Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5353160 -5378000
2014 - 2015
COMPREHENSION
VOCABULARY
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.2 : forms
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* ) (Irregular Verbs .
.3 :
. Fill in the gaps
Find a word " ".
. ) (Phrasal verbs .
. ) (idioms .
.4 : + rules
. .
.5 ) :(Language Functions
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.6 : EDITING
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.7 GUIDED WRITING ) OPEN (FREE
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3
Module One
Unit One: The Law
VOCABULARY
Words
Meanings (E)
Confidential
Secret / private
Fake
Not real
Fraud
Meanings (A)
( )
Prove
true.
Solve a crime
crime.
Transfer
another.
Virus
damages computers.
Enforce
carry out
Govern
To control
Guilty
Innocent
Jury
Principle
Rule / belief
An area of the law that is changing very quickly in the modern world is the law
related to computer crime. Increasingly, criminals are using computers to help them
commit new crimes like identity theft, and to make it easier to commit old crimes like
( )
theft or fraud. Technological criminals may get into computer systems to find out
confidential information and use this to make money. Unfortunately, computer crimes
are often more difficult to solve than traditional crimes because the criminals are
invisible and their action may be hard to prove. It can be also difficult to prosecute a
( )
A particular factor in the growth of computer crime has been the increase in the
number of ordinary people who use Internet websites to buy things, to book holidays
or to access their bank accounts in order to transfer money or pay bills. This new type
of business has attracted techno-criminals who may order goods and services without
damage computers and the information they contain. These viruses can affect millions
of people worldwide.
Computers with Internet connections can also be used more safely by criminals
millions of people worldwide whom they may persuade to pay for something
Questions
1- Mention one example for old crimes and another one for new crimes.
5- Computer crimes are not easy to solve like traditional crimes, do you agree? Justify
your answer. .
6- According to the text, the writer thinks that it is difficult to prosecute computer
criminals. Explain this statement, justifying your answer.
8- Why do people usually have access to their bank accounts through the Internet?
.
9- Why do criminals prefer to use the Internet to communicate with each other?
10- What can techno-criminals do if they break into computer systems of businesses?
Model Answers
1- a- Old crimes: theft / fraud.
b- New crimes: identity theft.
2- They are using computers to help them commit new crimes like identity theft and to
make it easier for them to commit old crimes like theft or fraud.
3- To pass on confidential information and plan crimes.
4- By getting into computer systems to find out confidential information and use this to
get money.
5- Yes, I agree. Computer crimes are safer for criminals and the criminals themselves
are invisible. Additionally, it is too difficult to prove their actions.
6- It is really difficult to prosecute computer criminals because usually nothing is
actually stolen or physically damaged.
7- The increase in the number of ordinary people who use Internet websites to buy
things, to book holidays or to access their bank accounts.
8- To transfer money or pay bills.
9- Because it is safer than face- to- face meetings or telephone conversations to pass on
confidential information or to plan crimes.
10- They can move money to their own accounts, or send viruses which can seriously
damage computers and the information they contain.
11- I think that countries all over the world should agree on some strict laws concerning
such crimes. As a result, criminals are punished harshly for their online crimes by
paying fines, being put in prison ... etc.
12- fake
13- * them: criminals
*which: viruses
* they: computers
* whom: millions of people worldwide
14- - to buy things - to book holidays to access their bank accounts. (Any 2)
15- The writer is justified because governments are responsible for fighting technocriminals by: * introducing strict laws * forcing them to pay fines * and putting
them in prison if needed.
16- come up with
7
2-
3-
45-
6-
7-
89-
10-
11-
Meanings (E)
a- The subject of a police
investigation.(noun)
b- A container for carrying luggage or
papers. (noun)
a- a place where people play tennis or
Court
squash. (noun)
b- The place where a trial is held.
(noun)
a- Money paid as punishment. (noun)
Fine
b- High quality, good, e.g. fine weather
(adj.)
a- To signify (verb)
Mean
b- Unkind / not generous (adj.)
a- A line of seats, e.g. in a cinema or
Row
classroom. (noun).
b- An argument (noun).
Property a- Land and buildings. (noun)
b- Something that belongs to
someone.(noun) / possessions
Society a- A club or organization for people
with the same interest. (noun)
b- All the people living in a country.
(noun)
a- To write using a machine. (verb)
Type
b- Kind / sort (noun)
Ruler
a- Someone in charge of a country,
such as a king. (noun) /governor
b- A straight piece of wood or plastic
to help you draw straight lines. (noun)
a- A place where water comes up
Spring
naturally from under the ground.
(noun)
b- The season of the year which
follows winter. (noun)
a- A short letter. (noun)
Note
b- Words you write quickly to help you
remember something. (noun)
8
Meanings (A)
( )
3- fine / fine
4- mean / Mean
3 2014
Please dont start a row be friends!
What does the underlined word mean?
Answer : an argument
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9
No.
12345-
Words
Success
Development
Deteriorate
Emigrate
6-
Famine
(starvation)
Industry
789101112-
Temperate
Raise
Creature
Extensive
Original
Recurrent
13- Forge
14- Adapt
Meanings (E)
A period of great wealth
The process of modernization
To get worse
To leave your country to live in a new
country
A serious shortage of food leading to
hunger on a large scale.
Economic activity concerned with raw
materials and manufacturing products.
Having mild temperatures
To bring up children
A living thing (animals,etc)
Very long
First
Frequent / Occurring often or
repeatedly
To advance steadily
To change to suit a different situation
10
Meanings (A)
/
A: ..
th
In the early 19 century, the most important industry in Ireland was agriculture. But
the farmers were poor and they used old-fashioned methods. Because they heard that
they could earn four times as much in America, some farmers emigrated. But between
1820 and 1840, the economic situation in Ireland deteriorated and in 1845 the Potato
Famine began. Disease destroyed 75% of the year's potatoes the main food for most
of the population. During the next two years, 350,000 people died of starvation and
there was a huge increase in emigration to America. By the end of 1854, a quarter of
the population of Ireland had left for the United States.
B: ....
Tristan da Cunha is a small island in the South Atlantic Ocean. In August 1961, Earth
tremors started and gradually became more frequent. At the beginning of October, the
government decided that the island was no longer safe and the whole population of
268 people was evacuated to a nearby island. A ship picked them up and took them to
South Africa. As they passed Tristan da Cuhna, they saw the volcano erupt. Later the
people were taken to England, where they stayed for the next two years. In 1 963,
the volcanic activity on the island stopped and most of the people voted to go back.
However, not everyone returned: 14 people had adapted to life in England and decided
to stay there, and five elderly people had died. There were other changes too: ten
couples from the island had married and eight babies had been born.
11
C: ..
)(
The economic success of the 1960s and the 1970s saw the Arabian Gulf countries
transformed into modern and wealthy states, funded by oil and other precious natural
resources such as natural gas. The needs of the oil and construction industries led to
a huge demand for skilled workers. Many thousands of people moved to the region to
help build high-tech cities all over the Gulf. These workers from many regions of
the world, were able to find a better life and help with the development of the region.
Questions
1- Match the following headings and the letters (A, B and C) in the text above:
- Economic Success / - Economic Necessity
/ - Natural Disaster
A: .. B:.. C:.
2- What was the major industry in Ireland in the 19th century?
.
3- Describe the financial case (situation) of the Irish farmers in the early 19th century.
.
4- Why had some farmers emigrated before 1820?
.
5- What was the main food for Irish people?
7- Quote the sentence which indicates that natural resources in the Gulf resulted in the
necessity for recruitment (employment).
.
8- What do the underlined words (they / where) refer to?
.
12
9- Write down the sentence which shows the number of people who died of hunger.
.
10- What was the percentage of people who had emigrated to America before 1854?
.
11- Why were the people of Tristan da Cunha evacuated? Who made this decision and
when?
15- According to the text, there were some islanders who did not return back home.
Explain.
16- What were the two resources which had turned the Gulf countries into modern and
wealthy states?
17- What does the underlined word "the region" refer to?
18- What was the benefit of the emigration to the Arabian Gulf countries?
13
b) By the end of 1854, all the citizens of Ireland had emigrated to the US. (
c) The Gulf countries witnessed an economic success resulting in the need for
workers. (
21- Find adjectives from the text above have opposite meanings to the following words:
a- modern: ..
b- late: ...
c- tiny: ...
d- rare: ..
e- young: ..
Model Answers
1A: Economic Necessity
B: Natural Disaster
C: Economic Success
2- Agriculture
3- They were poor and they used old-fashioned methods.
4- Because they heard that they could earn four times as much in America.
5- Potatoes
6- deteriorated
7- " The needs of the oil and construction industries led to a huge demand for skilled
workers."
