Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYLAWS
I.INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTSINGENERAL
A.INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS
A:
1. CopyrightandRelatedRights
2. Mark(trade,serviceandcollective)
3. Geographicindications
4. Industrialdesigns
5. Patents
6. Layout designs (Topographies) of
IntegratedCircuits
7. Protection of Undisclosed Information.
(Sec. 4.1, Intellectual Property Code
[IPC])
B.DIFFERENCESBETWEENCOPYRIGHTS
TRADEMARKSANDPATENT
A:
INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTIES
Trademark
Tradename
Copyright
Patentable
Inventions
DEFINITION
Anyvisiblesigncapableof
distinguishingthegoods
(trademark)orservices(service
mark)ofanenterpriseandshall
includeastampedormarked
containerofgoods.
Thenameordesignation
identifyingordistinguishingan
enterprise.
Literaryandartisticworkswhich
areoriginalintellectualcreations
intheliteraryandartisticdomain
protectedfromthemomentof
theircreation.
Anytechnicalsolutionofa
probleminanyfieldofhuman
activitywhichisnew,involvesan
inventivestepandisindustrially
applicable.(Khov.CA,G.R.No.
115758,Mar.11,2002).
Q:Whatisageographicindication?
204
C.TECHNOLOGYTRANSFERARRANGEMENTS
Q:Whatisatechnologytransferarrangement?
Q:Whatisundisclosedinformation?
A:Itisaninformationwhich:
1. Isasecretinthesensethatitisnot,asa
body or in precise configuration and
assembly of components, generally
known among, or readily accessible to
personswithinthecirclesthatnormally
deal with the kind of information in
question.
3. Hasbeensubjectedtoreasonablesteps
underthecircumstances,bytheperson
lawfullyincontroloftheinformation,to
keep it a secret. (Article 39, TRIPS
Agreement)
A:Thosetradesecretsareofaprivilegednature.
The protection of industrial property encourages
investments in new ideas and inventions and
stimulates creative efforts for the satisfaction of
humanneeds.Itspeedsuptransferoftechnology
and industrialization, and thereby bring about
social and economic progress. Verily, the
protection of industrial secrets is inextricably
linked to the advancement of our economy and
fosters healthy competition in trade. (Air
PhilippinesCorporationv.Pennswell,Inc.,G.R.No.
172835,Dec.13,2007)
II.PATENTS
Q:Whatisapatent?
A:Astatutorygrantwhichconferstoaninventor
orhislegalsuccessor,inreturnforthedisclosure
of the invention to the public, the right for a
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
A.PATENTABLEINVENTIONS
Q:Whatarethepatentableinventions?
A:Anytechnicalsolutionofaprobleminanyfield
of human activity which is new, involves an
inventivestepandisindustriallyapplicable.Itmay
be,ormayrelateto,aproduct,orprocess,oran
improvementofanyoftheforegoing.(Sec.21)
Q:Whataretheconditionsforpatentability?
A:NIA
1. Novelty An invention shall not be
considered new if it forms part of a
priorart.(Sec.23,IPC)
Q:Whatispriorart?
A:
1. Everything which has been made
available to the public anywhere in the
world, before the filing date or the
prioritydateoftheapplicationclaiming
theinvention
A:Tobemadeavailabletothepublicmeansat
leastonememberofthepublichasbeenableto
access knowledge of the invention without any
restriction on passing that knowledge on to
others.
1. Theinventor;
2. Apatentofficeandtheinformationwas
contained:
a. In another application filed by the
inventorandshouldhavenothave
beendisclosedbytheoffice,or
b. In an application filed without the
knowledge or consent of the
inventor by a third party which
obtained the information directly
orindirectlyfromtheinventor;
Q:Whatisinventivestep?
