B GIAO DC AO TO

--ooOoo--TRNG I HC NNG LM

K THUT TRNG NM

LE DUY
DUY THNG
THNG
LE
2010

NM L G ?

1. Nm khong phi thc vt

- Khng c kh nng quang hp.
- Vch t bo bng chitin v glucan
(thay v cellulose).
- ng d tr l glycogen (thay
v tinh bt).

?! X
X

2. Nm cng khng phi l dng vt

- Ly dinh dng qua si nm nh
r cy.
- Sinh sn bng kiu to bo t
(hu tnh v v tnh).

V vy, nm c xp vo mt gii ring gi l gii nm (MYCOTA).

NAM TRONG THE GII SINH VT

Nam gii sinh vt (theo Robert H. Whittaker,1969)

Gii

Gii

Gii

Gii

Gii

KHI SINH

NGUYEN SINH

THC VAT

ONG VAT

NAM

(MONERA)

(PROTISTA)

(PLANTAE)

(ANIMALIA)

(MYCOTA)

Vi khun

Tao

TV bac thap

V co xng

Nam ln

Xa khuan

Nguyen sinh V

TV bac cao

V khong

Nam nho

Nam nhay

xng

AC IEM CHUNG CUA NAM

* Cau tao dang si va sinh bao t
* Phan ra:
- Nam men
- Nam moc (vi nam)
- Nam ln

* Nam ln cho tai nam hay qua the

co kch thc ln,

NHNG TAI NAM KHONG LO

Chu M

Chu u

NHNG TAI NAM KHONG LO

Chu

Chu Phi

Nam ln co ba loai:

- Nam an c va an ngon: nam an

- Nam khong an c hoac an khong
ngon (bao gom nhieu nam dc lieu)
- Nam oc: nam co cha hoac sinh oc to

NM N C V N NGON

Agaricus bisporus
(nm m)

n ngon

Amanita caesarea
(nm x-da)

NM KHNG N C
HAY N KHNG NGON

Schizophyllum commun
(nm chn chim)

Phellinus sp.
(nm thng hong)

NM C

Amanita muscaria
(nm ruoi)

Amanita pantherina
(nm beo)

NAM THC DC PHAM QU

NAM GIA TR NH MOT THC DC PHAM

I. GIA TR DINH DNG

Nam la mot thc pham do cha ay u thanh phan,

nh ng, am, khoang, vitamin

am cua nam khong cao hn tht, nhng chu yeu la

acid amin can thiet cho con ngi.
Nam cha nhieu vitamin, nh B, A, C, D, E, K... Nhat la
vitamin B, ch can an 3g nam u lng Vit B12 cho 1
ngi trong 1 ngay.
Nam giau khoang, nen giup tang sc e khang cua c
the.

II. GIA TR DC TNH

1. Nam cung cap nang lng thap, thch hp cho nhng ngi
an kieng
2. Nhieu loai nam co dc tnh qu nh:
* Nam meo: cha l, tao bon, rong huyet va giai oc gan.
* Nam bao ng: cha chat pleurotin (khang sinh), retin
(khang ung th) ac. folic (chong thieu mau)
* Nam rm: co cha volvatoxin A1 va A2 (tr tim, c che te
bao ung th)

3. Vach te bao nam co cha chat glucan phc hp vi mot

loai protein co kha nang c che s phat trien cua te bao ung
th.

Biu d 1: Sn lng nm an trn th gii t 1975- 2003

12000

San lng (x1000 tan/ nam)

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

1975

1979

1986

1991

1997

2003

ONG TRUNG HA THAO (NAM KY SINH)

NAM CONG SINH RE CAY RNG

Nam cuc
gia 400 USD/ kg

Nam thong
gia 500 USD/ kg

S dung heo tm nam cuc

Nam cuc trang (1,5kg) gia 330.000 USD

NAM VA NUOI TRONG NAM

AC IEM CAU TAO SI NAM

c dim chung cua nm ln: cu to si va cho tai nam

kch thc ln
Si nm
- Hnh ng, co vach ngan
- Si nm phat trin chia thanh nhiu nhanh chnh va
nhanh con
- Co hai dng si:
Si s cp: sinh ra t bao t, t bao co mt nhan
Si th cp: phi hp hai si s cp, t bao co hai nhan
- Si nm tang trng bang cach keo dai t du ngn cua
si

