Reservoir thickness

Connate water saturation

Oil saturation
Water compressibility
Oil compressibility
Rock compressibility
Average Porosity
Oil viscosity
Wellbore radius
Oil formation volume factor
Oil Production Rate in STB/DAY
Table 1. Reservoir 1 Properties Data

q o=

ID
17612793
= (
( Student
2600 )
2600 )

16.4
0.2
0.8
3.00E-06
5.40E-05
4.00E-06
19.20%
0.22
0.354
1.6
6774

ft

psi-1
psi-1
psi-1
cP
Ft
bbl/STB
STB/D

Time
(hr)
0.00100
0.00138
0.00191
0.00264
0.00365
0.00505
0.00698
0.00965
0.01334
0.01845
0.02550
0.03500
0.04900
0.06700
0.09300
0.12900
0.17800
0.24600
0.34000
0.47100
0.65000
0.89900
1.24300
1.71900
2.37600
3.28500
4.54100
6.27900
8.68000
12.00000
12.00100
12.00123
12.00151
12.00185
12.00228
12.00280
12.00344
12.00422
12.00519
12.00638

Oil Rate
(STB/D)
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
6774
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pressure
(psi)
3372.8
3367.5
3362.2
3356.9
3351.7
3346.4
3341.1
3335.8
3330.5
3325.2
3319.8
3314.5
3309.2
3303.9
3298.6
3293.3
3288
3282.7
3277.4
3272.1
3266.8
3261.5
3256.2
3250.9
3245.6
3240.3
3235
3229.7
3224.3
3219
3396.2
3399.6
3403
3406.3
3409.7
3413
3416.4
3419.8
3423.1
3426.5

Time
(hr)
12.00783
12.00962
12.01182
12.01452
12.01784
12.02192
12.02693
12.03309
12.04065
12.04994
12.06135
12.07538
12.09260
12.11377
12.13977
12.17171
12.21100
12.25900
12.31800
12.39100
12.48100
12.59000
12.72500
12.89100
13.09500
13.34500
13.65200
14.03000
14.49400
15.06400
15.76400
16.62500
17.68200
18.98000
20.57500
22.53500
24.94300
27.90100
31.53500
36.00000

Oil Rate
(STB/D)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Table 2. Reservoir 1 Pressure Drawdown and Build-Up Data

Question 1

Pressure
(psi)
3429.9
3433.2
3436.6
3440
3443.3
3446.7
3450.1
3453.4
3456.8
3460.1
3463.5
3466.8
3470.2
3473.5
3476.9
3480.2
3483.5
3486.8
3490.1
3493.4
3496.6
3499.9
3503.1
3506.2
3509.3
3512.4
3515.4
3518.3
3521.2
3523.9
3526.5
3529
3531.4
3533.6
3535.7
3537.5
3539.3
3540.8
3542.2
3543.4

(a) Analyse the well test data given below using spreadsheet and Ecrin Software to
calculate following parameters. [40 points]:
Initial reservoir pressure
Reservoir Permeability
Skin factor
Pressure drop due to skin effect
In order to calculate the above parameter, pressure build-up data was manipulated into
a Horners plot of depth vs. log of Horners time, where:

Horne r ' s Time=

where,
and

t p + t
t

t p =12 hrs

t=Timet p

Time
(hr)
12.0000
0
12.0010
0
12.0012
3
12.0015
1
12.0018
5
12.0022
8
12.0028
0
12.0034
4
12.0042
2
12.0051
9
12.0063
8
12.0078
3
12.0096
2
12.0118
2
12.0145
2
12.0178

t Oil Rate
(hr)
0.00
0
0.00
1
0.00
1
0.00
2
0.00
2
0.00
2
0.00
3
0.00
3
0.00
4
0.00
5
0.00
6
0.00
8
0.01
0
0.01
2
0.01
5
0.01

(STB/D)

Log
(HT)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Pws
(psi)
3219

4.08
3.99
3.90
3.81
3.72
3.63
3.54
3.45
3.36
3.27
3.19
3.10
3.01
2.92
2.83

3396.
2
3399.
6
3403
3406.
3
3409.
7
3413
3416.
4
3419.
8
3423.
1
3426.
5
3429.
9
3433.
2
3436.
6
3440
3443.