A:
GR:Aninventioninvolvesaninventivestepif,
havingregardtopriorart,itisnotobviousto
a person skilled in the art at the time of the
filing date or priority date of the application
claimingtheinvention.(Sec.26,IPC)
XPN:Inthecaseofdrugsandmedicines,there
is no inventive step if the invention results
fromthemerediscoveryofanewformornew
propertyofaknownsubstancewhichdoesnot
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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205
Q:Whatisthetestofnonobviousness?
A:Ifanypersonpossessingordinaryskillintheart
was able to draw the inferences and he
constructsthatthesupposedinventordrewfrom
priorart,thenthelatterdidnotreallyinvent.
Q:Whoisconsideredapersonofordinaryskill?
A:Apersonwhoispresumedto:
1. Be an ordinary practitioner aware of
what was common general knowledge
intheartattherelevantdate.
2. Have knowledge of all references that
are sufficiently related to one another
and to the pertinent art and to have
knowledge of all arts reasonably
pertinent to the particular problems
withwhichtheinventorwasinvolved.
3. Have had at his disposal the normal
means and capacity for routine work
and experimentation. (Rules and
RegulationsonInventions,Rule207)
A:
1. Industrial design Any composition of
linesorcolorsoranythreedimensional
form, whether or not associated with
lines or colors. Provided that such
composition or form gives a special
appearancetoandcanserveaspattern
for an industrial product or handicraft.
(Sec.112,IPC)
Note:Generallyspeaking,anindustrialdesignisthe
ornamental or aesthetic aspect of a useful article.
(Vicente
Amador,
Intellectual
Property
Fundamentals,2007)
2.
IntegratedcircuitAproduct,initsfinal
form,oranintermediateform,inwhich
theelements,atleastoneofwhichisan
active elements and some of all of the
interconnections are integrally formed
inandoronapieceofmaterial,andin
which is intended to perform an
electronicfunction.
3.
206
4.
A:Ifitisnewandindustriallyapplicable.Amodel
of implement or tools of any industrial product
even if not possessed of the quality of invention
butwhichisofpracticalutility.(Sec.109.1,IPC)
Q:Whatisthetermofautilitymodel?
B.NONPATENTABLEINVENTIONS
Q:Whatarenotpatentableinventions?
A:PADSCAD
4. Methodsfortreatmentofthehumanor
Animalbody
6. Aestheticcreations
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
Q:Arecomputerprogramspatentable?
A:
GR: Computer programs are not patentable
butarecopyrightable.
C.OWNERSHIPOFAPATENT
Q:Whoisentitledtoapatent?
A:
1. Inventor,hisheirs,orassigns.
Q:Whatisthefirsttofilerule?
A:
1. If two (2) or more persons have made
the
invention
separately
and
independently of each other, the right
2.
tothepatentshallbelongtotheperson
who filed an application for such
invention,or
Where two or more applications are
filed for the same invention, to the
applicant whi has the earliest filing
date.(Sec.29,IPC)
Q:Whomayapplyforapatent?
A:Theprocedureforthegrantofpatentmaybe
summarizedasfollows:
1. Filingoftheapplication
2. Accordanceofthefilingdate
3. Formalityexamination
4. ClassificationandSearch
5. Publicationofapplication
6. Substantiveexamination
7. GrantofPatent
8. Publicationupongrant
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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207
9.
Issuanceofcertificate(Salao,Essentials
of Intellectual Property Law: a
Guidebook on Republic Act No. 8293
andRelatedLaws.,2008)
Q:Howisdisclosuremade?
A:Theapplicationshalldisclosetheinventionina
mannersufficientlyclearandcompleteforittobe
carriedoutbyapersonskilledintheart.
Q:Whatisaclaim?
Q:Whatisanabstract?
Q:Whatisunityofinvention?
Q:Whatisprioritydate?
208
Q:Whataretheconditionsinavailingofpriority
date?
A:
1. The local application expressly claims
priority;
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
A:
1.
2.
Note:Thattheactionmaynotbefileduntilafterthe
grant of a patent on the published application and
withinfour(4)yearsfromthecommissionoftheacts
complainedof(Sec.46,IPC).
3.