AC IEM SINH LY VA DINH DNG

Ho hp: cn Oxy v thi CO2

Sinh sn nhanh bng bo t nm

Ly thc an qua si nm

O2
O
2

CO
CO2 2

DINH DNG NAM

* Dinh dng chu yeu cua nam la:
- Chat ng (carbon): glucose t tinh bot hay chat x
- Chat am (nit): bap, au hay ure, DAP hoac phan chuong
- Chat khoang : tro rm, tro trau
* Nam lay thc an t c the sinh vat khac (d dung)
- C the chet = nam hoai sinh
- C the song = nam ky sinh hoac nam cong sinh

Cac giai oan phat trien cua tai nam

CU TRC TH TNG

CAU TRUC AM

Nam rm Nam m Nam meo Nam tuyet

Qua trnh tao am

Cac kieu am
a va b: ong am (2-4 bao t)
c : D am (chia ngang)
d : D am (chia doc)

S SINH SAN HU TNH CUA NAM NANG

VAI DANG NAM THUOC NANG KHUAN

Nam nao

Nam cuc (Truffles hay Tuber)

S SINH SAN HU TNH NAM AM

VAI DANG NAM THUOC AM KHUAN

Nam rm

Nam thong

(Volvariella volvacea )

(Tricholoma matsutake)

VAI DANG NAM THUOC AM KHUAN

Nam mang tre

(Dictyophora duplicata)

Nam linh chi trang

(Ganoderma sp.)

VAI DANG NAM THUOC AM KHUAN

Nam hau thu

Nam tuyet

(Hericium erinaceus)

(Tremella fuciformis )

Nguyen sinh
phoi

Si nam
n boi

2N

Giam
phan
am con non ch
cha nhan lng boi

Qua the nam

N+N
Nhan hp
nhat trong
am

NAM GIAI PHAP NONG SINH HOC TRONG TAN

DUNG PHE LIEU NONG LAM NGHIEP
Nang lng mat tri
Cay trong
San pham
Cac giai phap khac
Rac

ot

Len men

Co th
to dch

Khoi
Nhit

Kh thi
Nuc thi
Nhit

Mn

Tro

Phn bon

Phe phu lieu

Giai phap trong nam
Trong nam
Nam an

Phe lieu
Nuoi trn

Trn dt
Chan nuoi

Phn bon
Ci to dt

Cy trng

CC NHM NM NUI TRNG

Nm rm
Nm mo
Nm gan b
Nm bo ng
Nm linh chi
Nm mi
Nm hu th
Nm vn chi
Nm thng
Nm m
Nm chn chim
Nm phc linh
Nm ng c
Nm thng hong
Nm thi dng
NM N

Nm ngc bch

NM DC LIU

NM CNG SINH

Nm tr tn

Nm trn chu

NM PHT QUANG

AC IEM VAI LOAI NAM TRONG PHO BIEN

(Theo th t t de en kho dan)

So
TT

Ten nam
La tinh

Viet Nam

Kieu

C chat

song

chnh

Nhiet o san xuat (oC)

20

20-26

26

Pleurotus

Bao ng

Go, mat ca,

chat x

Lentinus

ong co

Go, mat ca

Auricularia

Nam meo

Hoai

Go, mat ca

Tremella

Tuyet nh

sinh

Go, mat ca

Pholiota

Tran chau

Go, mat ca

Flamulina

Kim cham

Go, mat ca

Volvariella

Nam rm

Rm ra, chat x

Agaricus

Nam m

Rm ra+ phan

x
x

Sinh hoc nam trong

KHOA HOC TRONG NAM

Kiem soat ieu kien

nuoi trong

Che bien nguyen lieu

CAC YEU TO CAN CHO TRONG NAM

I. Meo giong tot
II. Che bien nguyen lieu thch hp
III.Vo trung trong x ly nguyen lieu va san xuat
IV.Cham soc

V. Benh trong trong nam

I. MEO GIONG NAM

MEO GIONG NAM

- Nuoi trong nam can co meo giong nam va
phai la meo giong tot.
- Meo giong nam phai am bao s on nh
va hieu qua cho san xuat.
- Meo giong hien nay pho bien san xuat theo
kieu nhan giong vo tnh va thuan khiet.

