-(2-pyridilazo)- 2- naphtol vi s c
mt ca cht hot ng b mt khng in li bng phng
php trc quang.
C ch
PAN l mt thuc th n baz tam phi v, cc phc to c
vi n c kh nng chit v lm giu trong dung mi hu c nh
CCl 4 , CHCl 3 , ru isoamylic, ru isobutylic, ru n-amylic,
ru n-butylic,.
C th m t dng phc ca n vi kim loi nh sau:

+ Pb

Thuc th 1-(2-pyridilazo)- 2- naphtol

(PAN).

www.themegallery.com

Company Name

Thuc th 1-(2-pyridilazo)- 2- naphtol

(PAN).
Bng so snh bc sng hp th cc i ca PAN v ca
phc aligan

Kt qu cho thy pH = 7,80 thuc th PAN hp th cc i bc

sng 470 nm. Khi c s to phc aligan th c hin tng chuyn
bc sng cc i t 470 nm n 550 nm, max = 80 nm, ng
thi mt quang tng, mt khc mt quang ca phc aligan
(PAN-Pb2+-CCl3COO) ln hn rt nhiu so vi phc nligan
(Pb2+-PAN). iu chng t c s to phc aligan trong h
PAN-Pb2+-CCl3COO
Nh vy phc aligan hp th bc sng ti u l 550 nm.

Thuc th 1-(2-pyridilazo)- 2- naphtol

(PAN).

www.themegallery.com

Company Name

Xilen da cam
Xilen da cam (XO) c tng hp u tin vo nm 1956, c cng thc
nguyn l C31H32O13N2S, khi lng phn t l 672,67 vC, nng chy
1950C.
Cng thc cu to l :

o XO l mt axit su ln axit H6In (pK 1 = 1,15; pK 2 = 2,58; pK 3 =

3,23; pK 4 = 6,4; pK 5 = 10,46; pK 6 = 12,8)

Xilen da cam
Trong dung dch nc mu XO thay i:
C 10 -3 :dung dch c mu
C <10 -3 : dung dch c mu hng
pH = 1 5: dung dch c mu vng
pH > 7: dung dch c mu tm
Nng cng cao, pH cng ln th cng mu cng ln. S
thay i mu sc ca XO c gii thch do s tch H+ cc v tr
khc nhau
Thng dng XO dng mui Natri: C31H28O13N2SNa 4 , khi
lng phn t l 760,59 vC. XO kt tinh l cht c mu nu sm,
d tan trong nc d ht m, khng tan trong ru etylic

Xilen da cam

www.themegallery.com

Company Name

Xilen da cam
ng dng
XO l thuc th truyn thng c s dng rng ri xc nh
cc kim loi
Dng xilen da cam xc nh ch trong l cy bng phng
php trc quang
C ch
Pb(II) phn ng vi XO pH = 5,0 6,0 trong mi trng m
axetat chuyn mu t - vng nhng thy phn pH > 6

Nguyn t Crom
Tnh cht vt l ca Cr
Crom l mt kim loi cng, mt
bng, mu xm thp vi
bng cao v nhit nng
chy cao. N l cht khng
mi, khng v v d rn. Cc
trng thi xi ha ph bin ca
crom l +2, +3 v +6, vi +3
l n nh nht. Cc trng thi
+1, +4 v +5 l kh him. Cc
hp cht ca crom vi trng
thi xi ha +6 l nhng cht
c tnh xi ha mnh. Trong
khng kh, crom c xy th
ng ha, to thnh mt lp
mng xt bo v trn b mt,
ngn chn qu trnh xi ha
tip theo i vi kim loi pha
di.

im nng
chy
im si
Th tch

phn t
Nhit bay
hi
Nhit nng
chy
p sut hi

2.180 K (3.465 F)
2.944 K (4.840F)
1,843 x 10-6 m/mol

339,5 kJ/mol

21 kJ/mol
100.000 Pa ti 2944 K

Trng thi
trt t t
Vn tc m
thanh

Phn st t
5.940 m/s ti 293,15K

Tnh cht ha hc ca Cr
S

24

Cu hnh

[Ar]3d54s1

Phn loi kim loi

Kim loi chuyn tip

Nhm, Chu k, Khi

,6,4, d

Khi lng ring

7.150 kg/m

cng

8,5

B ngoi

Kim loi mu trng bc

Khi lng nguyn t

51,9961(6) .v.C

Bn knh nguyn t(calc.)