Time
(hr)
12.1717
1
12.2110
0
12.2590
0
12.3180
0
12.3910
0
12.4810
0
12.5900
0
12.7250
0
12.8910
0
13.0950
0
13.3450
0
13.6520
0
14.0300
0
14.4940
0
15.0640
0
15.7640

t
(hr)

Oil Rate
(STB/D)

0.172

0.211

0.259

0.318

0.391

0.481

0.590

0.725

0.891

1.095

1.345

1.652

2.030

2.494

3.064

3.764

Log
(HT)
1.85
1.76
1.68
1.59
1.50
1.41
1.33
1.24
1.16
1.08
1.00
0.92
0.84
0.76
0.69
0.62

Pws
(psi)
3480.
2
3483.
5
3486.
8
3490.
1
3493.
4
3496.
6
3499.
9
3503.
1
3506.
2
3509.
3
3512.
4
3515.
4
3518.
3
3521.
2
3523.
9
3526.

4
12.0219
2
12.0269
3
12.0330
9
12.0406
5
12.0499
4
12.0613
5
12.0753
8
12.0926
0
12.1137
7
12.1397
7

8
0.02
2
0.02
7
0.03
3
0.04
1
0.05
0
0.06
1
0.07
5
0.09
3
0.11
4
0.14
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2.74
2.65
2.56
2.47
2.38
2.29
2.20
2.12
2.03
1.94

3
3446.
7
3450.
1
3453.
4
3456.
8
3460.
1
3463.
5
3466.
8
3470.
2
3473.
5
3476.
9

0
16.6250
0
17.6820
0
18.9800
0
20.5750
0
22.5350
0
24.9430
0
27.9010
0
31.5350
0
36.0000
0

5
4.625

5.682

6.980

8.575

10.53
5
12.94
3
15.90
1
19.53
5
24.00
0

0
0
0
0
0

0.56
0.49
0.43
0.38
0.33
0.28
0.24
0.21
0.18

3529
3531.
4
3533.
6
3535.
7
3537.
5
3539.
3
3540.
8
3542.
2
3543.
4

Table 3. Manipulated Pressure Build-Up Data

Figure 1. Horner's Plot of Pressure Build-up

The resulting plot is shown in Figure 1, a straight line with a slope of -37.72 psi/cycle
and y-intercept of 3550 psi.
Permeability is calculated using the following formula:

m=162.6

q B o
kh

k =162.6

q Bo
6,774 0.22 1.6
=162.6
=627 mD
mh
37.72 16.4

Whereas, the skin factor (S) of the formation is:

S=1.151

S=1.151

[
[

Z pwf
kt
log
+ 3.23
m
c t r 2w

3,5503,219
626.75 12
log
+3.23 =1.76
37.72
0.192 0.22 ( 4.78 105 ) 0.3542

The pressure drop due to skin is estimated by using the following formula:

ps =

141.2 q Bo
S
kh

ps =

141.2 6,774 1.6 0.22

1.76=57.7617 ps i
626.75 16.4

Figure 2. Ecrin Shapire Simulation of Reservoir 1 Pressure Build-Up Data

Using the same reservoir parameter as above, Reservoir 1 pressure build-up data was
simulated using Ecrin Shapir in order to find the initial pressure, permeability, skin
factor and pressure drop due to skin effect in the reservoir. The figure
(b) Comment on your results estimated based on spreadsheet and software (e.g, are
they same? Why? What is your observation? What possibly could be done?) [10
points]

Parameters
Initial Pressure
Reservoir Permeability
Skin Factor
Pressure Drop due to S

Spreadsheet
3550.00
627
1.76
57.7617

Ecrin Shapir
3549.99
627
1.76
57.7026

Difference (%)
0.0003
0.0
0.0
0.1

Table 4. Spreadsheet and Ecrin Shapir Results Comparison

As we can see from the table above, the results from spreadsheet calculation using
Horners plot and Ecrin Saphir simulation of Reservoir 1 pressure build-up data are
almost the same. This can be achieved by plotting the best fitted linear slope in
Horners plot which will determine a more accurate initial reservoir pressure and slope
and result in a more accurate calculation of reservoir permeability, skin factor and
consequently pressure drop due to skin damage.