Quy trnh 1: meo ging nm

Ging gc
Kim tra, sng lc

Nhn ging
Qua cc cp: 1, 2, 3

Meo ging

CAC GIAI OAN NHAN GIONG

NAM
Giong goc

Meo thach

Meo cap 1

Meo hat

Meo cap 2

Meo cong

Meo gia moi

Meo cap 3

CC DNG MEO GING NM TH TRNG

Meo thach

meo lua

Meo gia moi

B PHN NUI MEO GING NM

H thng bng ti chuyn meo ging

Phng nui meo ging

PHA CHE MOI TRNG DINH DNG

1.

Nguyen tac

Moi trng dung nuoi cay nam, am bao cung cap ay u

dinh dng can thiet va khong lam thay oi ac tnh cua nam.
2. Phan loai

Da theo ac iem va tnh chat

- Moi trng t nhien, tong hp va ban tong hp
- Moi trng ran, long va ban long
- Moi trng thach nghieng va thach sau
Da theo chc nang
- Moi trng phan lap, nhan giong , chon loc, kiem tra hoat tnh
3. Cach pha che
- Nc chiet
- Agar
- Hoa chat

Bo sung cho u nc

Kiem tra pH

Chia vao dung cu cha

Kh trung

NC CHIET
1. Muc ch

Bo sung nhng thc an t nhien cho nam

2. Cac loai nc chiet
- Nc chiet tht (tht heo, tht bo)
- Nc chiet rau cu, au, lua, cam
- Nc chiet nam (nam men hoac nam an)
- Nc chiet at
3. Mot vai lu y khi lam nc chiet
- Chiet c toi a thanh phan dinh dng trong nguyen lieu.
- Khong lam chay khet, h hong noi dung ben trong.
- Khong lam bien oi thanh phan hoa, ly hay co chat oc hai
(nh thuoc tr sau)

I. Moi trng phan lap

PGA (Khoai tay Glucose Agar) hoac PDA (Khoai

tay Dextrose Agar), hai moi trng nay la mot.
Cong thc nh sau:
Khoai tay
Glucose hay Dextrose
Agar
Nc cat hoac nc may u

200g
20g
20g
1 lt

pH = 6,5. Kh trung 121oC/ 30 phut

Cach pha che moi trng dinh dng

Khoai tay, ca rot
cac dang cu

Got vo
Ra
Cat lat

Nam rm
Nam khac

au
Lua nay mam

Ra
Cat mieng

Cam

Ra
Loai hat lep

+ Nc
Nc chiet
+ Thach
Nau cho tan
+ Hoa chat
Quay tan eu
+ Glucose
Chia vao cac ong nghiem (3-4 ml)
Ong thach
Kh trung 121 oC /30 phut
at nghieng
Thach nghieng
e 24 gi va kiem tra nhiem

PHA CHE MOI TRNG PGA

CONG THC MOI TRNG PGA

Khoai tay
200g
Glucose
20g
Agar
20g
Nc cat u
1.000ml
pH = 6- 6,5
Kh trung 121oC/ 40 phut

Got vo va can khoai tay

Nau lay nc chiet

BO SUNG DINH DNG

Can ng (glucose)

Can agar

KIEM TRA NC VA PH

Kiem tra lai lng nc cua cong thc

CHIA VAO DUNG CU CHA VA KH TRUNG

Chia vao lo

Kh trung 121oC/ 40 phut

Ong nghim thch nghieng

PHAN LAP GIONG

Chuan b
- Moi trng dinh dng
- Mau nam phan lap
- Ni lam viec
Thc hanh phan lap nam

GIONG BAN AU
NGUON:

Nhap

Mua

Phan lap

Nhan giong
Gi giong

San xuat

CAU TAO CUA NAM

H si nm
(C quan dinh dng)

Qu th nm
(C quan sinh san)

CHUAN B GIONG BAN AU

II. Phan lap giong nam

1. Chon mau nam
- Mau ien hnh
- Khong sau benh, t vet
- Khong t nc
2. Ve sinh mau nam
- Got bo goc
- Ve sinh mat ngoai
- Ra Chlorin
3. Tach e lo phan tht nam ben trong
- Nam dang tht
- Nam dang phien
- Nam hoa go