8- * they: the farmers
/ * where: England
9- "During the next two years, 350,000 people died of starvation and there was a huge
increase in emigration to America."
10- (25%).
14
11- The government decided at the beginning of October, 1961 that the island was no
longer safe as earth tremors started and gradually became more frequent.
12- A ship picked them up.
13- For two years
14- " In 1963, the volcanic activity on the island stopped and most of the people voted
to go back."
15- Because 14 people had adapted to life in England and decided to stay there, five
elderly people had died and ten couples from the island had married and eight
babies had been born.
16- Oil and natural gas
17- The Arabian Gulf countries
18- The immigrants found a better life and helped with the development of the region.
19- I think that sometimes we decide not to reverse for many reasons. For example,
some islanders had adapted to life in England and decided to stay there.
20a) False
b) False
c) True
21a- old-fashioned
b- early
c- huge
d- frequent
e- elderly
15
Animal Migration
When we talk about animal migration we mean the movement of an animal from
the place where it has been living to a different place and the return journey to that
animal's original home. Most animal migrations are recurrent events which happen at
certain times of the year. Animals usually migrate to find food or to raise their young.
Incredibly, most migrating animals follow the same route every year and from
generation to generation. Land animals may cross mountains or forge rivers, while birds
and insects travel extensive distances, sometimes across continents and oceans. Fish and
other sea creatures may migrate half way round the world. For example, the grey whale
can travel as much as 20,000 kilometres.
Many animals migrate to northern regions during the northern summer because
the long summer days mean that there is always plenty of food. In the autumn, when the
weather gets colder, many animals migrate south to find food and warmer weather (the
southern summer). Some animals migrate every year, doing the two journeys in one
year, but others migrate only if they need to find food or for more temperate weather.
Questions
A. Answer the following questions:
1- What is the definition (meaning) of animal migration?
2- Quote the sentence which indicates that most animal migrations happen regularly at
particular times of the year.
16
3- According to the text, the writer states that not all animals migrate. Explain.
8- Write down the sentence which indicates that most migrating animals do not change
their way at all.
9- Find a word in the second paragraph which means "to advance steadily".
2- Many animals migrate south because the weather is too hot in their original homes.(
3- Many animals migrate south in the summer.
17
Model Answers
A.
1- The movement of an animal from the place where it has been living to a different
place and the return journey to that animal's original home.
2- " Most animal migrations are recurrent events which happen at certain times of the
year."
3- Some animals migrate every year, doing the two journeys in one year, but others
migrate only if they need to find food or for more temperate weather.
4- The grey whale can travel as much as 20,000 kilometres.
5- Most migrating animals follow the same route every year and from generation to
generation.
6- Because the long summer days mean that there is always plenty of food.
7- In the autumn, to find food and warmer weather.
8- " Incredibly, most migrating animals follow the same route every year and from
generation to generation."
9- forge
10- * which: recurrent events
B.
1- False
2- False
3- False
18
No.
1-
Words
Cloth
Meanings (E)
Material or fabric used
to make clothes.
2-
Fibre
Meanings (A)
()
/
3-
Rot
To decay
4-
re-used
5-
()
crushed
6-
Recycling
19
()
The first paper was made from cloth nearly two thousand years ago in China.
Although paper can be made from all kinds of materials, such as cotton fibres, grass or
sugar cane, these days wood pulp is the material most commonly used to make 'new
The modern world uses so much paper that environmentalists have persuaded us that
we should recycle old paper as well as making new paper. There is an increasing
awareness in Jordan of the need to recycle both paper and other materials.
Paper-recycling containers can now be found in some parts of the country and some
government agencies have begun paper recycling programmes. Also, there is greater
paper saves trees. Trees are a commercially grown long-term crop, so that when they
are cut down, new ones are planted. Also, papermakers use the parts of trees that
cannot be used in other industries such as building and furniture making. Nearly all
For every tonne of paper used for recycling, we save 30,000 litres of water, 3000
20
Recycling paper is less harmful to the environment than burying it in landfill sites.
( )
This is because paper that is buried in the ground rots and produces methane, which is
always be a demand for paper. In the interests of our environment, we have to make
sure that we continue to recycle as much of it as possible.
Questions
1- According to the first paragraph, paper can be made from different materials. Write
down two of these materials.
2- According to the text, there are some benefits of recycling paper. Write down two of
these benefits.
4- Quote the sentence which shows that paper is highly used beside the computer
technology in storing information.
5- Find a word in the text which means "able to be used or re-used without cost to
the environment".
7- According to the text, the writer states that there is an increasing awareness of
recycling paper in Jordan. Explain this statement, justifying your answer.
21
8- What is the most common material in the modern time which paper is made from?
11- According to the text, the writer thinks that recycling paper does not save trees. Is
he justified? Explain.
12- Mention three industries that make use of the wood of trees.
14- Find a word in the text which means very small pieces of paper, wood,etc.
22
Model Answers
1- Cotton fibres, grass, sugar cane, wood pulp. (Any two of them)
2- It saves 30,000 litres of water. It saves 3000- 4000 kwh of electricity. It reduces air
pollution. (Any two of them)
3- Cloth
4- "Despite our increasing dependence on information stored on computers, there will
always be a demand for paper."
5- Sustainable
6- awareness
7- Yes, I agree with him. Paper-recycling containers can now be found in some parts of
the country and some government agencies have begun paper recycling programmes.
Also, there is greater education in schools about the need to take care of our environment.
8- Wood pulp.
9- It contains no old or recycled paper.
10- We should recycle old paper as well as making new paper because the modern
world uses so much paper.
11- Trees are a commercially grown long-term crop, so that when they are cut down,
new ones are planted. Also, papermakers use the parts of trees that cannot be used
in other industries such as building and furniture making.
12- Building, furniture making and paper.
13- Paper and cardboard. About half of this is newspapers and magazines.
14- fibres
15- It produces methane, which is a powerful greenhouse gas.
16- (Critical Thinking): I think that schools should encourage their students to protect
the environment by doing friendly activities such as saving water, planting trees and
recycling wastes. In this way, students become productive citizens.
17- they: trees / which: methane
18a. False
b. False
c. False
d. True
23
1- Grass and sugar cane are two of the.that can be used to make paper.
2- Trees used for making paper are grown in where new trees
are planted to replace ones which are cut down.
3- About 50 % of the paper and cardboard in .......... . is made up
of newspapers and magazines.
4- Burying paper in landfill sites does more damage to the .. than
recycling it.
Model Answers:
1- materials 2- sustainable forests 3- household waste 4- environment
Colour Idioms
()
*
No.
1-
Idioms
Out of the blue
Meanings (E)
Unexpectedly
Meanings (A)
/
2-
Red tape
Unnecessary
3-
understand (printed)
4-
accept
5-
See red
6-
blacklist
red
black
white
green
blue
brown
Model Answers:
1- blue
3- red
4- red
1. The government has given the green light to the building of a new airport.
What does the underlined colour idiom mean? ---------------------------. (2014,W)
2. My father was unable to get his visa application approved due to --------.(2014, S)
ANSWERS: 1. said yes / agreed / accepted
25
2. red tape
Multi-part Verbs
*
No.
1-
Phrasal Verbs
Keep up with
Meanings (E)
Meanings (A)
2-
Cut down on
Reduce
3-
Come up against
Meet / face
4-
Look forward to
for something to
happen.
5-
Come up with
Invent/discover/find
/ /
6-
Put up with
Accept/stand/tolerate
7-
Run out of
No more left/finish
8-
Go along with
Accept / obey
a decision or idea
Q: Fill in the gaps with one of the phrasal (multi-part) verbs above:
1- He can't . such behaviour. It's unbearable.
2- As a supervisor, you should high technologies in your field.
3- Unfortunately, my car has petrol. The gas station is remote.
4- I hearing from you!
5- The scholars have .. many interesting results and recommendations.
6- You look too fat, my son. You should eating chocolates.
7- They always . the crowd. It's unavoidable.
8- The teachers didn't any problems in this semester.
Model Answers:
1- put up with
5- come up with
4- look forward to
8- come up against
2014 -
You should try to -------------- the amount of driving you do to help the environment.
Answer: cut down on
26
Words
Meanings (E)
Meanings
(A)
1-
Climate
Weather conditions in an
Cultivate
crops.
3-
Dust
Erode
To destroy slowly
5-
Graze
Soil
7-
Survive
To stay alive
8-
Wildfire
quickly.
9-
something.
10- Devastating
Very destructive
11- Export
in another country.
12- Global
whole world).
13- Illegal
14- Tool
Desertification, which is the process in which productive land changes into desert, is an
increasingly serious problem in over a hundred countries of the world. One billion
people, out of a total world population of six billion, suffer from its effects.