140 (166) pm

Bn knh cng ho tr

127 pm

Trng thi xi ha (xt)

6,4,3,2 (lng tnh)

Tnh cht ha hc ca Cr
Crm c th tn ti trng thi s oxy ha II,III, VI nn d dng tch n khi cc
nguyn t cn. V d nh: oxy ha bng H2O2 hoc brm, Cr(III) n Cr(VI) trong

dung dch natri hydroxyt v sau lc th c th tch nhiu kim loi khi crm. Vic
tch tip theo (v d dung dch Natri hydroxyt v natri cacbonat d to Cr(OH)3 khng
tan. Nu nh crm tn ti lng khng ng k th c th kt n vi hydroxyt st
ba.
CrO3, CrO42- (u l nhng cht oxy ha mnh) v CrO2Cl2 bay hi u l nhng
hp cht ca Cr(VI). xc nh trc tip crm ngi ta s dng tnh hp th ca
CrO42- trong dung dch kim 366nm. Phn ng gia Cr(VI) v Cis-diphenylcacbazit

trong mi trng axit l phn ng nhy nht xc nh crm nhng bn cht ca

cation mu tm to thnh b chit bng cc dung mi hu c cn cha c nghin
cu..

Tnh cht ha hc ca Cr

Ngoi nhng hp cht ca Cr(VI) c cu hnh t din, phn ln nhng

phc ca crm c cu to bt din v trong trng hp ca Cr(II) cu
hnh b bin dng do hiu ng Jahn-Teller. Nhng hp cht ca Cr(II)
(d4) thu c khi kh nhng hp cht ca Cr(III) (bng Zn). Nhng

hp cht ny d b oxy ha n Cr(III) v d nh bng oxy ca khng

kh. S n nh ha bi trng phi t to iu kin thun li cho s
to phc vi nhng phi t nh , dipyridin, etylendiami, ion
tioxyanat v xyanua.

Cc thuc th ca ion Cr
Cc thuc th
hu c phn ng
to phc

iu kin to
phc

T l

max(nm)

Gii hn
xc nh
(ppm)

phenylfluorone

pH=1,5;etanol

1:1

500

0,01- 1,7

Oxine -5-sunfonic
acid

pH= 6-8

1:3

420

0,5 - 8

Diphenylcacbazit

pH= 3-5 ;etanol

1:3

540

0,005-1

Mt s thuc th to phc vi ion Crom

. Oxine5sulfonic Acid:
CTPT :

C9H7NOS

KPPT : 225,22

Oxine5sulfonic Acid
Cc tnh cht ca thuc th:
dng tinh th bt mu vng. D dng ho tan trong nc; pKa

(N+H) = 4,10 v pKa (OH) = 8,76 ( 0,250).

ng dng:
Thuc th ny c dng lm thuc th trc quang cho rt nhiu ion kim
loi hoc nh mt thuc th hunh quang (Al, Cd, Ce(IV), Ga, In, Mg
v Zn) cho ion kim loi trong dung dch nc.Cr(3) to phc vi thuc th
pH = 6 8 ,vi t l 1:3 vi thuc th:

Oxine5sulfonic Acid

Diphenylacbazit (1,5 diphenylcacbohidrazit)

.
Tnh cht :
CTPT : C13H14ON4
Khi lng phn t : 242,28
Nhit si :

172 1750C

L cc tinh th nh hu nh khng mu hoc mu hng nht .Mu sm li

khi ngoi khng kh .t tan trong nc (k c nc nng) .Khng tan trong

ete v clorofom .Tan trong ru etylic (khi un nng) ,trong aceton,v acid
acetic bng.