Cat e tach oi tai nam

Tach oi tai nam

CAT OI TAI NAM

Tach mo tht nam

Lay mo tht nam ra khoi tai nam

at ong nghiem nam ngang

KIEM TRA KET QUA PHAN LAP

NGAY
CAY
1 ngay

2-3 ngay

HIEN TNG
- Nhieu om hoac vet loang

NGUYEN NHAN

- Tht nam tham en

- Nhiem trung (do kh trung, mau vat

hoac thao tac cay)
- Dao cay nong qua

- Moi trng co nhieu om

nho hnh tia ra xung quanh

- Nhiem moc (do thao tac cay va phong

cay khong sach)

- Tht nam co t xam moc

thang ng

- Nhiem moc xam (do thao tac cay)

3-5 ngay

- Tht nam co t lun phun bao - T nam ang phat trien

kn hoac bam xuong thach
- T co cum, chay nc uc,
- T yeu hoac nhiem
tao sac to

6-10 ngay

- T lan eu, day

- T roi bong hoac kh sinh
(moc ng)
- T bac thang (cho day, cho
mong)

- T tot
- T xau
- T yeu, thch nghi kem

CAC NGUYEN NHAN NHIEM TAP

HIEN TNG
NHIEM
Nhiem hang loat

NGUYEN NHAN
- Kh trung khong at
- Giong goc b nhiem

HNG KHAC PHUC

- Xem lai thi gian va nhiet o kh trung
- Xem lai viec x ly nguyen lieu: kch
thc, o am...
- Kiem tra ky giong goc trc khi cay

Nhiem vi t le cao - Phong cay khong an toan

- Nut bong b t

- Xem lai ve sinh va che chan gio

- Nen s dung giay bt au.
- Khi m noi hap, nen ch 10-15 phut, cho
hi nong say kho nut
- Nen dung nut nha hoac oi nut bong
khac
- Thao tac cay cha tot
- Xem lai cach cay, khong th manh,
khong noi chuyen, khi m nut bong
- Giong goc b nhiem mot phan - Kiem tra ky giong goc trc khi cay.

Co nhiem
(t le khong cao)

- Phong cay khong kn gio

- Thao tac cay cha tot
- Nut bong b t (nhng
khong ong loat)
- Ni u khong ve sinh

- Xem lai viec che chan

- Can than trong luc cay giong
- Lam nh cach hng dan tren
- Xem lai ni u giong

MOI TRNG LAM MEO THACH

Moi trng Chang ay u

Moi trng Agaricus

Moi trng Raper

Pepton
2g
Cao nam men
KH2PO4
0,46g
Pepton
K2HPO4
1g
KH2PO4
MgSO4 .7H2O 0,5g
K2HPO4
Glucose
20g
MgSO4 .7H2O
Agar
20g
Glucose
Thiamin (Vit B1) 0,5mg
Agar
Nc cat u
1 lt
Nc cat u
pH = 6,5.
pH = 6,5.
Kh trung 121oC / 30 phut. Kh trung 121oC

2g
2g
0,46g
1g
0,5g
20g
20g
1 lt

Khoai tay
Pepton
Na2HPO4
MgSO4 .7H2O
Glucose
Agar
Nc cat u

200g
2g
2g
0,5g
20g
20g
1 lt

pH = 6,5.
/ 30 phut. Kh trung 121oC / 30 phut.

Thao tac cy chuyn ging

QUI TRNH CHE BIEN MOI TRNG HAT

Lua

Gao
Ra
Loai hat lep
(u nay mam)
(Ra)

au

Ra
Vo
Nau chn

Loai hat lep

Nau chn

Bo bo
Them t nc

Chai hat (ong hat)

Kh trung 121 oC /1 gi 30
Cay giong

LAM MEO LUA

QUI TRNH MOI TRNG CONG

Rm ra

Be chuoi

Cat khuc
6- 8cm
Bo 3-4 cong

Than cay
bap

Cat khuc
5- 6cm

Than cay
au

Cat khuc
10- 12cm
Che oi

Than cay
khoai m

chat khuc
6- 8cm
Che 2-4

Ca khuc
10-12cm
Che nho

Phi kho
Ngam voi 0,5%, 48 gi
Vt ra- ra sach
Lam rao nc
Ao cam gao hoac cam bap
Chai cong hoac tui cong
Kh trung 121 oC/ 2gi
Cay giong *