Q:Whenshallthepatenttakeeffect?
Q:Whatisthedurationofapatent,utilitymodel
andindustrialdesign?
A:
1. Patent20yearsfromdateoffilingof
application without renewal. (Sec. 54,
IPC)
D.GROUNDSFORCANCELATIONOFAPATENT
Q:Whatarethegroundsforthecancellationof
patents?
A:NDCI
1. TheinventionisNotneworpatentable;
2. The patent does not Disclose the
invention in a manner sufficiently clear
andcompleteforittobecarriedoutby
anypersonskilledintheart;or
3. Contrary to public order or
morality.(Sec.61.1,IPC)
4. Patent is found Invalid in an action for
infringement(Sec.82,IPC)
4.
A:
1. The subject matter of the industrial
designisnotregistrable;
2. Thesubjectmatterisnotnew;or
3. The subject matter of the industrial
design extends beyond the content of
the application as originally filed (Sec.
120IPC).
E.REMEDYOFTHETRUEANDACTUALOWNER
Q:Whataretheremediesofpersonsnothaving
therighttoapatent?
A:Ifapersonotherthantheapplicantisdeclared
byfinalcourtorderordecisionashavingtheright
to a patent, he may within 3 months after such
decisionhasbecomefinal:
1. Prosecutetheapplicationashisown
2. Fileanewpatentapplication
3. Request the application to be refused;
or
4. Seekcancellationofthepatent.
Q:Whatistheremedyofatrueinventor?
A:Hemayonlyaskthecourttosubstitutehimas
a patentee or to cancel the patent and ask for
damages when the application of the false
inventor is granted. He may not the IPO of
processingthefalseapplication.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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209
F.RIGHTSCONFEREDBYAPATENT
Q:Whataretherightsconferredbyapatent?
A:
1. Subject matter is a product Right to
restrain, prohibit and prevent any
unauthorized person or entity from
making, using, offering for sale, selling
orimportingtheproduct.
G.LIMITATIONOFPATENTRIGHTS
A:
1. Ingeneral
210
e.
f.
2.
.
3.
4.
ReversereciprocityofforeignlawAny
condition,
restriction,
limitation,
diminution,requirement,penaltyorany
similarburdenimposedbythelawofa
foreigncountryonaPhilippinenational
seeking protection of intellectual
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
Q:Whoisaparallelimporter?
2.
3.
4.
Q:Whatisthedoctrineofexhaustion?
Q:HowdoestheDoctrineExhaustionofapplyin
Philippinejurisdiction?
A:
GR:PatentrightsareExhaustedbyfirstsalein
thePhilippines(Domesticexhaustion).
XPN:Excepthoweverondrugsandmedicines:
first sale in any jurisdiction exhausts
(Internationalexhaustion)(R.A.9502).
Q:Whatarethedifferentkindsofexhaustion?
A:
1. International exhaustion allows any
party to import into the national
territory a patented product from any
othercountryinwhichtheproductwas
placed on the market by the patent
holderoranyauthorizedparty.
H.PATENTINFRINGEMENT
Q:Whatconstitutesinfringementofpatent?
A:
1. Making, using, offering for sale, selling
or importing a patented product or a
product obtained directly or indirectly
fromapatentedprocess;or
2. Use of a patented process without
authorization of the owner of the
patent(Sec.76,IPC)
Q:Whatarethetestsinpatentinfringement?
A:
1. Literal infringement Test Resort must
behad,inthefirstinstance,towordsof
theclaim.Iftheaccusedmatterclearly
falls within the claim, infringement is
committed.
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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211
3.
Q:Doestheuseofapatentedprocessbyathird
person constitute an infringement when the
allegedinfringerhassubstituted,inlieuofsome
unessentialpartofthepatentedprocess,awell
knownmechanicalequivalent."
Q:Whatismeantbyequivalentdevice?