Question 2
Sw
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200

Pc-ow
(psi)
20.00
19.28
16.39
13.51
12.12
9.53
7.75
5.82
4.97
3.22
2.60

Pc-ow
(psi)
1.80
1.40
0.80
0.60
0.50
0.35
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.00

Sw
0.220
0.240
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000

Table 5. Reservoir 2 Capillary Pressure Data

Sw
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.78

krw
0.000
0.015
0.059
0.093
0.134
0.182
0.238
0.301
0.372
0.433
0.500

kro
1.000
0.266
0.052
0.019
0.006
0.002
3E-04
3E-05
9E-07
7E-09
0

Table 6. Reservoir 2 Relative Permeability Data

0.62

0.434

lb/ft3

w
o
GOC
WOC

0.269
0.38
0.22
8260.55
8314.80

lb/ft3
cP
cP
ft
ft

19.20%

Bo
qo
AOF

1.6
67,740
81,288

Table 7. Reservoir 2 Properties Data

w = w 0.43 4

bbl/STB
STB/D
STB/D

0= 0 0.43 4

q o=10

ID
17612793
=10 (
( Student
)
2600
2600 )

AOF =12

ID
17612793
=12 (
( Student
2600 )
2600 )

h (ft)
8203.28
8216.40
8232.80
8249.20
8259.04
8260.55
8260.68
8265.60
8282.00
8298.40
8299.06
8299.71
8300.37
8301.02
8301.68
8302.34
8302.99
8303.65
8304.30
8304.96
8305.62

Area (ft2)
4.73E+06
4.32E+07
8.73E+07
1.35E+08
1.68E+08
1.74E+08
1.74E+08
1.92E+08
2.80E+08
4.06E+08
4.12E+08
4.18E+08
4.24E+08
4.30E+08
4.36E+08
4.42E+08
4.48E+08
4.55E+08
4.61E+08
4.67E+08
4.75E+08

h (ft)
8306.27
8306.93
8307.58
8308.24
8308.90
8309.55
8309.88
8310.21
8310.86
8311.19
8311.52
8311.85
8312.18
8312.50
8312.83
8313.16
8313.49
8313.82
8314.14
8314.47
8314.80

Area (ft2)
4.83E+08
4.90E+08
4.98E+08
5.06E+08
5.13E+08
5.20E+08
5.24E+08
5.28E+08
5.35E+08
5.39E+08
5.42E+08
5.46E+08
5.49E+08
5.53E+08
5.56E+08
5.60E+08
5.63E+08
5.67E+08
5.70E+08
5.74E+08
5.77E+08

Table 8. Reservoir 2 Contour Data

(i)

Estimate total oil in place in STB and Size of the Gas Cap [10 Points]
Using the following formula, height and reservoir height are calculated using capillary
pressure data in Table 5:

h=

pc
( w o )

hres =WOC h
Example for Table 9 calculation, column 1:

h=

20
=121.40 ft
( 0.4340.269 )

hres =8314.80121.40=8193.4 ft

Sw
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

Pc-ow (psi)
20
19.28
16.39
13.51
12.12
9.53
7.75
5.82
4.97
3.22
2.6
1.8
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0

h (ft)
121.40
117.03
99.49
82.01
73.57
57.85
47.04
35.33
30.17
19.55
15.78
10.93
8.50
4.86
3.64
3.04
2.12
1.52
1.21
0.91
0.61
0.00

h-res (ft)
8193.40
8197.77
8215.31
8232.79
8241.23
8256.95
8267.76
8279.47
8284.63
8295.25
8299.02
8303.87
8306.30
8309.94
8311.16
8311.76
8312.68
8313.28
8313.59
8313.89
8314.19
8314.80