Than go
mem
Ca khuc
12-14cm

LAM CONG M

LAM MEO CONG M

NUOI U MEO CONG

QUI TRNH CHE BIEN MOI TRNG GIA MOI

Rm ra

Trau

Chat khuc
(2-3cm)
Ngam voi 1%
36 gi
Ra
Vat rao
Them dinh dng
(lua nat,cam,tam)

Mat s da

Ngam voi 0,5%

36 gi
Ra
e rao
Them dinh dng
(cam, bap)

Mat ca go

Tron nc voi 1%
U ong 24gi
Them dinh dng
(tam, cam, bap)

Tui c chat
Kh trung 121 oC/ 2 gi
Cay giong*

Tron nc voi 1%
U ong 24- 48gi
Them dinh dng
(cam, hoa chat)

May cat rm (VN)

May cat rm (TQ)

CAC CONG OAN LAM MEO NAM RM

Vt rm ngam
May ep rm

LAM MEO NAM RM

Bo sung dinh dng

Vo tui meo rm

Noi kh trung

V hap bch rm

Cay giong vi phong cach ly

ANH GIA CHAT LNG GIONG

GIONG TOT

GIONG XAU

- T nam day va trang eu tren - B nhiem tap: nguyen lieu nhay

cac loai c chat moi giai oan nht, co mau uc sa (nhiem
(thach, lua, cong, gia moi).
trung); co mau sac la (nam moc).
- T moc tha, cuon hoac roi
bong.
- T nhat mau thanh tng mang
tren bch meo giong.
- T c gi ni mat trong suot
thi gian tang trng
- T con trang, moi trng cha
kho.

- T e ni nong va co nang
chieu. T chay nc vang.
- Moi trng b kho, t nam b co
lai, nam sat mat thach

KIEM TRA HOAT TNH GIONG

MOI TRNG KIEM TRA HOAT TNH

Moi trng Czapek Dox

Tinh bot
(*)
10 g
Glucose
5g
NaNO3
3,5 g
K2HPO4
1,5 g
MgSO4.7 H2O
0,5 g
KCl
0,5 g
FeSO4.7H2O
vet
Agar
20 g
Nc u
1000 ml
pH = 6,5
Kh trung 121oC/ 30-40 phut

Moi trng PGA

Tinh bot (*)
Khoai tay
Glucose
Agar
Nc cat u

10 g
200 g
5g
20 g
1000ml

pH = 6,5
Kh trung 121oC/ 30-40 phut

(*) CMC : Carboxyl Metyl Cellulose

HIEN TNG NHIEM TRUNG

HIEN TNG NHIEM MOC

NHIEM MOC NUT BONG

HIEN TNG NHIEM MOC

HIEN TNG CHAY NC VANG

HIEN TNG LAO HOA

S THOAI HOA GIONG

I. HIEN TNG

Meo giong van trang tot, nhng khi nuoi cay:

- T moc tha, t bam vao c chat nuoi trong (gia the)
- Nam ra nho, tha, de b benh va nang suat kem
II. NGUYEN NHAN
T nam mat kha nang phan huy c chat, do he men (enzym) thuy giai
khong hoat ong, co the do:
- Cay chuyen nhieu lan tren moi trng thach vi glucose
- Gi giong qua lau, nhng khong hoat hoa trc khi s dung
III. CACH KHAC PHUC
- Khong cay chuyen giong qua nhieu lan.
- Hoat hoa giong e phuc hoi
- Phan lap lai giong khac

BAO QUAN GIONG NAM

I. NGUYEN TAC
Keo dai thi gian s dung giong ma khong phai phan lap hoac tm
giong mi.
II. CAC PHNG PHAP

- Gi giong tren thach

- Gi giong tren hat
- Gi giong tren cat
- Gi ong kho
III. PHUC HOI GIONG BAO QUAN
- Hoat hoa giong e phuc hoi
- Kiem tra hoat tnh he men thuy giai (amylase, cellulase)
- Nuoi trong th e kiem tra hoac phan lap lai