A:Asidefromtheinfringer,anyonewhoactively
inducestheinfringementofapatentorprovides
the infringer with a component of a patented
product or of a product produced because of a
patented process knowing it to be especially
adaptedforinfringingthepatentedinventionand
not suitable for substantial noninfringing use is
liablejointlyandseverallywiththeinfringerasa
212
contributoryinfringer.Itmustbeproventhatthe
product can only be used for infringement
purposes. If it can be used for legitimate
purposes,theactionshallnotprosper.
A:
1. Civil action for infringement The
ownermaybringacivilaction withthe
appropriate Regional Trial Court to
recover from infringer the damages
sustainedbytheformer,plusattorneys
fees and other litigation expenses, and
to secure an injunction for the
protectionofhisrights.
2. CriminalactionforinfringementIfthe
infringement is repeated, the infringer
shall be criminally liable and upon
conviction,shallsufferimprisonmentof
not less than six (6) months but not
morethanthree(3)yearsand/orafine
notlessthanP100,000.00butnotmore
thanP300,000.00
A:
1. No damages can be recovered for acts
of infringement committed more than
four (4) years before the filing of the
actionforinfringement.(Sec.79,IPC)
Q:Whocanfileanactionforinfringement?
A:
1.
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
2.
1.
TheDirectorofLegalAffairsmaygranta
license to exploit a patented invention,
even without the agreement of the
patent owner, in favor of any person
whohasshownhiscapabilitytoexploit
theinvention(Sec.93,IPC).
2.
A:
1. Invalidityofthepatent;(Sec.81,IPC);
2. Any of the grounds for cancellation of
patents:
a. That what is claimed as the
inventionisnotneworpatentable
b. That the patent does not disclose
the invention in a manner
sufficiently clear and complete for
it to be carried out by any person
skilledintheart;or
c. That the patent is contrary to
public order or morality. (Sec. 61,
IPC)
I.LICENSING
A:
1. Voluntarylicensing(Sec.85,IPC)and
2. Compulsorylicensing(Sec.93,IPC)
Q:Whatisvoluntarylicensing?
Q:Whataretherightsofalicensorinvoluntary
licensing?
A:Intheabsenceofanyprovisiontothecontrary
inthetechnologytransferarrangement,thegrant
of a license shall not prevent the licensor from
grantingfurtherlicensestothirdpersonnorfrom
exploiting the subject matter of the technology
transferarrangementhimself(Sec.89,IPC).
Q:Whocangrantacompulsorylicense?
A:
A:
1. Nationalemergency
3. Whereajudicialoradministrativebody
has determined that the manner of
exploitationbytheownerofthepatent
orhislicenseeisanticompetitiveatany
timeafterthegrantofthepatent
4. Incaseofpublicnoncommercialuseof
the patent by the patentee, without
satisfactoryreasonatanytimeafterthe
grantofthepatent
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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213
Q:Cezarworksinacarmanufacturingcompany
owned by Joab. Cezar is quite innovative and
loves to tinker with things. With the materials
andpartsofthecar,hewasabletoinventagas
saving device that will enable cars to consume
less gas. Francis, a coworker, saw how Cezar
createdthedeviceandlikewise,cameupwitha
similar gadget, also using scrap materials and
spare parts of the company. Thereafter, Francis
filedanapplicationforregistrationofhisdevice
with the Bureau of Patents. Eighteen months
later, Cezar filed his application for the
registration of his device with the Bureau of
Patents.
Q:Isthegassavingdevicepatentable?Explain.
Q:Assumingthatitispatentable,whoisentitled
tothepatent?What,ifany,istheremedyofthe
losingparty?
214
J.ASSIGNMENTANDTRANSMISSIONOFRIGHTS
Q:Whataretheformsofassignment?
A:
1. Total assignment of entire right, title
orinterestinandtothepatentandthe
inventioncoveredthereby.
2. Partial
a. Separate rights assignment of a
specificright(ex:righttosell)b.
b. Pro Indiviso assignment of an
aliquot part which results in co
ownership
Q:Howisthetransferofrightseffected?