Diphenylacbazit (1,5 diphenylcacbohidrazit)

ng dng ca thuc th:
Dng xc nh Cr3+ ; Hg2+ ; Pb2+ trong o quang: Crmat v icrmat
phn ng vi thuc th diphenylcacbazit to thnh phc mu tm c hp
th cc i ti bc sng 540nm rt thun li cho vic so mu.:

Lm ch th oxy ha kh trong php nh phn dicromat

Phn tch nh tnh Cl- ; Cr6+; Cu2+ ; Fe3+

Diphenylacbazit (1,5 diphenylcacbohidrazit)

Cc ion cn tr:
Cc ion Hg2+, Hg22+( khi hm lng ln hn 200mg/l), vanadi

molipden( VI) cng c kh nng phn ng vi thuc th to

thnh hp cht c mu, song nhng cht ny thng c rt t
trong nc.
St (ln hn 1mg/l) cng phn ng c vi thuc th to thnh
hp cht c mu vng nu ,nhng ta c th loi tr nh hng ca
st bng cch thm vo dung dch mt lng axit photphoric.
Nu trong mu c mt lng ln Mangan th khi oxi ha bng

pesunfat trong mi trng kim hoc trung tnh, n s to thnh

kt ta Mangan oxit, khi ta lc b bng bng thy tinh hay phu
thy tinh.

Diphenylacbazit (1,5 diphenylcacbohidrazit)

Nu trong nc c mi trng kim hay trung tnh th kh xc nh
ring Cr(III) v Cr(VI). Bi v khi oxi ha, nu trong dung dch c cht kh

(thng l Fe2+, sunfit v cc cht hu cth Cr(VI) s kh xung Cr(III).

Trong trng hp ny ch nn nh tng hm lng Crm. Mun xc nh
Cr(VI) v Cr(III) th ta phi tch ring Cr(III) bng cch kt ta n bng
magi oxit ( pH = 10.5-11). Khi Cr(OH)3 gp li trn b mt magie
oxit, cn Cr(VI) li trong dung dch. Lng ln cht hu c, cc cht kh
v ion clorua khng cn tr php xc nh. Ngoi ra, Cr(VI) cn c
xc nh di dng phc mu ta vi o- nitrophenyl floron v

bromua axetyltrimetl amoni, hp th cc i bc sng 582nm.

GECMANI

Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht ha hc

Thuc th Ge4+

GECMANI
TNH CHT VT L
Gecmani l mt nguyn t mu trng
nh xm, cng c nc bng kim loi
v cu trc tinh th tng t nh kim
cng. Ngoi ra, mt iu quan trng
cn lu l gecmani l cht bn dn,
vi cc tnh cht in nm gia cc kim
loi v cc cht cch in. trng thi
nguyn cht, kim ny l cht kt tinh,
gin v duy tr bng trong khng kh
nhit phng

im nng chy

1.211,4 K (1.720,85
0F)

im si

3.106 K (5.131 F)

Th tch phn t

13,63 10-6 m/mol

Nhit bay hi

334 kJ/mol

Nhit nng chy

36,94 kJ/mols

p sut hi
Trng thi trt t

10 Pa ti 1,814 K
nghch t

t
Vn tc m thanh

5.400 m/s ti 293,15

K

GECMANI
TNH CHT HA HC
Cu hnh Ge : [Ar]3d104s24p2
S
Phn loi kim loi
Nhm, chu k, khi
Khi lng ring
cng
B ngoi
Khi lng nguyn t
Bn knh nguyn t
Bn knh cng ha tr
Trng thi oxi ha

32
kim
14, 4, p
5.323 kg/m
6.0
trng nh xm
72,64(1) .v.C
125 (125) pm
122 pm
4 (lng tnh)

GECMANI
THNG TIN KHC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

m in 2,01 (thang Pauling)