Table 9. Capillary Pressure for Different Reservoir Interval

The water saturation for each reservoir interval was then interpolated as tabulated
below.
Sw
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.203
0.206
0.208
0.211
0.214

h-res (ft)
8203.28
8216.40
8232.80
8249.20
8259.04
8260.55
8260.68
8265.60
8282.00
8298.40
8299.06
8299.71
8300.37
8301.02
8301.68
8302.34

Sw
0.216
0.219
0.224
0.229
0.234
0.237
0.240
0.250
0.261
0.272
0.283
0.294
0.299
0.311
0.338
0.353

h-res (ft)
8302.99
8303.65
8304.30
8304.96
8305.62
8305.94
8306.27
8306.93
8307.58
8308.24
8308.90
8309.55
8309.88
8310.21
8310.86
8311.19

Sw
0.380
0.409
0.446
0.481
0.525
0.580
0.668
0.777
0.883
0.946
1.000

h-res (ft)
8311.52
8311.85
8312.18
8312.50
8312.83
8313.16
8313.49
8313.82
8314.14
8314.47
8314.80

Table 10. Interpolated Capillary Pressure Data for Reservoir 2

Bulk volume of each contour interval is calculated using Trapezoidal Rule:

Example for Table 11 calculation, 8203.28 8216.40 interval:

V b=

h ( A 1+ A 2 )
2

V b=

( 8216.408203.28 ) ( 4.73E06+4.32E07 )
=3.15E08 ft
2

h (ft)
8203.2
8
8216.4
0
8232.8
0
8249.2
0
8259.0
4
8260.5
5
8260.6
8
8265.6
0
8282.0
0
8298.4
0
8299.0
6
8299.7
1
8300.3
7
8301.0
2
8301.6
8

Area
(ft2)
4.73E+
06
4.32E+
07
8.73E+
07
1.35E+
08
1.68E+
08
1.74E+
08
1.74E+
08
1.92E+
08
2.80E+
08
4.06E+
08
4.12E+
08
4.18E+
08
4.24E+
08
4.30E+
08
4.36E+
08

Vol. (ft3)

h (ft)

0.00E+
00
3.15E+
08
1.07E+
09
1.82E+
09
1.49E+
09
2.58E+
08
2.26E+
07
9.01E+
08
3.87E+
09
5.63E+
09
2.70E+
08
2.70E+
08
2.78E+
08
2.78E+
08
2.86E+
08

8302.3
4
8302.9
9
8303.6
5
8304.3
0
8304.9
6
8305.6
2
8305.9
4
8306.2
7
8306.9
3
8307.5
8
8308.2
4
8308.9
0
8309.5
5
8309.8
8
8310.2
1

Area
(ft2)
4.42E+
08
4.48E+
08
4.55E+
08
4.61E+
08
4.67E+
08
4.75E+
08
4.79E+
08
4.83E+
08
4.90E+
08
4.98E+
08
5.06E+
08
5.13E+
08
5.20E+
08
5.24E+
08
5.28E+
08

Vol. (ft3)

h (ft)

2.90E+
08
2.90E+
08
2.98E+
08
2.98E+
08
3.06E+
08
3.11E+
08
1.53E+
08
1.59E+
08
3.21E+
08
3.21E+
08
3.31E+
08
3.36E+
08
3.36E+
08
1.72E+
08
1.74E+
08

8310.8
6
8311.1
9
8311.5
2
8311.8
5
8312.1
8
8312.5
0
8312.8
3
8313.1
6
8313.4
9
8313.8
2
8314.1
4
8314.4
7
8314.8
0

Area
(ft2)
5.35E+
08
5.39E+
08
5.42E+
08
5.46E+
08
5.49E+
08
5.53E+
08
5.56E+
08
5.60E+
08
5.63E+
08
5.67E+
08
5.70E+
08
5.74E+
08
5.77E+
08