Desertification usually occurs in dry areas where there is no rain and where the climate
is harsh. In these places, the top layer of soil is destroyed so that the land can no longer
be used for growing crops or grazing animals. This means that people who depend on
the land for food have to move to 'greener' areas in order to survive. A proportion of the
population may survive by moving, but others may die because of shortages of
food and water.
Although natural changes in the climate often start the process, the activities of human
beings are often the real cause of desertification. Because there are growing numbers of
people to feed, farmers tend to overcultivate their land, with the result that the soil
becomes poor and unproductive. Other farmers overgraze their land and this
permanently kills off grass and other plants. In addition to the effects of farming,
deforestation -the cutting down of trees- also erodes the soil. Trees are usually cut down
to make more agricultural land, but once there are no longer trees and plants on an area
of land, there is nothing to stop the wind and rain from blowing or washing away the
top layer of soil. The dust which this produces can travel long distances and affect the
But this is not the end of the story: desertification can create conditions which produce
strong winds and dangerous wildfires and this leads to even greater pressure on the
Questions
1- What is desertification?
4- Write down the sentence which indicates the number of people who suffer from
this phenomenon.
6- According to the text, the writer states that the dust produced by desertification
affects human health. Explain this statement, suggesting three dust risks on human
health.
8- How does desertification affect people who depend on land for food?
.
9- Quote the sentence which indicates that desertification leads to immigration.
10- Write down the sentence which indicates that desertification leads to death if people
do not move to other regions.
29
13- According to the text, the writer states that farmers overcultivate their lands. Why?
14- Is there any relationship between desertification and the increase of the world
population? If so, explain it.
20- Find a word in the text which means "dry powder made of very small pieces of earth".
.
21- What do the underlined words (its / which) refer to?
Model Answers
1- It is the process in which productive land changes into desert.
2- Over a hundred countries all over the world.
3- In dry areas where there is no rain and where the climate is harsh.
4- "One billion people,out of a total world population of six billion, suffer from its effects."
30
which: conditions.
31
Vocabulary: Climate
Q: Complete the following text with appropriate words from the list below:
average,
cloudy,
dry,
hot,
cold,
crops,
lightning,
season,
rain,
stormy,
sunny,
weather
2- dry
9- cold
10- weather
11- crops
32
reorganise
misuse
redo
2. redo
3. reorganise
4. misuse
: 2014
Students mustnt ---------------- the school property.
Answer: misuse
33
The rainforest of the Amazon region of Brazil in South America covers five percent of
the world's land surface and is home to at least 30 percent of the world's animals and
plants. The area is also the home of 220,000 people from about 180 different tribes who
live deep in the forest. The rainforest itself is an important environment but, because of
its size and location, it also plays a vital part in controlling the world's climate. It does
have been destroyed this is the same as six football pitches every minute. Much of
this destruction, which leaves the land dry and dusty, is illegal.
Farmers use most of the new land to grow soya beans, which they export to other parts
of the world to be used as animal food. Millions of chickens in western European
countries are fed on South American soya beans. Increasingly, some soya beans are also
being turned into food for human consumption; many vegetarian foods are based on
soya beans.
Other areas of the rainforest are cleared by ranchers who use the land for their cattle, by
loggers who sell the valuable tropical hardwood from the trees they cut down, or by oil
companies who are trying to find more oil. These activities help to improve the
economy of the region, but at the expense of the future of the global environment.
In addition to destroying ancient forests and changing the world's climate, deforestation
is having a devastating effect on native populations who are dependent on the rainforest
for everything they need, from food and tools to medicines and shelter.
34
Questions
1- How does the rainforest play a key role in controlling the world climate?
11- Quote the sentence which indicates that some human activities are useful to the
country, but with negative effects on the nature.
12- Find a word in the text which means" the eating or drinking of something".
13- How much does the destroyed area of the rainforest equal?
35
14- What does the underlined pronoun '' this " refer to? ..
16- Write down the sentence which shows that cutting down trees in the rainforest is
against the law.
17- What are the bad effects (results/consequences) of the illegal activities in the
Amazon rainforest?
18- The writer mentions four groups of people who destroy rainforests. Who are they,
and why?
Model Answers
1- It plays a vital part (key role) in controlling the world's climate by taking in carbon
dioxide and releasing oxygen.
2- To feed chickens.
3- Five percent (5%) of the world's land surface.
4- (30%)
5- To grow soya beans/to make land for cattle /to look for oil /and to sell valuable wood.
6- 220,000 people from about 180 different tribes.
7- Much of the destruction of the forest.
8- soya beans
9- ranchers
10- farmers.
11- These activities help to improve the economy of the region, but at the expense of the
future of the global environment.
12- consumption
13- six football pitches every minute.
14- controlling the world's climate.
15- devastating
16- "Much of this destruction 'which leaves the land dry and dusty' is illegal.
17- Destroying ancient forests and changing the world's climate, deforestation is having
a devastating effect on native populations who are dependent on the rainforest for
everything they need, from food and tools to medicines and shelter.
18- * Farmers
* Ranchers
* Loggers
No.
1-
Words
seed
Meanings (E)
a small hard part of a plant
Meanings (A)
thorn
on some plants.
3-
trunk
a tree
4-
display
show, exhibition
5-
6-
exotic
unusual / foreign
7-
globe
world / earth
8-
protect
9-
structure
building
10- waterfall
38
The Eden Project, which opened in the year 2000, is a living plant museum in
the countryside in the south west of England. It is a very popular attraction and
millions of visitors come every year to see plants from all over the world growing in
Some plants grow outside, but many are in specially-built domes, called
'biomes' where the temperature and humidity are carefully controlled. The biomes
are like giant greenhouses and one, the Humid Tropic biome, is the largest
greenhouse in the world. It is over 55m high 200 m long and contains many
One of the purposes of the project is to show how dependent human beings are
environment. Aside from the plant life, the Eden Project has fascinating interactive
exhibits for people of all ages. Many of the visitors are groups of school children .
Eden Project combines educational value with scientific interest and a huge variety
Questions
1- When did the Eden Project open?
39
5- What is a 'biome'?
6- According to the second paragraph, there are some qualities of the Humid Tropic
biome that make it the largest greenhouse in the world. Write down two of these
qualities.
7- Quote the sentence which indicates that a large number of people who visit the
Eden Project are students.
9 - What does the underlined word "where", in the second paragraph, refer to ?
11- Academically speaking, how can school students get benefit from visiting the
Eden Project?
13- What are the objectives (aims / goals / purposes) of the Eden Project?
40
Model Answers
1- It (was) opened in 2000.
2-It is a living plant museum in the country in the south west of England.
3- They come to see plants from all over the world growing in this special environment.
4- In the countryside in the south west of England.
5- It is a specially-built dome, like a giant greenhouse, where the temperature and
humidity are carefully controlled.
6- It is over 55m high 200 m long and contains many thousands of exotic plants not
found in England.
7- " Many of the visitors are groups of school children."
8- exotic
9- biomes
10- Millions of people of all ages. Many of the visitors are groups of school
children.
11- Eden Project combines educational value with scientific interest and a huge
variety of spectacular plant life.
12- The temperature and humidity are carefully controlled.
13- To show how dependent human beings are on plants and to educate people on
the importance of preserving our natural environment.
14- The Humid Tropic biome.
41
Adjectives + prepositions
(SB, p. 38)
Model Answers: 1- on 2- in 3- on
4- from
5- of 6- of
7- for 8- with 9- on
:
No.
on
in
of
1-
depend (on)
interested
full
2-
dependent
3-
keen
4-
built
aware
42
from
for
with
differ
famous
satisfied
different
known
1- Modern Amman is built the site of many ancient civilizations.
(on , from , with ) 2011 (W)
2- Ruba is really interested ... the history of Jordan.
(in , from , with)
2011 (S)
3- The Jordanian people are aware ............ the need to protect their wildlife.
(in , from , of)
2012 (W)
4- The employees are satisfied . their salaries.
(with, from, of)
2012 (S)
5- My father is interested sports.
(of , from , in)
2013 (W)
6- Maha is interested . making new friends.
(from , in , on) 2013 (S)
7. Public schools are different .. private ones.
(in , from , on) 2013 (S)
Model Answers: 1- on
2- in
3- of
4- with
5- in
6- in
7- from
:
f
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43
A world of plants
It may seem very strange, but plants are always in danger from animals which
want to feed on them. If this happens, the plant can be damaged or even killed. So,
because their roots, trunks, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds are under constant attack
themselves from these enemies. Here are some of the ways plants stop animals from
attacking and eating them.
