A magnet (from Greek a???t?? ????? magn?

tis lthos, "Magnesian stone") is a materia

l or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but
is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on
other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magne
ts.
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and crea
tes its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator mag
net used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized,
which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called fer
romagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys o
f rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Al
though ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted t
o a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other substan
ces respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other types of magneti
sm.
Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft" materials like a
nnealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized, and ma
gnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanent magnets are made from "hard" fe
rromagnetic materials such as alnico and ferrite that are subjected to special p
rocessing in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture, to align their intern
al microcrystalline structure, making them very hard[citation needed] to demagne
tize. To demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be applie
d, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the respective material. "Hard" m
aterials have high coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have low coercivity.
An electromagnet is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet when an elect
ric current passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current stops. O
ften, the coil is wrapped around a core of "soft" ferromagnetic material such as
steel, which greatly enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil.
The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or, alternat
ively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength of magnetism in a
material is measured by its magnetization.
Contents
1 Discovery and development
2 Physics
2.1 Magnetic field
2.2 Magnetic moment
2.3 Magnetization
2.4 Modelling magnets
2.5 Pole naming conventions
2.6 Magnetic materials
3 Common uses
4 Medical issues and safety
5 Magnetizing ferromagnets
6 Demagnetizing ferromagnets
7 Types of permanent magnets
7.1 Magnetic metallic elements
7.2 Composites
7.3 Rare-earth magnets
7.4 Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) and single-chain magnets (SCMs)
7.5 Nano-structured magnets
7.6 Costs
7.7 Temperature
8 Electromagnets
9 Units and calculations
9.1 Fields of a magnet

9.2 Calculating the magnetic force

9.2.1 Pull force of a single magnet
9.2.2 Force between two magnetic poles
9.2.3 Force between two nearby magnetized surfaces of area A
9.2.4 Force between two bar magnets
9.2.5 Force between two cylindrical magnets
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Discovery and development[edit]
Main article: History of electromagnetism
See also: Magnetism history
Ancient people learned about magnetism from lodestones, naturally magnetized pie
ces of iron ore. They are naturally created magnets, which attract pieces of iro
n. The word magnet in Greek meant "stone from Magnesia",[1] a part of ancient Gr
eece where lodestones were found. Lodestones, suspended so they could turn, were
the first magnetic compasses. The earliest known surviving descriptions of magn
ets and their properties are from Greece, India, and China around 2500 years ago
.[2][3][4] The properties of lodestones and their affinity for iron were written
of by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia.[5]
By the 12th to 13th centuries AD, magnetic compasses were used in navigation in
China, Europe, and elsewhere.[6]