Vol. (ft3)
3.45E+
08
1.77E+
08
1.78E+
08
1.80E+
08
1.81E+
08
1.76E+
08
1.83E+
08
1.84E+
08
1.85E+
08
1.86E+
08
1.82E+
08
1.89E+
08
1.90E+
08

Table 11. Bulk Volume for Each Reservoir Interval

Since GOC is at 8260.55 ft. Cumulative bulk volume can be estimated from Table 11
and then using the following formula to calculate gas cap size:

GC=V b (8203.288260.55)

hnet
( 1S w )
h gross

Assuming hnet = hgross and since the water saturation in this interval has a constant
value of 0.2, therefore:

GC=4.96E09 1 0.192 (10.2 )=761 MMRCF

STOIIP calculation is more complex since the water saturation within oil bearing
formation is changing and therefore it is much better to calculate the STOIIP for each
interval and then summing up all the STOIIP. The volume which needs to be calculated
is ranging from 8260.55 to 8314.80 ft which are the value for GOC and WOC
respectively.

STOIIP =V b

hnet
1
( 1Sw )
hgross
Boi

Example for Table 12 calculation, column 1 interval:

STOIIP =4.02E06 1 0.192 ( 10.2 )

1
=386,329 STB
1.6

h (ft)
8260.68
8265.60
8282.00
8298.40
8299.06
8299.71
8300.37
8301.02
8301.68
8302.34
8302.99
8303.65
8304.30
8304.96
8305.62
8305.94
8306.27
8306.93
8307.58
8308.24
8308.90
8309.55
8309.88
8310.21
8310.86
8311.19
8311.52
8311.85
8312.18
8312.50
8312.83
8313.16
8313.49
8313.82
8314.14
8314.47
8314.80

Area (ft2)
2.26E+07
9.01E+08
3.87E+09
5.63E+09
2.70E+08
2.70E+08
2.78E+08
2.78E+08
2.86E+08
2.90E+08
2.90E+08
2.98E+08
2.98E+08
3.06E+08
3.11E+08
1.53E+08
1.59E+08
3.21E+08
3.21E+08
3.31E+08
3.36E+08
3.36E+08
1.72E+08
1.74E+08
3.45E+08
1.77E+08
1.78E+08
1.80E+08
1.81E+08
1.76E+08
1.83E+08
1.84E+08
1.85E+08
1.86E+08
1.82E+08
1.89E+08
1.90E+08

Vol. (bbl)
4.02E+06
1.60E+08
6.90E+08
1.00E+09
4.81E+07
4.80E+07
4.95E+07
4.94E+07
5.09E+07
5.16E+07
5.16E+07
5.31E+07
5.30E+07
5.45E+07
5.54E+07
2.72E+07
2.82E+07
5.72E+07
5.72E+07
5.90E+07
5.99E+07
5.98E+07
3.07E+07
3.09E+07
6.15E+07
3.16E+07
3.18E+07
3.20E+07
3.22E+07
3.14E+07
3.26E+07
3.28E+07
3.30E+07
3.32E+07
3.24E+07
3.36E+07
3.38E+07

Sw
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.203
0.206
0.208
0.211
0.214
0.216
0.219
0.224
0.229
0.234
0.237
0.240
0.250
0.261
0.272
0.283
0.294
0.299
0.311
0.338
0.353
0.380
0.409
0.446
0.481
0.525
0.580
0.668
0.777
0.883
0.946
1.000

STOIIP (STB)
386,329
15,398,079
66,233,648
96,205,468
4,612,719
4,594,820
4,717,598
4,697,204
4,820,629
4,871,921
4,848,998
4,974,545
4,937,979
5,046,010
5,085,607
2,487,576
2,576,941
5,143,382
5,072,615
5,154,422
5,153,744
5,071,889
2,582,354
2,555,934
4,889,450
2,451,565
2,364,672
2,266,957
2,141,359
1,957,106
1,855,970
1,653,579
1,313,155
888,038
456,564
219,245
0