A:
1. Byinheritanceorbequest
2. Licensecontract
A:Theassignmentworksasanestoppelsbydeed,
preventingtheassignorfromdenyingthenovelty
andutilityofthepatentedinventionwhensuedy
theassigneeforinfringement.
QWhatshouldbetheformofanassignment?
A:
1. Inwriting
2. Acknowledged and certified before a
notarypublicorotherofficerauthorized
toperformnotarialacts
3. RecordedintheIPO
A:
GR: Only the patentees, his heirs, assignee,
grantee or personal representatives may bring
anactionforinfringement.
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
III.TRADEMARKS
A.DEFINITIONOFMARKS,COLLECTIVEMARKS,
TRADENAMES
TRADEMARK
Goodsorservices
offeredbyaproprietor
orenterpriseare
designatedby
trademark(goods)or
servicemarks(services).
Referstothegoods.
Acquiredonly by
registration.
Whichofthetwocorporationshasabetterright
tousethelogoandthetradename?Explain.
AlternativeAnswer:
S Development Corporation has a better right to
use the logo and tradename, because its
certificate of registration upon which the
infringement case is based remains valid and
subsistingforaslongasithasnotbeencancelled.
(ShangrilaInternationalHotelManagementv.CA,
G.R. No. 111580, June 21, 2001) (2005 Bar
Question)
A:SinceShangrilaCorporationisnottheownerof
thelogoandtradenamebutismerelyanaffiliate
of the international organization which has been
usingthemitisnottheowneranddoesnothave
therightsofanowner.(Sec.147,IPC)
AlternativeAnswer:
The international affiliation of Shangrila
Corporationshallhavenoeffectontheoutcome
of the dispute.Section 8 of the Paris Convention
provides that "there is no automatic protection
affordedanentitywhosetradenameisallegedto
be infringed through the use of that name as a
trademark by a local entity." (Kabushi Kaisha
Isetan v. IAC, G.R. No. 75420, Nov. 15, 1991)
(2005BarQuestion)
A:
1. National Treatment Principle foreign
nationals are to be given the same
treatment in each of the member
countries as that country makes
availableinitsowncitizens.
TRADENAME
Anaturalorartificial
personwhodoes
businessandproduces
orperformsthegoods
orservicesdesignated
bytrademarkorservice
mark.
Referstobusiness and
itsgoodwill.
Neednotberegistered.
Q:Whatisacollectivemark?
A:A"collectivemark"orcollectivetradename"is
amarkortradenameusedbythemembersofa
cooperative, an association or other collective
groupororganization.(Sec.40,R.A.166)
Q:Whatarethefunctionsoftrademark?
A:
1. To point out distinctly the origin or
ownership of the articles to which it is
affixed.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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215
2.
3.
ProtectionagainstUnfairCompetition
4.
5.
ProtectionofWellKnownMarks
B.ACQUISITIONOFOWNERSHIPOFMARK
Q:Howaremarksacquired?
A:Marksareacquiredsolelythroughregistration.
(Sec.122,IPC)
Q:Whatmarksmayberegistered?
A:
1. A visible sign (not sounds or scents);
and
2. Capable of distinguishing ones goods
andservicesfromanother.
Q:Whatisthedoctrineofsecondarymeaning?
216
C.ACQUISITIONANDOWNERSHIPOFTRADE
NAME
Q:Howaretradenamesacquired?
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
Q:Whatmarksmaynotberegistered?
A:
1. Consists of immoral, deceptive or
scandalous matter or falsely suggest a
connection with persons, institutions,
beliefs,ornationalsymbols
3. Consistsofaname,portraitorsignature
identifying a particular living individual
except by his written consent, or the
name, signature, or portrait of a
deceased President of the Philippines,
during the life of his widow except by
writtenconsentofthewidow
5. Isidenticalwithaninternationallywell
known mark, whether or not it is
registered here, used for identical or
similargoodsorservices
6. Isidenticalwithaninternationallywell
known mark which is registered in the
Philippines with respect to nonsimilar
goods or services. Provided, that the
interestsoftheowneroftheregistered
mark are likely to be damaged by such
use
E.PRIORUSEOFMARKASAREQUIREMENT
Q:Istheprioruseofthemarkstillarequirement
forregistration?