BAO QUAN GIONG TREN THACH

- Cay nam len moi trng thach trong ong
nghiem co nut xop (chuyen dung) ch t
an ay, roi bao quan nhiet o 20oC.
Thi gian bao quan: 5-6 thang
- Neu khong co nut xop ma phai ay bang
bong gon, th nen dung sap (paraffin) phu
len mat nut bong day khoang 1-2 mm, bao Paraffin
quan nhiet o 20oC.
Thi gian bao quan: 2-3 thang
- Khi t lan ay mat thach, dung paraffin
long (gi giong) phu len mat thach, bao
quan nhiet o 20oC.
Thi gian bao quan: 1-2 nam

Thach

BAO QUAN GIONG TREN HAT

Chuan b lua
- Lua ra sach, nau cho nt nanh.
- e nguoi, o ra ro cho rao bt nc.
- Cho vao ong nghiem sach, ay len
mat cac hat lua bang mot mieng gon
co tam nc nau lua.
- ay nut va em kh trung 10 pound
hay 121oC/ 2 gi.
- Ch nguoi cay giong vao, u cho t
nam moc ay. Gi 20oC.
* Thi gian bao quan: 5-6 thang.

Lua

Bong

BAO QUAN GIONG TREN CAT

- Cat ngam vi acid HCl hoac H2SO4 am
ac trong 2 gi.
- Ra di voi nc chay cho en khi sach
acid (kiem tra pH).
- Say hoac phi kho.
- San lay nhng hat ng knh t 0,5- 1
mm cho vao ong nghiem (di ay a lot
mot lp bong).
- Phu len cat mot lp bong mong.
- S dung nc nau lua va ng (2%) nho
len mat bong cho ngam eu lp cat, ch
ngng lai khi nc nau lua tham en lp
bong ben di.
- Kh trung 121oC/ 2 gi. e nguoi,
- Cay giong nam rm va u cho en khi t
an ay ong nghiem (t i en au tao bao
t en o). Bao quan 20oC.
* Thi gian bao quan: tren 2 nam.

Cat

Bong

BAO QUAN GIONG ONG KHO

- oi hoi phai co thiet b ong kho
- T nam nuoi cay long e tao sinh khoi
- a vao cap ong -40oC
- Say trong ieu kien chan khong.
- Bao quan mau trong ong thuy tinh han
kn
* Thi gian bao quan c rat lau
May ong kho

II. CHE BIEN NGUYEN LIEU

TRONG NAM

CAC BC TRONG CHE BIEN NGUYEN LIEU

TRONG NAM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Gim kch thc (ct nh, xay nghin)

To m (nc, nc vi)
Phn hy c cht (x l vi, ng, nh ti)
B sung dinh dng (cn chnh C/N, thm khong)
ng khi (khun, khay, bao)
X l nhit (c hoc khng)

Mat ca

Ba ma
NGUYEN LIEU TRONG NAM

Rm ra

LAM AM NGUYEN LIEU

1% rm ra
X ly nc voi 1% mt ca ti

2% luc bnh
o am nguyen lieu cho:
- Nam rm

40 70%

- Nam meo

40 60%

- Nam bao ng

30 50%

- Nam linh chi

40 60%

Voi (CaO) Ca(OH)2

Thach cao (Ca SO4)
Bot nhe (CaCO3)

S PHA N PHOI NHIET O TRONG ONG U

55oC

80oC
60oC
45oC

u iem
- Nc ngm u
- X khun ln men
- Nhiet o cao dit khun

May anh ti rm 1tan/ gi

LAM Ti RM

NHU CAU C/N CUA MOT VAI LOAI NAM TRONG VIET NAM
LOAI NAM

T SO C/ N THCH HP

Nam rm

40 - 60

Nam meo

35

Nam bao ng

20 - 30

Nam ong co

20 - 25

Nam m

17 - 18

T LE C/N CUA VAI LOAI NGUYEN LIEU DUNG TRONG TRONG NAM
(g/ 100g chat kho)

THANH PHAN
PHAN TCH

Mat ca
cao su

Rm ra

Ba ma

Cui bap

Mun da

Carbon tong so

43,512

48,964

49,190

52,450

46,090

Nit tong so

0,772

0,646

0,690

1,368

0,560

T le C/ N

56,362

75,796

71,289

38,340

82.303

BO SUNG DINH DNG

am

am hu c : cam gao, bot bap

am vo c (phan bon) : ure, DAP, SA..
Phan chuong : phan ga, bo, phan trun at

Khoang Tro, hoa chat (Mg, Mn..)