Sharp thorns and stings
Some plants which grow in dry climates, for example cactuses, store large quantities
( )
of water in their stems. To protect themselves, they have sharp thorns. Animals will
hurt themselves if they try to get to the water from these plants. Other plants, like
stinging nettles, can inject painful or irritating substances into their enemies by
There are many plants which protect themselves by poisoning their enemies. In
some cases the poison they contain is so powerful that it can kill any living thing
which touches or eats them. The poison can be in the leaves, the seeds or berries, or
in other parts of the plant.
Insects
( )
Some acacia trees in hot African countries are protected by ants which live
permanently on their branches. If an animal starts to eat the tree's leaves, the ants
attack it.
44
Sticky gum
Some plants, such as horse chestnut trees, are covered with a sticky substance, like
wet paint, which can prevent insects from eating them. Sometimes this substance is
so strong that insects' feet or wings get stuck and they cannot escape.
Questions
1- According to the text, the writer thinks that the plants are always in danger from
animals. Explain this statement, justifying your answer.
2- According to the first paragraph, write down three parts of the plant.
9- Find a word in the text which means "to stop harm or damage".
10- What are the kinds of animals that want to feed on plants?
45
11- What are the ways by which plants protect themselves from the danger of animals?
12- Why do animals try to attack cactuses? How do these plants defend themselves?
15- Write down the sentence which indicates that poison could kill even people.
16- What are the insects which protect the acacia trees?
TRUE
FALSE
19- What do the underlined words "this substance is so strong" refer to?
...
20- Comment on the strength of the sticky gum.
Model Answers
1- Yes, plants are always in danger from animals which want to feed on them. If this
happens, the plant can be damaged or even killed.
2- Roots, trunks, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. (Any three)
3- Because animals want to feed on them and can damage or kill them.
4- In many parts, including the leaves, the seeds and the berries.
5- The sharp hairs on its leaves.
6- Because the insects want to eat them.
46
Vocabulary:
Q1: Answer these questions about two of the adjectives from the article above:
A. Which of these is not sharp?
(a cactus thorn,
a banana
, a kitchen knife,
broken glass,
water,
47
a cat's tooth)
Model Answers:
1- on plants
:
(0799852188)
(0797746363)
(0796411812)
(0790870907)
(0796420830)
(0787067395)
48
WRITING READING
Today, more and more people in Jordan are using computers for activities at home,
at school or at work. Such is the demand that the government launched a scheme to
allow Jordanians to purchase computers more easily. Many people are using
computers for all sorts of things writing letters, searching the Internet or just
playing games. It is a great thing that Jordan has embraced modern technologies so
successfully, but in this essay I am going to consider two disadvantages of
computers.
In my opinion, the main disadvantage is that people may spend so much time on
their computers that they see less of their friends and family. Children who spend
too long playing computer games may become unsociable and forget how to
communicate normally with other people.
Another result of people spending too much time at their computers is that their
health suffers. Sitting for long periods of time can hurt your eyes, cause headaches,
or damage your hands and arms. In some cases this means that people cannot do
their jobs properly.
There is no doubt that computers are here to stay. Some jobs and many leisure
activities would be impossible without them, but we should be aware of the possible
dangers of spending too much time at our computers.
A.
1. According to the first paragraph, people use computers for many purposes. Write
down two of these purposes.
2. According to the third paragraph, there are many health problems resulting from
spending too much time at computers. Write down two of these problems.
3. Quote the sentence which indicates that sitting too much before computers may
prevent us from doing our jobs appropriately.
4. Find a word in the first paragraph that means to buy.
5. What does the underlined word who, in the second paragraph, refer to?
6. According to the text, the writer states that we cannot live without computers in
this modern world. Explain this statement, justifying your answer.
B. Critical Thinking
Jordan is a modern and well-developed country, especially in high technologies.
Think of this statement and, in two sentences, write down your point of view.
51
MODEL ANSWERS
PROGRESS TEST (1):
A.
1. cleaning , picking fruit and vegetables, looking after old people, doing
repetitive
factory work. (Any two)
2. working as dentists / doctors
3. Some share accommodation with another migrant family.
4. minority
5. low-paid jobs
6. They go to countries with warmer climates and cheaper houses,
countries like Spain, Greece, France or Turkey.
B. OPEN ANSWER (FREE)
PROGRESS TEST (2):
A.
1. carbon dioxide - methane
2. coal, gas, oil. (Any two)
3. Greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide and methane, keep the heat of
the sun in and prevent our planet from freezing.
4. survive
5. many areas of land
6. Leading scientists are warning that if the authorities do not introduce new laws
to reduce greenhouse gas increases now, the result could be disastrous for life on
Earth.
B. OPEN ANSWER (FREE)
(( WRITING READING)
A.
1. writing letters, searching the Internet, playing games. (Any two)
2. hurting eyes, headaches, damaging hands and arms. (Any two)
3. In some cases this means that people cannot do their jobs properly.
4. purchase
5. children
6. There is no doubt that computers are here to stay. Some jobs and many
leisure activities would be impossible without them.
B. OPEN ANSWER (FREE)
:
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52
GRAMMAR
/
) (
" "
:
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53
54
Tenses ()
Present perfect Simple
e.g.
1) The student has already finished his project. (finish)
2) I have just done my homework. (do )
(experiences) *
.
3- With stative (non-continuous) verbs: love, like, prefer, hate, dislike, see, have (own),
think (believe), know, understand, need, want, remember, realize, be, [start, begin]...etc.
( - ing )
e.g.
1. I have known him since 2000 . (know)
2. Sami has had this mall for 10 years. (have)
Key words:
( )
already, yet, just, since, for, lately, recently, ever, so far, up to now, up till now, still,
once, twice, (five) times.
55
8- have/ broken
1- Maher ............... his driving test, so he can borrow his brothers car next week. (pass)
2011(W)
2- The children .... already . the sandcastle on the beach. (build) 2012 (W)
3- Our neighbours . recently. to Aqaba. (move)
2012 (S)
2013 (W)
2014 (W)
7- The government . recently .. new laws to try to reduce the crime rate in
the country. (announce)
Model Answers: 1- has passed
2014 (S)
2- have / built
3- have / moved
7- has / announced
56
4- has /started
Since
vs.
For
( ) since)
(point of time) .
:
since Friday, since 3 oclock, since March, since I was a child
.... )( ( ):(for)
(length of time period)
:
for ages, for a long /short time , for two years, for three months, for one hour
Exercise: (since / for)
1- Ive lived in this city seven years.
2- Shes worked for this firm .. 2002.
3- I havent seen my friend . ages.
4- Salma hasnt visited her brother . his birthday.
5- He hasnt read any book . last year.
6- I have had this car three months.
Model Answers:
1- for 2- since 3- for 4- since 5- since 6- for
1- Asma has been playing the piano she was thirteen.
(for , since , from)
2011 (W)
2012 (S)
2013 (W)
2- for
3- for
58
4- since
5- since
6- for
Form:
(+): has / have + been + V-ing
(- ): has not / have not + been + V- ing
(?): has / have + Subject + been + V-ing?
Uses:
1- Unfinished activities
( )
e.g.
1. I have been waiting for Ali for four hours but he hasnt come yet. (be, wait)
2. She has been working on her project. I think she needs more time. (be, work)
2- Activities from the recent past which have visible consequences at present.
( activity)
.( result)
e.g.
1. Theyre out of breath. They have been running for a long time. (be , run)
2. He is exhausted. He has been cleaning his room all night.
(be, clean)
Key words: ( )
all day, all night, all morning, all evening, all the time, for, since, for (five) years now
: :
. )( (be, V)
:( -ing )
( e) ing ( e) .1
: ing
save + ing saving
.2
: ing
swim + ing swimming
( listening ) - listen :*
(relaxing) - relax
59
ing .3
:
sail + ing sailing
w y : .4
: ing
chew + ing chewing // play + ing playing
o, u ,e , i , a :
Exercise:
1. Sami has a headache. He .. TV for a long time.
2. Ali . a short story all morning.
(be, watch)
(be, write)
1- Nour .. an essay all morning. (be, write)
2011(W)
2- Hatem looks tired. He . his science project all night. (be, do) 2011(S)
60
2012 (W)
2012 (S)
5- Jamal and Fawaz have . evening classes for a few weeks now. (be, take)
2013 (W)
6- Fadia has to be a nurse since 2010. (be, train)
2013 (S)
7- Hassan looks very pale. He has . very well recently. (not, be , sleep)
2014 (W)
Model Answers:
1. has been writing
5. been taking
6. been training
:
.
Q: Study the following pairs and then choose the best answer:
A: I have written a novel.
B: I have been writing a novel.
Which sentence indicates:
1) an unfinished activity?
2) an achievement?
..
2- A: Sami has got up too late.
B: Sami has been getting up too late all month.
Which sentence represents a repeated action over a period of time?
..