Nhit dung ring 319,68 J/(kgK)
dn in 0,6.100 /m
dn nhit 60,2 W/(mK)
Nng lng ion ha 762,0 kJ/mol ,1.537,5 kJ/mol ;3.302,1
kJ/mol

THUC TH VI Ge

PHENYLFLUORONE
CTPT: C19H12O5
Mol wt = 320.30

OH

HO

HO

PHENYLFLUORONE
Tn gi khc:
_ 2,3,7Trihydroxy9phenyl6fluorone
_ 2,6,7trihydroxy9phenylisoxanthene3one
Ngun gc v phng php tng hp
y l thuc th c gi tr v mt kinh t. N c tng hp bi phn
ng 1,2,4benzenetriol vi benzotrichloride
Tnh cht ca thuc th
_ Phenylfluorone l mt tinh th bt mu cam, c nhit nng chy ln hn
300oC. Xut hin hunh quang mu hi lc trong dung dch cn pH=8. Trong
dung dch kim, thuc th phn ly yu.
_ t tan trong nc (3.10-7M trong 20% ethanol, 25oC), t tan trong ethanol
lnh, nhng d tan trong cn b acid ho (HCl v acid H2SO4). N c th kt
tinh li t cn b acid ho vi s c mt ca ammoniac.Nhng mu thng mi
thng c tinh khit khng tho mn.

PHENYLFLUORONE
ng dng trong phn tch
N c dng nh thuc th o quang v nhy, c tnh chn lc vi Ge v Sn; ngoi
ra thuc th cn dng xc nh Co, Fe, In, Mo(VI), Nb, Ti v Zr bng
phng php o quang.
Phn ng to phc cht v tnh cht ca phc cht
Phenylfluorone phn ng vi mt s ion kim loi to thnh chelate c
mu khng ho tan. Trong dung dch acid 0,1M, Ge (IV) to phc c mu vi t
l 1:2 xy ra theo phng trnh:
Ge(OH)4 + 2H3L [ Ge(OH)2(H2L)2 ] + 2H2O

PYROGALLOL RED

(C19H12O8S)

PYROGALLOL RED

(C19H12O8S)

Danh php:
PR: Pyrogllolsulfonephthaline
Ngun gc v phng php tng hp
PR c tng hp bng phng php ngng t o-sulfobenzoic anhydride vi
pyrogallol
Tnh cht thuc th:
_ L tinh th dng bt mu sm khi kt hp vi kim loi sng t tan trong nc,
alcohol v trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc.
_ Trong mi trng acid mnh c mu cam, mu trong mi trng trung tnh,
mu tm trong mi trng kim.
ng dng trong phn tch:
_ L ch th kim loi cho qu trnh chun chelate ca Bi, Co (II) , Ni, Pb. PR
cng c dng nh ch th trong phng php trc quang i vi mt s kim loi
nng

_ S dng nh thuc th trc quang: Nhng Ion kim loi c th xc nh bng phng
php trc quang vi PR nh Ag, Cu (II), Ga, Ge, In, Mo (VI), Ti (III)

www.themegallery.com

Company Name

REZARSON
CTPT: C12H10N2O6AsCl
KLPT = 388,60
Rezarson to phc mu theo
t l 1:1 vi nhiu kim loi,
bao gm Cu, Ga, Ge, Ni, Pd
v Sn trong nc acid trong
bnh vi methanol t 50 70
%. N c ngh nh mt
thuc th trong php o trc
quang cho Ge v Sn (trong dd
HCl, max = 510nm).

