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Strut-and-Tie Model
• Background
• AASHTO LRFD Provisions
• Design Example
8.2
Background
z STM is a Truss Analogy
z Truss Analogy Used in Standard and
LRFD Specifications
Vn = Vc + V s Vs = [Asfy/s]d(cotθ)
- AASHTO Standard
Vs Æ 45º Truss
- AASHTO LRFD
Vs Æ Variable Angle Truss
8.3
8.4
STM in Codes
z CSA 23.3-84
z OHBDC Third Edition, 1991
z AASHTO LRFD - First Edition, 1994
z CHBDC - 2000
z ACI 318-02 Appendix A
8.5
Quiz
- Uncracked Condition -
Under Service Loads 8.8
- Cracked Condition -
8.9
Observations
Dapped Beam
Tee Beam
8.13
Past Practice
Strut-and-Tie Model
z A design tool for “disturbed” regions
where the flow of stresses is non-uniform
and the usual rules of analysis do not
apply
z A rational approach to visualize the flow of
forces at the strength limit state based on
the variable-angle truss analogy
z A unified approach that considers all load
effects simultaneously
z A highly flexible and conceptual method
that recognizes that several possible
solutions may exist for any problem
8.15
STM Basic Principle
φ >
P P
2 2
8.17
P
Strut
C C
Fill Fill
Fill
C C
T T
Nodal
P Tie P
Zones
2 2
8.18
C C
C
>
f u
c
φ A c
C C
T φ As fy > T T
P P
2 2
8.19
Basic Concepts
Strut-and-Tie Models
z Experimentally
Æ Standard models
8.23
Deep Beam Stress Trajectories
8.24
Examples of Strut-and-Tie Models
8.25
Examples of Strut-and-Tie Models
8.26
Procedures for Load Path Approach
z Find reactions
z Subdivide loads and internal forces
- Replace stresses with resultants
- Replace asymmetrical stresses with
couple and resultant
z Provide struts and ties to provide load
path
z Locate ties using practical dimensions
8.27
STM from Tests - Dapped Beam
8.28
Dapped Beam
Types of Nodes 8.29
CCC
CCT
CTT
TTT
C - Compression
T - Tension
8.30
Assumptions
z Ties yield before struts crush (for ductility)
z Reinforcement adequately anchored
z Forces in struts and ties are uniaxial
z Tension in concrete is neglected
z External forces applied at nodes
z Prestressing is a load
Strut-and-Tie Models
Factors Affecting Size of Strut 8.33
Traditional Analysis/Design
Strut-and-tie
z Regions with nonlinear strain distribution
V/bdfc’
a/d
Source: Prestressed Concrete Structures by Collins & Mitchell
8.36
LRFD 5.2 - Definitions
Strut-and-Tie Model - A model used
principally in regions of concentrated
forces and geometric discontinuities to
determine concrete proportions and
reinforcement quantities and patterns
based on assumed compression struts in
the concrete, tensile ties in the
reinforcement, and the geometry of nodes
at their points of intersection
8.37
5.6.3.1 D-Regions
Strut-and-tie models may be used to
determine internal force effects near supports
and the points of application of concentrated
loads at strength and extreme event limit
states.
The strut-and-tie model should be
considered for the design of deep footings and
pile caps or other situations in which the
distance between the centers of applied load
and the supporting reactions is less than about
twice the member thickness.
8.38
5.8.1.1 D-Regions
Components in which the distance from
the point of zero shear to the face of the
support is less than 2d, or components for
which a load causing more than ½ of the
shear at a support is closer than 2d from the
face of the support, may be considered to be
deep components for which the provisions
of Article 5.6.3 and the detailing
requirements of Article 5.13.2.3 apply.
8.39
Strength Limit State for STM
Pr = ϕ Pn (5.6.3.2-1)
where:
Pr = Factored resistance
Reinforced strut:
Pn = fcu Acs + fy Ass (5.6.3.3.4-1)
where:
ϕ = 0.70 for compression in strut-and-tie models
(LRFD 5.5.4.2.1)
Acs= effective cross-sectional area of strut
(LRFD 5.6.3.3.2)
Ass= area of reinforcement in the strut
STM for Deep Beam 8.41
LRFD 5.6.3.3.2
Determined by considering available concrete area
and anchorage conditions.
When anchored by reinforcement, strut may extend
from the anchored bar.
LRFD 5.6.3.3.2
where:
ε1 = ε s + (ε s + 0.002 ) cot 2 α s
fcu = the limiting compressiv e stress
α s = the smallest angle between the
compressiv e strut and adjoining
tension ties (DEG)
ε s = the tensile strain in the concrete
in the direction of the tension tie (IN/IN)
Strength of Tie 8.46
LRFD 5.6.3.4.1
where
Critical
Section
=x
If x < ld Æ fs = fy (x/ld)
8.48
Development of Ties (ACI 318)
Limiting Stresses for STM Elements 8.49
LRFD 5.6.3.3 - 5.6.3.5