Model Answers:
1- 1) B
2) A
2- B
61
QUIZ
Q1: Choose the suitable item from those given to complete each of the following
sentences: (since, for, from)
1- I havent been in Aqaba .... my birth.
2- Salma has worked hard .. the whole year.
3- She hasnt phoned her sister .. April.
4- It is a year . I saw Miral.
5- Its ages I visited you.
6- I havent seen Amal .. ages.
7- She hasnt eaten anything this morning.
8- Shes lived in the countryside . 2005.
9- Ive only known her . a few weeks.
10- He has been smoking . a long time. No wonder he coughs too much.
62
Past Simple
Form: (+): V.2
(-): (be):
was not / were not
(Others): did not + baseform (infinitive)
(?): (be):
was / were + Subject + complement?
(Others): did + Subject + baseform + complement?
Uses:
.
e.g.
1- I watched TV yesterday. (watch)
2- The First World War broke out in 1914. (break out)
3- She was not sad last night. (not, be)
.
1- I usually went to Aqaba on Fridays when I was younger. (go )
2- Samer always studied hard when he was a student in the university. (study)
Key words: ( )
yesterday, last (week, month,etc), ago, in the past, in (1991), when I was a child,
in my childhood, when I was younger.
Exercise:
1- I .......................... an interesting story last week.
2- She ........................... her teacher in the mall yesterday.
3- We all........................ an explosion last night.
4- I .............................. my friend three weeks ago.
5- The boy ...................... in the Dead Sea last month.
6- Ali ......................... French when he was a child.
7- Sami ......................... there last lecture.
8- Maher . his homework last night.
9- The manager . Ali yesterday.
10- Fadi .. a good story three weeks ago.
63
(read)
(see)
(hear)
(visit)
(swim)
(not/study)
(not / be)
(finish)
(promote)
(write)
Model Answers:
1- read
2- saw
6- didnt study 7- was not
3- heard
8- finished
4- visited
9- promoted
5- swam
10- wrote
1. Hatims father . last year. He had worked for the same company all his life.
(retire)
2011(W)
(finish)
2011 (S)
3. Hatem had saved his document before viruses his computer.(crash) 2012(W)
4. The plane . a few minutes ago.
(land)
2012(S)
5. After we had finished our dinner, we . into the garden. (go) 2013 (W)
6. Sultan a book of mine yesterday.
Model Answers:
1- retired 2- finished 3- crashed 4- landed 5- went 6- borrowed 7- enjoyed
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64
Past Perfect
Form:
(+): had + V.3
(-):had not + V.3
(?): had +Subject+V.3+complement?
Uses:
had +V.3 )(
V.2 ) (
e.g.
1- I had done my homework before I went shopping. (do)
2- After he had bought a car, someone stole it. (buy)
3- The man realized that he had lost his wallet in the market. (lose)
Key words: ( )
before, after, by the time, by the end of last year, until, as soon as, because, (realized).
* S+ (had+V.3) before + S+V.2
* S+ V.2 after + S + had + V.3
(subject) ( S) :*
Exercise:
1- Ahmed .. some notes before he came to the classroom. (write)
2- After you me, I kept your books quickly. (tell)
3- Before we got there, the thief . (escape)
4- Muna . hard before she went to the exam. (study)
5- After Reema .. her work, she phoned her mum. (finish)
6- She felt sad because she never .. an exam before. (fail)
7- By 2000, I . my job as a translator. (leave)
8- Salem from university by the end of this term. (graduate)
65
Q: Study the following sentences and then answer the questions below:
1- A: When I arrived at the office, my brother left.
B: When I arrived at the office, my brother had left.
Which sentence indicates that the speaker did not see his brother?
Model Answers: 1- B
2- B
3- A
66
Derivation
. + ( )
verb
noun
adjective
adverb
Meaning
act
------
activity/act
chaos
active
chaotic
actively
chaotically
destroy /destruct
develop
destruction
development
destructive/destroyed
developed
destructively
----
----earn
economize
disaster
earning
economy
disastrous
----economic/al
disastrously
----economically
-----infect
----legalize
-----------
guilt
infection
innocence
law
violence
permanence
majority
guilty
infectious
innocent
legal
violent
permanent
major
guiltily
infectiously
innocently
legally
violently
permanently
-----
--
--
--
--
-
-
--
-
--
-
--
--
-
1. The Noun
:
:
1 - Dictation is very important for students in the elementary grades.
2 - Necessity is the mother of invention.
3 - Knowledge is power.
4 - Carelessness leads to failure.
* Rule : S + V + O
:
1 - Hard work causes tiredness.
2 - This poem expresses creativity.
3 - Non-profit organizations cannot ignore partnership.
* Rule : S + V + O
67
(several, many, much, any, few, little, some, no, enough, another, other, one,
:(all, every, each,
1 - Many inhabitants left the city due to the earthquake.
2 - The anti-virus has found no threats.
3 - All employees must come to the meeting tomorrow.
4 - The company phoned other subscribers.
5 - I need one justification for this behaviour.
* Rule : many, no , another , + n
:( )
1 - Car drivers should check their cars regularly.
2 - My dad always reads newspaper advertisements.
3 - Android System is a high-technology nowadays.
4 - We're watching a football match now.
5 - I taught the course of communication skills at university.
* Rule : n + n = compound noun
2. The Adjective
:
:
1 - It is a clever question.
2 - The novel has an impressive language.
3 - Samer went to the Dead Sea last month.
4 - Webster is my favourite dictionary.
5 - He needs medical care.
* Rule : adj + n
:
sound, seem, look, appear, become, get, taste, smell, feel, was / were found)
1 - My brother looks tired.
2 - This road became dangerous.
* Rule : become , was/ were found , + adj
69
: ( to be)
1 - My work is tiring.
2 - She was distinguished in the competition.
3 - I'm satisfied with your performance.
4 - They were absent last lecture.
5 - We're proud of you, Ali!
* Rule : be (main verb) + adj
:( )
1 - She's absolutely astonished.
2 - They are highly competent.
3 - He's hopelessly nervous.
4 - It's an extremely hot day.
* Rule : - ly + adj
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. The Verb
:
(( )( )to) ( baseform)
:( )
1 - I'd like to express my gratitude and deep thanks to my teacher.
2 - To do this, you have to prepare very well.
3 - I went to the library in order to look for a book.
4 - You're always advised to create, not to imitate.
* Rule : (not) to + BASEFORM (INFINITIVE)
:(modals)
(must, may, might, will, would, shall, should, can, could,etc)
1 - You can like, share, comment or promote on Facebook.
2 - You must pay the fine.
3 - I can speak English.
4- A: Possibly, Ali got a high score in the TOEFL.
B: It could be!
* Rule : MODALS + BASEFORM (INFINITIVE)
70
:
1 - I read history books on holidays.
2 - They went shopping last night.
3 - Our neighbour usually waters the garden flowers.
* Rule : S + V + O
:
1 - Create! Don't imitate!
2 - Go straight! Then, turn right!
3 - Study hard for your exams!
* Rule : V (baseform) + .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. The Adverb
:( )
:(,) )(
1 - Fortunately, I met my friend in the bookshop.
2 - Happily, I answered my dad's call.
3 - Traditionally, the players used the bird 's feather to pluck the oud strings.
4 - Generally, women drive more safely than men.
* Rule : 1. -------------- ly ,
:
1 - He is highly intelligent.
2 - Development is heavily dependent on decision-makers.
3 - It's extremely cold in this place.
* Rule : - ly + adj
71
:
1 - I strongly lifted the rock.
2 - Sami carefully drove his car to Aqaba last week.
3 - She seriously discussed the issue.
* Rule : - ly + transitive verb + O
:
1 - He ran quickly to his home.
2 - Maher sat down sadly and phoned his brother.
* Rule : intransitive verb + - ly
:( )
1 - Khaled can repair the car skillfully.
2 - They did it successfully.
* Rule : S + V + O + ly
:
1 - It can be successfully done without consulting a specialist.
2 - I don't usually go abroad on holidays.
3 - This idea is not academically approved. So, forget about it!
4 - She has recently finished her project.
* Rule : helping verb + ly + main verb
Q: Choose the suitable item from those given to complete each of the following sentences:
1- The ------------------ of the worlds migrants move to find a better life. (major)
2. Many people believe that the worst crimes are murder and other ------------------- acts.
(violence)
3. There would be a ------------ situation in society if there were no ------------- systems.
(chaos / law)
4. He left court a free man because he had proved that he was ----------------- . The jury
said he was not --------------- (innocence , guilt)
5. My weekly ----------------- s are twice as much as they were last year. (earn)
72
Model Answers
1. majority
2. violent
3. chaotic / legal
4. innocent / guilty
5. earning
6. destruction
7. disastrous
8. activity
9. economic
10. development
" " +
1- Marwa takes an . part in her school affairs. (act)
2011
2011
(guilt)
2012
(develop)
2012
2013
2013
2014 (W)
9- Many wild animals can become . if they are captures. (violence) 2014(W)
10- Lack of security will create situations in a society. (chaos)
2014(S)
11- The government encourages schemes for women to.money. (earnings) 2014(S)
ANSWERS:
1. active
7. innocent 8. guilt
9. violent
5. development 6. violently
Structure
1.
