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PLC

PLC
Scan Cycle

Introduction

Input /
Output

Functional
Blocks

PLC

PLC
Mechanical
Design
Internal
Architecture &
Memory

Programming
Timers
Counters

INTRODUCTION

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).

INTRODUCTION

PLC is used to replace relay circuits in automated machine


control.
PLC is optimized for control tasks and industrial environment:
1)
2)
3)
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INTRODUCTION
Comparison between relay logic, solid state logic, PLC:
Relay Logic

Solid State Logic

PLC

Slower speed

Fast speed

Fast speed

Moving parts

No moving parts

No moving parts

Sparks, less safe

No sparks, safer

No sparks, safer

Slow to design

Slow to design

Fast, easy to program

Difficult to modify

Difficult to modify

Easy to modify

Need more space

Need less space

Need less space


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INTRODUCTION
Comparison between relay logic, solid state logic, PLC:

INTRODUCTION
Normally Open (NO) Normally Closed (NC) contact:

Contact

Symbol

State
De-energized

Energized

N.O.

OPEN
(Switch OFF)

CLOSED
(Switch ON)

N.C.

CLOSED
(Switch ON)

OPEN
(Switch OFF)

FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS

MECHANICAL DESIGN
Single Box

Modular / Rack Type

Complete package complete with power


supply, processor, memory and I/O units.

Consists of separate modules for power


supply, processor, memory and I/O units.

Commonly used for smaller PLC.

Commonly used for larger PLC.

Typically has up to 40 I/O points and can


store up from 300 to 1000 instructions.

Can be used for all sizes of PLC.


Various functional modules can be
plugged into a base rack to suit particular
requirements.
Easy to expand the number of I/O and
memory by just adding the modules.
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MECHANICAL DESIGN
PLC Programmer
Hand-held

PC

Legacy way to program legacy PLC.

Current way to program latest PLC.

Consists of small keyboard and LCD


display.

Computer with appropriate PLC


software and communication cable.

Program is written on paper, before


downloaded into the PLC.

Program is written directly on PC,


before downloaded into the PLC.
Program can be saved and
transferred easily.

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INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE

Data bus, address bus, control bus.


Types of memory.
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SCAN CYCLE

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SCAN CYCLE
Scan Cycle
Input Scan

The current status of every input module is stored in the


Input Image Table, bringing it up to date.
The input scan is fast, the elapsed time depends on the
number of input modules, CPU clock speed and other
CPU technical features.

Program Scan

Stating from the program first rung till the last rung.
The processor continuously keep the Output Image
Table up to date.
The execution time depends on the program length,
complexity of the instructions and CPU technical
features.

Output Scan

Transfer the entire Output Image Table to output


modules.
The output scan is fast, similar to the input scan.
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INPUT OUTPUT
Input/Output unit
provides the interface
between input devices
(sensors, switches, push
buttons), output devices
(motors, solenoids) and
CPU.
Provides signal
conditioning and isolation
functions.
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INPUT OUTPUT

Optoisolator.
Provides electrical isolation from the external world.
How it works?
Enable a wide range of input voltages 5Vdc, 24Vdc.
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INPUT OUTPUT

DC input circuit.
Provides electrical isolation from the external
world.
Converts incoming 5Vdc, 24Vdc to 5Vdc for CPU.
How it works?
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INPUT OUTPUT

AC input circuit.
Provides electrical isolation from the external world.
Converts incoming 110Vac, 240Vac to 5Vdc for CPU.
How it works?

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INPUT OUTPUT
Output Modules
Relay Type

Transistor Type

Triac Type

Can switch large current

Can switch small current

Can switch small current

Slower switching action

Faster switching action

Faster switching action

For DC and AC switching

For DC switching only

For AC switching only

Provides mechanical
isolation

Fuse protection for over


current and reverse
voltage polarity

Fuse protection for over


current

Output voltages: 24Vdc 100mA, 110Vac 1A, 240Vac 1A, 240Vac 2A


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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Programming Languages
LAD Ladder Diagram

FBD Functional Block Diagram

STL Statement Text Language

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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Programming
Languages

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

LAD

FBD

STL

LD I40.0
OR Q43.1
ANI I40.1
OUT
END

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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Latching.
A program to hold an
output energized, even
when the input condition is
removed.
START
I40.0

STOP
I40.1

Q43.0

Q43.0

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TIMERS
Timers.
A program used to control timing
operation.

Example applications.
, , ,

Types of timers.
Pulse timer.
On-delay timer.
Off-delay timer.

How timer operates?


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TIMERS
Types of timers:

Timer operation:

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TIMERS
Application:

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COUNTERS
Counters.
A counter allows a number of
occurrences of input signals to be
counted.

Example applications.
, , ,

Types of counters.
Down-counter.
Up-counter.

How counter operates?


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COUNTERS

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COUNTERS
Application:

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THANK YOU

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