REZARSON
TO PHC VI Ge

REZARSON
TO PHC VI Ge

Bng tm tt thuc th ca Ge

Cc ion
(x104) cn tr

Thuc th

iu kin
(pH)

T l

max
(nm)

Phenylfluorone

HCl 0.1M,
chit vi
Carbon
Tetrachlorid
e
5

ML2

508

14,5

0,05 0,5

ML2

500

0,28 ~ 2

HCl vi
methanol
50-70%
0,5 4,5

ML

510

ML3

550

3,8

Pyrogallol
Rezarson

Bromopyrogallor

Gii hn
cho php
(ppm)

GALI

1. Tnh cht vt l
2. Tnh cht ha hc
3. Thuc th Ga3+

www.themegallery.com

Company Logo

GALI
TNH CHT VT L
L mt kim loi yu mu
bc nh kim, gali cng v
gin nhit thp nhng
ha lng rt d dng, ch
cao hn nhit phng mt
cht (29,8C) v v th n
s nng chy khi nm trong
lng bn tay ca ngi. N
xut hin di dng du vt
trong bxt v qung km

im nng chy

302,9146 K (85,5763
F)

im si

2.477 K (3.999F)

Th tch phn t

10-6 m/mol

Nhit bay hi

254 kJ/mol

Nhit nng chy

5,59 kJ/mol

p sut hi
Trng thi trt t

10 Pa ti 1,448 K
nghch t

Vn tc m thanh

2.740 m/s ti
293,15K

GALI
TNH CHT HA HC

Cu hnh Ga : [Ar]3d104s24p1

S
Phn loi kim loi
Nhm, Chu k, Khi
Khi lng ring
cng
B ngoi
Khi lng nguyn t
Bn knh nguyn t (calc.)
Bn knh cng ho tr
Bn knh van der Waals
Trng thi xi ha (xt)
www.themegallery.com

31
Kim loi yu
13, 4, p
5910 kg/m
1,5
Kim loi mu bc nh kim
69,723(1) .v.C
130 (136) pm
126 pm
187 pm
3,1 (lng tnh)
Company Logo

GALI
THNG TIN KHC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

m in 1,81 (thang Pauling)

Nhit dung ring 370,90 J/(kgK)
dn in 6,78.106 /m
dn nhit 40,6 W/(mK)
Nng lng ion ha 578,8 kJ/mol , 1.979,3 kJ/mol ; 2.963 kJ/mol

www.themegallery.com

Company Logo

THUC TH VI Ga3+
PYROCATECHOL TM
CTPT: C19H14O7S
KLPT: 386,38
Tn gi khc: 3,3,4Trihydroxyfuchsone
2sulfonic acid, Catechol sulfonephtalein,
Catechol tm, PV

Tng hp t s ngng t ca osulfonephthalein

anhydrit vi pyrocatechol

www.themegallery.com

Company Logo

THUC TH PYROCATECHOL TM
TNH CHT THUC TH

L loi bt nu thm c nh kim loi mu xanh dng. N rt

ht m, v th nn bo qun tht kn. Sn phm thng mi thnh
thong c mi v acid acetic m khng hon ton loi b c t s
kt tinh dung mi. N tan t do trong nc v cn pha trong nc, t
tan trong cn nguyn cht lnh hoc acid acetic bng v khng tan
trong dung mi khng phn cc chng hn: benzene, xylene,
NG DNG TRONG PHN
TCH

S dng nh l cht ch th kim loi trong chun to phc

Xc nh Ga, Fe, Al, Cu v.vv theo phng php so mu
www.themegallery.com

Company Logo

THUC TH PYROCATECHOL TM
TO PHC VI Ga

www.themegallery.com

Company Logo

THUC TH CHROMAZUROL S

www.themegallery.com

Company Logo

CHROMAZUROL S
COOH
Cng thc tng qut: C23H16O9Cl2S
OH
3-sulfo-2,6-dichloro-3,3-dimethyl-4hydroxyfuchson-5,5dicarboxylic acid.
Ngun gc v phng php tng hp
Chromazurol S l tn thng mi ca thuc H3C
nhum c sn xut bi tp on Geigy; loi
thuc nhum ny l mt loi thuc th c
ng dng rng ri. Chng ch yu dng mui
trinatri. N c tng hp bng s ngng t
ca sulfoodichlorobenzaldehyde cng 2,3
cresotic acid, km theo qu trnh oxi ha.