S+ wish + S+ V . 2
2.
S + wish + S+ could+
baseform
S+ wish + S + would +
baseform
3.
Usage
Regrets at present or in the future
(impossible conditions)
Regrets or inability to change a situation.
Annoyance, criticism and complaints
about other people's behaviours.
Examples:
1- I dont have enough money to buy a Subaru Impreza car.
I wish I had more money to buy a Subaru Impreza car.
2- I cant drive a lorry.
I wish I could drive a lorry.
3- It annoys me that he smokes in the room.
I wish he wouldnt smoke in the room.
:
( wish) ( could) ( would like to)
.
(regret) ( doesn't / don't)
.(wish) ( V.2) ( V.1)
e.g.
I don't speak French.
I wish I spoke French.
.( could) (can't)
e.g.
I can't carry that rock.
I wish I could carry that rock.
( would) ( wish) ( annoy)
.( wouldn't)
e.g.
It annoys me that he sings aloud.
I wish he wouldn't sing aloud.
74
Exercise:
1- I regret I don't obey my parents.
I wish
2- I can't quit my job.
I wish .
3- It annoys me you don't respect your partner.
I wish ....
4- Sami can't come to the party.
I wish ...
5- I regret I don't study hard.
I wish ..
6- I always criticize people who talk a lot.
I wish ....
7- I complain about the neighbours who have dogs at home.
I wish .
8- I would like to travel to Egypt.
I wish .
9- I regret I don't recommend you.
I wish .
10- I'm bothered because you always make troubles.
I wish
11- I dont have a trusted friend.
I wish ...
12- I regret I dont have an electronic dictionary.
I wish ...
13- It annoys me you read aloud.
I wish ..
14- I would like to go abroad.
I wish ..
75
( )
Q: Complete each of the following items so that the new item has a
similar meaning to the one before it.
1- I read slowly and would like to read more quickly. 2011 (W)
I wish
2- I don't have my dictionary with me.
2011 (S)
I wish .
3- I dont have the keys of my office.
2012 (W)
I wish ..
4- I don't have an email.
2012 (S)
I wish ...
5- I don't have many friends.
2013 (W)
I wish .......
6- I dont have a lot of books in my library.
2013 (S)
I wish .
7- I wish I any challenging experience in my life. (have) 2014 (S)
Model Answers:
1- I wish I could read more quickly. 2- I wish I had my dictionary with me.
3- I wish I had the keys of my office. 4- I wish I had an email.
5- I wish I had many friends.
6- I wish I had a lot of books in my library.
7- had
77
Linking words
(Linkers)
so / and so / , with the result that / the cause of / lead to (led to)
e.g.
1- Sami prepared well so he passed all his exams.
2- The volcano was the cause of the destruction of the town.
3- Global warming leads to serious problems.
4- Unfortunately, farmers tend to overcultivate their land, with the result
that the soil becomes unproductive.
.( , ) ( with the result that) :
78
( )
in order to / to / so as to + (baseform)
. :
e.g.
1- He came early in order to watch the whole match.
2- Manal studied hard to pass her exams.
3- I phoned Ali so as to tell him the truth.
Model Answers:
1- Large areas of forest have been cut down , with the result that the soil is
now dry and dusty.
2- Salwa didnt go to university because she was ill .
3- Khalid attended the conference so that he could get more knowledge
about his career .
4- Mazen went to the post office in order that he could buy stamps.
5- Learn well so that you can serve your nation in the future.
6- I gave him a gift in order that he would behave himself.
7- I didn't eat sugar and butter because I didn't want to be overweight.
Q2: Complete each of the following items so that the new item has
a similar meaning to the one before it.
1- Engineers need more money so that they can utilize new technologies.
Engineers need more money so as to
2- Smokers should give up smoking so that they won't waste their money.
Smokers should give up smoking in order not ...
3- Sana' was too busy and so she didn't go abroad.
Sana' didn't go abroad because ...
4- He stopped working in order to make a cup of Espresso.
He stopped working so that
5- I really appreciate him since he is a successful person.
I really appreciate him due to .
Model Answers:
1- Engineers need more money so as to utilize new technologies.
2- Smokers should give up smoking in order not to waste their money.
3- Sana' didn't go abroad because she was too busy.
4- He stopped working so that he could make a cup of Espresso.
5- I really appreciate him due to his success / being successful (being a successful
person).
80
( )
1- Marwa went to the post office. She could buy stamps. (so that)
2011(W)
2011(S)
3- People write notes in their diaries. They dont want to forget important
things.
(because)
2012 (W)
4- Ahmad came to study in our country so that he could get a good
education.
Ahmad came to study in our country in order to
2013(W)
5- Students use mobile phones so that they can keep in touch with their families.
Students use mobile phones in order to 2013(S)
6- You get the opportunity to meet students from other courses of study. Joining a
university club is a good idea. (because)
2014(W)
7- You can identify your bags. Make sure your bags are marked. (so that) 2014(W)
8- People can improve their life style. Many changes have taken place lately.
in order not to , with the result that
2014 (S)
9- The manuscript was full of errors. The publisher rejected the authors
latest work.
because ,
in order not to
2014 (S)
Model Answers
1. Marwa went to the post office so that she could buy stamps.
2. We need to produce more food because there are more people to feed.
3. People write notes in their diaries because they dont want to forget
important things.
4. Ahmad came to study in our country in order to get a good education.
5. Students use mobile phones in order to keep in touch with their families.
81
6. Joining a university club is a good idea because you get the opportunity
to meet students from other courses of study.
7. Make sure your bags are marked so that you can identify your bags (them).
8. Many changes have taken place lately , with the result that people can improve
their life style.
9. The publisher rejected the authors latest work because the manuscript
was full of errors.
Q: Combine each pair of sentences below into one meaningful sentence, using the
given words and phrases between brackets.
1. Maher went to the mall. He wanted to buy some things. (because)
2. Maher went to the mall. He wanted to buy some things. (so that)
3. You can answer this question. Concentrate well. (in order that)
4. The Amazon rainforest has an important effect on the climate of the
world. It covers such a large area. (because)
5. Farmers need more land. They can grow more soya beans. (so that)
6. Large areas of forest have been cut down. The soil is now dry and dusty.
(with the result that)
ANSWERS:
1. Maher went to the mall because he wanted to buy some things.
2. Maher went to the mall so that he could buy some things.
3. Concentrate well in order that you can answer this question.
4. The Amazon rainforest has an important effect on the climate of the world
because it covers such a large area.
5. Farmers need more land so that they can grow more soya beans.
6. Large areas of forest have been cut down , with the result that the soil is
now dry and dusty.
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82
No.
Modals
1. must
Usage
It is sure that
something is true
(certainty)
2.
can't
It is sure that
something is NOT
true.
3.
might
Possibility
(Unsure / not sure
whether or )
Key words
sure, certain,
definite, surely,
certainly,
definitely,
of course,
,absolutely, no
doubt,
undoubtedly,
because.
sure,
certain,+
NOT(negative)
; impossible
possible,
probable,
possibly, likely,
probably,
unsure (not
sure), uncertain
(not certain),
perhaps, may
be, I think,
could be, don't
know, usually.
Rules
V.1 Modal + baseform (infinitive)
V.2 , has / have / had + V.3 Modal + have + V.3
is / am / are + V-ing Modal + be + V-ing
was / were + V- ing Modal + have + been + V-ing
83
Examples:
1- I'm sure that Ahmad is at school now.
Ahmad must be at school now.
2- It's probable that she came too late.
She might have come too late.
3- I'm sure that Maher isn't playing online games at the moment.
Maher can't be playing online games at the moment.
4- Its certain that Muna was writing an email.
Muna must have been writing an email.
Exercise:
Q1: Rewrite the following sentences keeping the same meaning:
1- It's possible that they are building a new university.
They
2- I'm sure that he has gone abroad.
He ...
3- No doubt, Ahmad left his job.
Ahmad
4- It is certain that Ali works as a teacher.
Ali ..
5- Possibly, Salma bought a new car.
Salma ..
6- Definitely, he's coming on foot.
He ...
7- I'm sure that Ali isn't watching TV.
Ali .
8- It's impossible that Khaleel stole the car.