Q:Whenisnonuseexcused?
A:
1. If caused by circumstances arising
independentlyofthewilloftheowner.
Lackoffundsisnotanexcuse.
2. Ausewhichdoesnotalteritsdistinctive
character though the use is different
fromtheforminwhichitisregistered.
3. Use of mark in connection with one or
more of the goods/services belonging
to the class in which the mark is
registered.
4. Theuseofamarkbyacompanyrelated
totheapplicant/registrant.
5. The use of a mark by a person
controlled by the registrant. (Section
152,IPC)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
V ICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
217
F.TESTTODETERMINECONFUSINGSIMILARITY
BETWEENMARKS
A:
1. Dominancy test Focuses on the
similarity of the prevalent features of
the competing marks. If the competing
trademark contains the main or
essential or dominant features of
another, and confusion is likely to
result, infringement takes place. (Asia
Brewery v. CA, G.R. No. 103543, 5 July
1993)
218
A:Goodsarerelatedwhenthey;1)belongtothe
same class or have the same descriptive
properties; 2) when they possess the same
physical attributes or essential characteristics
withreferencetotheirform,composition,texture
orquality.
Q:Whatistheruleofidemsonans?
Note:Similarityofsoundissufficienttorulethatthe
two marks are confusingly similar when applied to
merchandise of the same descriptive properties.
(MarvexCommercialv.DirectorofPatent,G.R.No.
L19297,Dec.22,1966)
A:
1. Confusionofgoods(productconfusion);
and
2. Confusion of business (source or origin
confusion). (McDonalds Corporation v.
L.C.BigMakBurger,Inc.,etal.,G.R.No.
143993,Aug.18,2004)
Q:Whatiscolorableimitation?
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
A:
1. Considered by the competent authority
of the Philippines to be wellknown
international and in the Philippines as
the mark of a person other than the
applicantorregistrant
A:
GR: Prohibition on subsequent registration
does not include services and goods of
differentnatureorkind.
XPN:
1. Iftheinternationallywellknownmarkis
not registered in the Philippines, the
application for registration of a
subsequent or similar mark can be
rejected only if the goods or services
specified in the application are similar
to those of the internationally well
knownmark
H.RIGHTSCONFERREDBYREGISTRATION
A:10years,renewableforaperiodofanother10
years. Each request for renewal must be made
within6monthsbeforeoraftertheexpirationof
theregistration.
A:
1. Protection against reproduction, or
imitation or unauthorized use of the
mark(infringementofmark)
2. Tostopentryofimportedmerchandise
into the country containing a mark
identical or similar to the registered
mark
3. Totransferorlicenseoutthemark.
I.USEBYTHIRDPARTIESOFNAMES,ETC.
SIMILARTOREGISTEREDMARK
A:Registrationofthemarkshallnotconferonthe
registered owner the right to preclude third
parties from using bona fide their names,
addresses,pseudonyms,ageographicalname,or
exact indications concerning the kind, quality,
quantity, destination, value, place of origin, or
timeofproductionorofsupply,oftheirgoodsor
services.
J.INFRINGEMENTANDREMEDIES
Q:Whatistrademarkinfringement?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
V ICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
219
A:
1. Thevalidityofthemark
2. Theplaintiffsownershipofthemark
3. The use of the mark or its colorable
imitationbytheallegedinfringerresults
in
likelihood
of
confusion.
(McDonaldsCorporationv.L.C.BigMak
Burger, Inc., G.R. No. 143993, Aug 18,
2004)
Q:Whatismeantbynoncompetinggoods?
A:
GR:No.