COOH
O

Cl

Cl

SO 3H

CHROMAZUROL S

c im
-Dng thng mi C23H13O9CL2SNa3.2H2O l bt mu nu .
-C kh nng ht m v d ha tan trong nc.
-Trong dung dch nc:
pH = 3-4 c mu cam.
pH = 4 c mu vng.
B acid ha pH < 0 to thnh ta dng t do H4L v li b ha tan trong dung dch
acid hn (pH< -0.3).

CHROMAZUROL S
NG DNG TRONG PHN TCH
Chromazurol S c dng lm ch th kim loi trong phng php chun phc
cht xc nh Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Ni v Th; v cng l thuc th trc quang cho
nhiu ion kim loi khc nhau nh l: Al, Be, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, In, La,
Mn, Mo, Ni, Pd, Rh, Se, Th, Ti

THUC TH PYROGALLOL RED (C19H12O8S)

THUC TH PYROGALLOL RED (C19H12O8S)

Danh php:
PR: Pyrogllolsulfonephthaline
Ngun gc v phng php tng hp
PR c tng hp bng phng php ngng t o-sulfobenzoic anhydride vi pyrogallo
Tnh cht thuc th:
_ L tinh th dng bt mu sm khi kt hp vi kim loi sng t tan trong nc,
alcohol v trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc.
_ Trong mi trng acid mnh c mu cam, mu trong mi trng trung tnh,
mu tm trong mi trng kim.
ng dng trong phn tch:
_ L ch th kim loi cho qu trnh chun chelate ca Bi, Co (II) , Ni, Pb. PR cng
c dng nh ch th trong phng php trc quang i vi mt s kim loi nng

Phn ng to phc ca Ag-Phen-BPR

_ S dng nh thuc th trc quang: Nhng Ion kim loi c th xc nh bng phng
php trc quang vi PR nh Ag, Cu (II), Ga, In, Mo (VI), Ti (III)

Thuc th Oxine5sulfonic Acid

CTPT: C9H7NOS
KLPT = 225,22
dng tinh th bt mu vng. D dng ho
tan trong nc; pKa (N+H) = 4,10 v pKa
(OH) = 8,76 ( 0,250). Chelate c tnh
tng t nh oxine, nhng chelate khng
ho tan trong nc. Do , thuc th ny
c dng nh l thuc th hunh quang
cho ion Ga3+ trong dung dch nc

www.themegallery.com

Company Logo

Thuc th Oxine5sulfonic Acid

TO PHC VI Ga

www.themegallery.com

Company Logo

THUC TH REZARSON
CTPT: C12H10N2O6AsCl
KLPT = 388,60
Rezarson to phc mu theo
t l 1:1 vi nhiu kim loi,
bao gm Cu, Ga, Ge, Ni, Pd
v Sn trong nc acid trong
bnh vi methanol t 50 70
%. N c ngh nh mt
thuc th trong php o trc
quang cho Ge v Sn (trong dd
HCl, max = 510nm).

THUC TH REZARSON
TO PHC VI Ga

www.themegallery.com

Company Logo

Bng tm tt thuc th
Thuc th

iu kin (pH)

T l

max
(nm)

(x104)

Cc ion cn tr

Phenylfluorone

pH 8,0 9,0;
CPB(X)
pH 6,05 6,4

ML2X2

570

11,4

Gii hn
cho php
(ppm)
-

ML2

580

~ 7,3

pH 4,5 6,0,
Rhodamine B,
chit vi xylene
4,5
pH 3,0 ~11,7

565

10,7

2 60

ML
ML3

530
393

1,4
6,47

0,28~4,8
3,5~10

pH 3 ~ 3,5

ML

550

Ce(IV), Cu,
Fe,Tl(III),U22+
nh hng.

0,4 ~ 5,6

pyrocatechol
tm
diketonate

pyrogallol
Oxine5
sulfonic Acid
Rezarson

LOGO