Khaleel
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85
Q2: Write sentences which explain the possibilities of the following statements
including the modal verb phrases in brackets in your answers.
1- I'm sure that methane is a dangerous gas. (must be)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2- I'm unsure whether it was Oxford Dictionary or not. (might have)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3- Certainly, you werent in the library yesterday! It was closed! (cant have)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4- Salwa got high marks. Im certain she studied hard for the exam. (must have)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Model Answers:
1.Methane ( It ) must be a dangerous gas.
2. It might have been Oxford Dictionary.
3.You cant have been in the library yesterday.
4 Salwa must have studied hard for the exam.
1- Someone is ringing the doorbell. I'm sure it's my father- he always comes back
home at this time.
2011
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
2- Rashed has been working very hard recently. Im sure hes exhausted. 2011
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
3- I'm sure that reptiles aren't birds they don't have feathers.
2012
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
4- Salma has a very good English accent. Im unsure whether she has lived with an
English family or not.
2012
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
5- Emad has got the golden medal for his creative project. I'm sure that his parents
are proud of him.
2013
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .
6- The children are putting balloons outside house. Im sure that they are
having a party.
2013
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .
7. The ground is wet here. That means this was almost certainly a lake once.
---------------------------------------------------------------------(must have) 2014 (W)
86
8. These people are very thin, thats why Im certain they havent eaten much food
lately.
(cant have) 2014 (W)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
must have , cant have , might have 2014 (S), 9 + 10
9. Ahmads class starts at 8:30. It is 8: 45 and he is not here yet. I am unsure
whether he has missed the bus or not.
Ahmad ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
10. Salmas plants are dead. I am almost sure she hasnt watered them.
Salma --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
Model Answers:
1. It must be my father.
2. Rashed must be exhausted.
3. Reptiles cant be birds.
4. Salma might have lived with an English family.
5. Emads parents must be proud of him.
6. They must be having a party.
7. The ground must have been a lake once. (- the ground is wet here.)
8. These people (they) cant have eaten much food lately.(-they are very thin.)
9. Ahmad might have missed the bus.
10. Salma cant have watered her plants (them).
( )
Q : Write sentences which explain the possibilities of the following statements
including the modal verb phrases in brackets in your answers. (WB, p.30)
1. Your friend said she would phone you, but she hasnt. You are sure she has not
forgotten. (cant have)
.
2. Someone waves to you from a car. It looks like your friends fathers car. (might be)
.
3. Theres an important football match in your town tonight. You think the roads
will probably be very busy. (might be)
.
4. Your brother has worked very hard. You feel sure that he has got good grades in
his exams. (must have)
.
87
5. You hear a car approaching, but you know it isnt your uncles car because it
doesnt sound the same. (cant be)
.
6. A new building is going up in your neighbourhood. You think it is probably a
school. (might be)
.
ANSWERS:
1. She cant have forgotten to phone me.
2. It might be my friends father.
3. The roads might be very busy in my town tonight (-theres an important
football match tonight).
4. He must have got good grades in his exams (-he has worked very hard).
5. It cant be my uncles car (- it doesnt sound the same).
6. The new building might be a school.
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88
Language Functions
(Useful Language)
Talking about past events
(Then) one day, I
I was about to ( go into the park to play football, when )
Two months / Ten minutes / Three days later, we
The first thing that struck me was
That was seven years ago.
Time expressions
We arrived on (day) at (time).
The next day That same day / evening
The first thing we / I did / saw was
Expressing opinions
I think that
It felt like
In my opinion / view ,
For me, the best / worst thing was
What surprised me was
I didnt know what to expect.
Presenting arguments
It might be a better idea to
Would it be a good idea to ?
The main argument against
Agreeing
I agree.
Yes, youre right!
Disagreeing
I disagree.
I dont agree.
89
1. Complete the following mini-dialogue using an expression that
presents an argument. 2014 (W); L. 3 & 4
Marwan: Traffic is an increasing problem in most big cities of the
world therefore, governments should encourage people to
use public transport.
Rashed: -------------------------------------------------------------------2. Complete the following mini-dialogue using an expression that
shows agreeing.
Maha: It might be a good idea to take a first-aid kit during our journey
across the desert.
Adnan: ------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Complete the following mini-dialogue below using an expression
that expresses an opinion. 2014 (S)
Marwan: What do you think are the advantages of studying abroad?
Rashed: ----------------------------------------------------. What about you?
ANSWERS: ( OPEN )
1. Rashed: It might be a better idea to build subways instead of forcing people to
use public transport.
2. Adnan: Yes, I agree.
3. Rashed: I think that studying abroad lets us know about other
cultures and depend on ourselves. What about you?
NUMBERS
Q1: Write the following numbers as words:
a. 75 %: seventy five percent.
b. 19th : nineteenth
c. 1991: nineteen ninety one
d. 265: two hundred and sixty five
e. 280,000: two hundred and eighty thousand
f. 21st: twenty-first
g. 3 : three quarters
4
h. 99.5 %: ninety nine point five percent
Q2: Answer these questions using numbers and words:
a. What is twice five thousand? ( ten thousand)
b. What is a quarter of twenty thousand? (five thousand)
c. What is fifty percent of two thousand? (one thousand)
d. What is five times nine? (forty-five)
e. What is a third of twenty-one? (seven)
90
WRITING
EDITING
GUIDED WRITING
FREE WRITING
91
92
EDITING
" " -
* ):(SB
UNIT ONE
Words
govern
innocent
court
ruler
principle
jury
property
enforce
guilty
legal
prove
Meanings
UNIT TWO
Words
abroad
development
refugee
famine
Meanings
starvation
deteriorate
industry
success
emigrate
modernisation
93
UNIT THREE
Words
incineration
composted
material
recycle
waste
pollution
resources
landfill
precious
Meanings
( )
rubbish
UNIT FOUR
Words
erode
climate
wildfire
soil
graze
risk
cultivate
protect
dust
population
survive
structure
Meanings
UNIT FIVE
Words
Meanings
humidity
dome
biome
waterfall
greenhouse
environmentalist
display
exotic
temperate
globe
94
: ( WB) *
Words
cloth
transfer
fake
original
sustainable
devastating
virus
fine
raise
recurrent
illegal
creature
identity theft
environment
fibre
Meanings
( )
( )
( )
Words
thorn
wood pulp
export
tool
trunk
fraud
rot
forge
consumption
global
case
mean
solve a crime
Meanings
( )
( )
adapt
seed
ou
/ * fraod (X)
fraud ( )
u o / * pupulation
population
a u / * indastry
industry
ei
/ * emegrate
emigrate
i e / * devilopment development
z s / * toolz
tools
p b / * glopal
global
b p / * brecious
precious
j g / * challenjing
challenging
fv /
* fiew
view
kc/
* exotik
exotic
g G / * gulf
95
Gulf
Imagine you are an editor in the Jordan Times. You are asked to edit
the following lines that have some mistakes. Correct the mistakes.
2011
deforestation is having a divastating effect on populations who are
dependent on the rainforest for food and toolz.
Answers: (1) Deforestation (2) devastating (3) tools
2011
criminals use computers to help them commit new crimes like
identity thift, and to make it easier to commit old crimes like fraod.
Answers: (1) Criminals (2) theft
(3) fraud
2013
The gulf countries are funded by oil and other brecious natural
resourcez. The needs of the oil and construction indastries led to a
huge demand for skilled workers.
(4) industries
2014 (W)
Water consumpsion is a major glopal challenge. Greater devilopment and
a perpetually increasing pupulation has led to unprecedented demands on
all of our resources, which has in turn led to an increased water shortage.
Answers: 1. consumption
2. global
3. development 4. population
2014 (S)
Hundrads of visitors come every year to see plants from all over the
world growing in the Eden project. Some plants grow outside, but many
are in especially built domes, called piomes, where the tamperature
and humadity are carefully controlled.
Answer: 1. Hundreds 2. biomes 3. temperature
96
4. humidity
GUIDED WRITING
()
Q1: Read the information in the table below, and then write two
sentences about the advantages of recycling waste materials. Use the
appropriate linking words such as: too, also etc.
2012
The advantages of recycling waste materials
- save energy.
- protect natural resources.
- reduce pollution.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q2: Read the information in the table below, and then write two
sentences about the reasons that make people leave their home
countries. Use the appropriate linking words such as: and, too, also
etc.
2011
Reasons that make people leave their home countries
- seek a better life.
- complete education.
- find better jobs.
- learn about different cultures.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Answers:
Q1: Recycling waste materials has many advantages such as
saving energy and protecting natural resources as well. Also, this
recycling reduces pollution.
Q2: People usually leave their home countries for many reasons such as
seeking a better life and completing education. Additionally, they
try to find better jobs and learn about different cultures.