NEN KHUON

GOI RM TRONG NAM

ONG TUI

ong bch mat ca bang tui PP hoac PE

MAY ONG BCH PHOI

VO LO TRONG NAM

Cho mat ca vao lo

Soi lo cay giong

III. VO TRUNG TRONG

SAN XUAT NAM

VO TRUNG TRONG LAM NAM

1. V trng mi trng nuoi cay nam

- X ly nc voi (pp hoa hoc)

- U ong phan ra bang vi sinh vat (pp sinh hoc)
- S dung hi nc diet khuan (pp vat ly)
2. V trng ni lm vic
- Chn a im
- V sinh ni lm vic
- Hn ch tc nhn gy nhim
3. V trng thao tc

- V sinh dng c
- V sinh mu vt
- Thao tc an ton

PHNG PHAP VAT LY

1. Tia X, tia t ngoi (UV)
2. Nhit: nhit m v nhit kh
3. Sng vi ba: l vi sng

4. Lc: lc bi v dung dch

HI NC CO AP SUAT

Noi hap ap suat (Autoclave)

Noi hap ap suat (Autoclave) phong th nghiem

Cach xep bch vao noi hap ap suat

(autoclave) e kh trung

KH TRUNG MOI TRNG

I. MUC CH
Nham diet cac mam nhiem co trong moi trng dinh dng.
II. DUNG CU KH TRUNG
Noi hap ap suat (autoclave)

c vn

Np
ni

ng h p sut
Van an ton

Bung hp
Phu chm nc
Mc chm nc
Van x nc

Van x
hi

III. CACH TIEN HANH

- Cham nc
- Xep dung cu vao noi (hoac vao thung hay gio)
- ong nap
- Nang nhiet
- Xa hi e uoi khong kh (khi at 0,5 atm hay 0,5 kgf/cm2)
- Tiep tuc nang nhiet cho en nhiet o can kh trung la 121oC(1 atm
hay 1 kgf/ cm2)
- Gi on nh nhiet o tren en khi het thi gian kh trung.
- Tat ien hoac nguon cung cap nhiet.
- e cho ap suat trong noi tr ve khong hoac xa hi that cham
- M nap noi.
- e 10 15 phut (cho say kho giap goi hoac nut bong)

NOI HAP KH TRUNG GIONG

Noi hap ap suat cong nghiep

Lo kh trung bch phoi bang sat

HI NC KHONG AP SUAT

Kh trung bch phoi bang thung phuy

Lo kh trung bch phoi bang ong cong xi mang

Kh trung bch phoi bang tu s dung chao un

He thong kh trung vi lo hi

Noi sup-de cung cap hi nc (1 tan hi/ gi)

Kh trung bch phoi bang tu co he thong cung cap hi

Thao tac cay chuyen

Cay giong bang phong cach ly

TU CAY VO TRUNG

T cy thi (hotte laminar)

T cy (box)

Thao tac cay trong tu hotte

HE THONG CAY GIONG T ONG

Cay giong bang may cay t ong

PHNG PHAP HOA HOC

1. Ty u v v sinh phng c: phenol, formol, javel, lu hunh,
vi
2. St trng da: ru, cn, iod, x bng, oxy gi, phm mu
3. Dit khun:
Kim loi nng: thy ngn (HgCl2), ng (CuSO4), bc
(AgNO3)

Khng sinh: penicillin, cloramphenicol, mycostatin

Nng dc: dit nm (Zineb); dit khun (Valinomycin)
4. St trng mu vt: clorin (Hypoclorit Ca)

PHNG PHAP SINH HOC

1. c ch sinh l vi sinh vt: pH, nhit .

2. S dng x khun hoc vi khun

ANH HNG pH LEN VI SINH VAT

VI KHUAN

pH

NAM MOC

10 11 12 13 14
NAM AN