Cumu. ST OIIP (STB)

386,329
15,784,408
82,018,056
178,223,524
182,836,242
187,431,062
192,148,660
196,845,863
201,666,493
206,538,414
211,387,412
216,361,957
221,299,936
226,345,947
231,431,554
233,919,129
236,496,070
241,639,453
246,712,068
251,866,490
257,020,234
262,092,123
264,674,477
267,230,411
272,119,861
274,571,425
276,936,097
279,203,054
281,344,414
283,301,519
285,157,489
286,811,068
288,124,223
289,012,261
289,468,825
289,688,071
289,688,071

Table 12. Reservoir 2 Cumulative Oil Production

The STOIIP is the last value in the cumulative STOIIP column shown in Table 12 which
is 290 MMSTB.

(ii) Using the concept of Buckley and Leverette theory and Fractional Flow concept perform
the following tasks: [40 points]
Construct oil production rate, water production rate and water oil ratio plot with
time before and after breakthrough using a total production rate of 67,740
STB/D. [10 points]
Compute cumulative oil and water production before and after breakthrough and
plot them as a function of time. [10 points]
Calculate the recovery factors before and after breakthrough. [5 Points]
Based on relative permeability data in Table 6, the value of fw is calculated and then
plot against depth as shown below, where:

f w=

1
w k ro
1+
o k rw

Sw
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.78

krw
0.000
0.015
0.059
0.093
0.134
0.182
0.238
0.301
0.372
0.433
0.500

kro
1.000
0.266
0.052
0.019
0.006
0.002
3E-04
3E-05
9E-07
7E-09
0
Table 13. fw values for Reservoir 2

Next, Wid is calculated using the following formulas:

W id =

1
fw
Sw

( )

Whereas, Npd after is calculated as follow,

N pd=( S wLSwc ) + ( 1f wL )
where,

S wL (x)=( S w(x) + S w(x1) ) /2

fw
0.000
0.032
0.396
0.739
0.928
0.981
0.998
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

f wL=( f w( x)+ f w (x1) ) /2

Sw =S w( x)Sw (x1)
f w =f w (x)f w( x1)
The result is tabulated in Table 14 below.
Sw

fw

0.20
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.78

0.000
0.032
0.396
0.739
0.928
0.981
0.998
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000

Sw

(bt)
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04

fw

0.1890
0.0532
0.0165
0.0020
0.0002
0.0000
0.0000

Wid

S*wL

f*wL

Npd

0.264481
0.940540
3.038600
24.99524
297.7166
9636.361
1432481

0.475
0.525
0.575
0.625
0.675
0.72
0.76

0.834
0.955
0.990
0.999
1.000
1.000
1.000

0.319
0.368
0.407
0.454
0.501
0.540
0.580

Table 14. Wid and Npd values for different Sw

Figure 3. Fractional Flow Curve

From fractional flow curve in Figure 3, we can see that the

and

S wc

S w

= 0.524,

= 0.2.

Time to breakthrough can be calculated by using the following formula:

t bt =

( SwS wc ) PV
q wi Bw 365

where, injection rate equals to:

S bt

= 0.5,

q wi=qo Bo=67,740 1.6=108,384 STB/ D

PV is calculated from the summation of bulk volume in oil bearing formulas in the third
column of Table 12, multiplied by porosity. PV = 630 MMbbl.
The value of Bw is assumed to be 1, since water is highly incompressible.
Therefore,

t bt =

( 0.5240.2 ) 630E06
=5.16 years
108,384 1 365

The calculated Npd values shown in Table 14 is only valid for after breakthrough water
saturation.

Before

N pd=W id

breakthrough,

and

at

breakthrough

N pd (bt )=W id (bt) =S w S wc

From Npd values, Np can be calculated as:

N p=

N pd PV
Bo

Oil production rate can be calculated as:

q o=N p /t
Water production rate can be calculated as:

q w =q oWOR
where,

WOR=

Bo f w
Bw ( 1f w )

where, the
t
(yea
rs)
0

fw

values are interpolated from Table 13.