97
Q3: (2014 ; W)
How to make use of unwanted books
- exchange them with others.
- sell them to bookstores.
- recycle them.
- donate them to local libraries.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q4: (2014 ; S)
The best ways to study
- make a study schedule.
- study in an appropriate setting.
- keep a well kept notebook.
- learn the most important facts first.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q5:
Mustafa Salameh
- reach the top of Mount Everest.
- climb all seven of the worlds highest mountains.
- join an elite club.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------98
FREE WRITING
()
P.T.O
99
The main advantage is that you can have an idea about foreign cultures,
( )
lifestyles, languages, customs and habits. Then, you can compare all of these
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101
3. A report:
Your report should have the following layout:
Para. 1 Purpose of the report
Para. 2 (The first side /aspect)
Para. 3 (The second side/ aspect)
Para. 4 Conclusion
Advantages and Disadvantages of Facebook
In the contemporary world, people communicate with each other through
different ways such as: social media. One of the well-known social networking
services is Facebook. People use this service worldwide using their desktop
computers, laptops, tablets and smart phones. The purpose of this report is to
comment on the advantages and disadvantages of Facebook in particular.
On balance, people should manage their time and behaviours when using
Facebook. We have to bear in mind not to upload personal content that we do
not want to share publicly. We all know that "online is not mine".
102
4. A formal letter:
Q: Imagine that you had bought a washing machine. When you tried it at home,
you found that it didn't work properly. Write down a letter to the sales manager
explaining the time you bought your washing machine, what was the problem
and how to solve it.
(Your name is Ahmad. Your address is P.O. Box 75, Amman Jordan).
P.O. Box 75
Amman, Jordan
Date..
Dear manager,
I am writing this letter to complain about my washing machine which I
bought two days ago. Unfortunately, when I came home, I found that there was
a problem with it. I do not know how to solve this problem.
As a matter of fact, I cannot determine the real reason behind this
inconvenience. There may be a problem with the spinner. It stops rotating while
washing. This problem really bothers me a lot.
I am sure that you are always welcoming your clients if they have any
problem. So, I really need your help to solve the problem in question. Please,
tell me what I should do! Shall I need to bring it to your company or you can
send me a technician?
Dear friend,
How are you, my friend? I hope you're fine! How is your family? How is
your study? Is everything running smoothly?
I'd like to thank you for your last nice letter. I'm so sorry for not contacting
you for a long time! I was too busy, so forgive me, dear friend!
I'm writing to tell you about my trip to Aqaba last week. I went there with my
brother by bus. We got there early in the morning. The weather was good.
We stayed in a four-star hotel near the sea. We did a lot of things there.
We swam in the sea. Also, we walked down on the seaside. We really enjoyed
playing football with other people whom we met for the first time. They were
friendly and helpful. It was a great experience because Aqaba is an attraction
for tourists from all over the world. There were a lot of exhibitions and
restaurants. We enjoyed eating seafood. Then, we went on a marine tour. The
glass boat was really nice. We could see the life underneath.
We stayed there two days. Shopping in Aqaba was impressive. Even the
back trip was nice. You could enjoy watching the beauty of Nature.
Why don't you come and spend some days with me in Aqaba?
Lots of Love!
Maher
104
7. An informal email
Hi,
Thanks for the email. Its not long now till we go, is it? Ive been making a few lastminute preparations this morning. Ive decided what clothes and other personal things
to take, but obviously we need to decide about the things we need for camping.
I know weve already agreed on the essential things, like the tent, sleeping bags and
first-aid kit, but there are other things we may or may not need. Do you think we should
take our own cooking equipment? I expect well buy food mostly, but it might be a
good idea to take a small gas cooker so that we can prepare our own food. And how
about a large water container? If we dont take plenty of water with us, we might run
out. Thatd be awful if it gets very hot. Is there anything else w should take? Let me
know what you think.
Im really looking forward to this break. Ill give you a ring tomorrow morning.
See you soon,
105
( )
:
. )(
( ) /
In the modern world, many people suffer from -------- and its negative
effects on our future. No one can ignore this problem. Otherwise, the
consequences will be devastating. So, we should highlight every single point
related to this issue.
First of all, I suggest forming a committee of experts and specialists
in the field. It has to study and investigate all the dimensions of the
problem
.
In addition, I suggest that we all should do much more effort to
support the committee job. I recommend raising public awareness by
campaigns and through the media. Relevant lectures and posters are
helpful as well. This will highlight the problem and enable the committee
to do its job properly.
At the end, the government should co-operate with the parties
concerned and listen to their suggestions and recommendations so as to
come up with a suitable solution to this real problem.
.
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106
) (
One day, I visited ------------- with my friends, which was a beautiful
place. It was only a short visit but I recommend it very well.
-------------- is a wonderful place where many tourists from different countries
come to see this impressive site. During the trip everything was amazing.
There are several good things about the trip. The weather was mild so
we could do whatever we want from roaming and cooking to walking and
playing different games. It had a relaxing atmosphere and nice views.
Also, there were parks in ----------, it was also planted with beautiful trees
and it had some places for children to play in. Additionally, the place was
well-organized.
I advise each one to visit this place for entertainment and enjoyment.
Children will enjoy it much as they can play and move freely. In fact, we
should encourage the local tourism to support our great country.
.
***********************************
In fact, it would be better to discuss the important and vital issues in
our society because of their positive and negative effects. . is one
of the important issues in these days.
On the one hand, ------------- has many advantages such as -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------On the other hand, ------------- has many disadvantages such as -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Finally, the society and the government should co-operate together in
order to explain to the public how to get benefit from the positive aspect and
how to get rid of the negative one. I think that this issue is an important one
which needs much interest by people and formal agencies.
107
P.O Box ()
Amman, Jordan
Date:
( :)
Dear friend ,
How are you, my friend? I hope youre fine! How is your family? Is
everything going well? Id like to thank you for your last letter. Im so
sorry for not contacting you for a long time! I was too busy, so forgive me!
Im writing to
(DETAILS)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At the end, no word can express my feelings when writing this letter
(email) for you. Im eager to know all of your matters. Our memories are
unforgettable, arent they? I wish I could see you as soon as possible.
. :
108
FREE WRITING
Write a composition of about 80 words on ONE of the following:
1. Pollution is an increasingly serious problem in many countries all over
the world. Write a report for your school magazine about this
problem, discussing the reasons and suggesting possible solutions.
2. Nowadays, many people eat unhealthy fast food excessively. Write a
report for your school magazine about the bad effects of this kind of
food, discussing this problem and suggesting possible solutions.
3. Immigration is an increasingly critical phenomenon. Write an essay
about the advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon.
4. Deforestation is having devastating effects on people and climate. Write
an essay about this problem, discussing the reasons and suggesting possible
solutions.
5. Lately, traffic jam has become unbearable in Jordan. Write a report for
your school magazine about this problem, discussing the reasons a
suggesting possible solutions.
6. Car accidents are increasing year by year all over the world and many people
die because of these accidents. Write a report for your school magazine about
this problem, discussing the reasons and suggesting possible solutions.
7. Many people spend too much time at computers. Write a report for your school
magazine about the bad effects of this problem and suggesting possible solutions.
8. Last week, you visited the library of Jordan University to do research.
Write an email to your teacher describing this visit.
9. Fortunately, you have got high marks in 12 th grade. Write a letter to
your friend, mentioning some details about this great achievement as
well as your future plans.
(Your name is Nihad. Your address is P.O. Box 133, Amman, Jordan)
10. Smoking is a bad habit which has many bad effects. Write a report for your
school magazine discussing this problem and suggesting possible solutions.
11. Technologies are very important to our life. Write an article discussing the
advantages and disadvantages of them and giving recommendations.
109
V.1
become
begin
bite
break
bring
build
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
draw
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hide
hold
hurt
keep
know
lead
leave
lend
let
light
lose
make
V.2
became
began
bit
broke
brought
built
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
drew
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hid
held
hurt
kept
knew
led
left
lent
let
lit
lost
made
V.3
become
begun
bitten
broken
brought
built
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
drawn
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got
given
gone
grown
hidden
held
hurt
kept
known
led
left
lent
let
lit
lost
made
V.1
mean
meet
pay
put
read
ride
ring
rise
run
see
seek
sell
send
set
shake
shine
shoot
shut
sing
sink
sit
smell
speak
spend
spread
stand
steal
strike
swim
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
V.2
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
shook
shone
shot
shut
sang
sank
sat
smelt
spoke
spent
spread
stood
stole
struck
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
V.3
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
shaken
shone
shot
shut
sung
sunk
sat
smelt
spoken
spent
spread
stood
stolen
struck
swum
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
wear
wore
worn
win
won
won
write
wrote
written
hit
hit
hit
110