Wid

Npd

Np
(STB)

0.000

0.000

qo
(STB/
D)
0

fw

WO
R

qw
(STB/
D)
0

Wp
(STB)
0

qt
(STB/
D)
0

No
te

1
2
3
4
5
5.16
6
7
8
9
10

0000
0.062
7502
0.125
5004
0.188
2506
0.251
0008
0.313
7510
0.324
0000
0.376
5012
0.439
2515
0.502
0017
0.564
7519
0.627
5021

0000
0.062
7502
0.125
5004
0.188
2506
0.251
0008
0.313
7510
0.324
0000
0.327
0284
0.331
5332
0.336
0379
0.340
5426
0.345
0474

24,725,
100
49,450,
200
74,175,
300
98,900,
400
123,62
5,500
127,66
3,839
128,85
7,112
130,63
2,088
132,40
7,064
134,18
2,039
135,95
7,015

67,74
0
67,74
0
67,74
0
67,74
0
67,74
0
67,74
0
3,907
4,863
4,863
4,863
4,863

0.937
0202
0.941
9544
0.946
8887
0.951
8230
0.956
7573

23.
805
25.
965
28.
525
31.
611
35.
400

0
93,01
7
126,2
64
138,7
18
153,7
22
172,1
50

0
28,405,
826
74,492,
282
125,12
4,220
181,23
2,733
244,06
7,648

Table 15. qo, qw, WOR, Np and Wp values for Reservoir 2

67,74
0
67,74
0
67,74
0
67,74
0
67,74
0
67,74
0
96,92
4
131,1
27
143,5
81
158,5
85
177,0
13

bt

The recovery factor can be calculated as:

RF=

Before breakthrough, the ultimate recovery value is the value of N p in the year
5.16 shown in Table 15.

RF=

127,663,839
100=44.07
290E06

For after breakthrough, our AOF is limited to 81,288 STB/D which means that our
qt must not exceed this value. Therefore, this value lies between year 5.16 and
year 6 in Table 15. Simple interpolation of Np using qt = 81,288 STB/D results in,
Np = 128,217,789 STB. Therefore, RF after breakthrough:

UR
100
STOIIP

RF=

128,217,789
100=44.26
290E06

The graph of annual oil production rate, water production rate and water-oil-ratio
is plotted in Figure 4. The graph of annual cumulative produced oil and water
volume is shown in Figure 5.

Flow Rate (STB/D)

180,000

38

160,000

36

140,000

34

120,000

32

100,000

30

80,000
Oil Rate

28
WOR

Water Rate

60,000

26

40,000

24

20,000

22

Year

Figure 4. qo, qw and WOR vs Time

10

20

WOR

250,000,000

200,000,000

150,000,000

Cumulative Volume (STB)

Oil Cumu.
Vol
100,000,000

Water Cumu. Vol.

50,000,000

10

Year

1.
2.
3.
4.

Figure 5. Cumulative Produced Oil Volume (Np) and Cumulative Produced Water Volume
(Wp) vs Time

Discuss
on
the
results
obtained
highlighting
all
the
overlying
assumptions/limitation of the methods used in your work, and suggest how the
results can be improved further. [10 points]
The overlying assumptions for above calculation can be summarized below:
Water injection rate is constant at any point in the production phase.
The reservoir homogeneous properties.
Linear flow is acting on the reservoir.
Free gas saturation in the reservoir is neglected.

Discuss on any other method(s) that may be considered for improvement in oil
recovery from this reservoir with theoretical evidences. [5 points]
Theoretically, increasing surface flow rate by building bigger surface facilities can
improve the RF. In this case study for example, the abandonment year falls in the
year 6, although we can still see that the well still can produce more.
Enhanced oil recovery can also be implemented such as, CO 2 injection or
alternating water with gas injection in order to reduce fingering effect.