XPN:Ifitpreventsthenaturalexpansionofhis
business and, second, by having his business
reputation confused with and put at the
mercy of the second user. (Ang v. Teodoro,
G.R.No.L48226,Dec.14,1942)
A:
1. Civil both civil and criminal actions
may be filed with the Regional Trial
Courts. The owner of the registered
mark may ask the court to issue a
preliminary injunction to quickly
prevent infringer from causing damage
to his business. Furthermore, the court
willrequireinfringertopaydamagesto
the owner of the mark provided
defendant is shown to have had notice
oftheregistrationofthemark(whichis
220
2.
3.
Criminaltheownerofthetrademark
may ask the court to issue a search
warrant and in appropriate cases,
remediesavailableshallalsoincludethe
seizure, forfeiture and destruction of
the infringing goods and of any
materials and implements the
predominant use of which has been in
thecommissionoftheoffense.
Q:Whatcourthasjurisdictionoverviolationsof
intellectualpropertyrights?
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
A:
1. Right of prior user registered mark
shall be without affect against any
person who, ingood faith, before filing
orprioritydate,wasusingthemarkfor
purposes of his business. (Sec 159.1,
IPC)
K.UNFAIRCOMPETITION
A:
INFRINGEMENTOF
TRADEMARK
Unauthorizeduseofa
trademark.
Fraudulentintentis
unnecessary.
Priorregistrationofthe
trademarkisa
prerequisitetothe
action.
Q:Whoareguiltyofunfaircompetition?
A:
1. Anyperson,whoissellinghisgoodsand
gives them the general appearance of
goods of another manufacturer or
dealer, either as to the goods
themselves or in the wrapping of the
packages in which they are contained,
or the devices or words thereon, or in
any other feature of their appearance,
which would be likely to influence
purchasers to believe that the goods
offered are those of a manufacturer or
dealer, other than the actual
manufacturer or dealer, or who
otherwise clothes the goods with such
appearance as shall deceive the public
and defraud another of his legitimate
trade, or any subsequent vendor of
such goods or any agent of any vendor
engagedinsellingsuchgoodswithalike
purpose;
Q:Isthelawonunfaircompetitionbroaderthan
thelawontrademark?
A:Yes.Forthelatter(trademarkinfringement)is
more limited but it recognizes a more exclusive
right derived from the trademark adoption and
registration by the person whose goods or
businessisfirstassociatedwithit.Hence,evenif
one fails to establish his exclusive property right
to a trademark, he may still obtain relief on the
ground of his competitors unfairness or fraud.
Conduct constitutes unfair competition if the
effectistopassoffonthepublicthegoodsofone
man as the goods of another. (Mighty
Corporation v. E. & J. Gallo Winery, G.R. No.
154342,July14,2004)
UNFAIR
COMPETITION
Thepassingoffofones
goodsasthoseof
another.
Fraudulentintentis
essential.
Registrationisnot
necessary.(DelMonte
Corp.v.CA,G.R.No.
78325,Jan.23,1990)
A:Apersonwhohasidentifiedinthemindofthe
publicthegoodshemanufacturesordealsin,his
business or services from those of others,
whetherornotaregisteredmarkisemployed,has
apropertyrightinthegoodwillofthesaidgoods,
business or services so identified, which will be
protected in the same manner as other property
rights.(Sec.168.1,IPC)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
V ICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
221
Q:Whataretheelementsofanactionforunfair
competition?
A:
1. Confusing similarity in the general
appearanceofthegoods;and
Note:Theconfusingsimilaritymayormay
notresultfromsimilarityinthemarks,but
may result from other external factors in
the packaging or presentation of the
goods.
2.
Intenttodeceivethepublicanddefraud
acompetitor.
L.TRADENAMESORBUSSINESSNAMES
Q:Whatisatradenameorbusinessname?
222
3. Subsequentlyuseatradenamelikelyto
misleadthepublicasathirdparty.(Sec.
165.2,b,IPC)
Q:Howisthechangeintheownershipofatrade
namemade?
M.COLLECTIVEMARKS
Q:Whatisacollectivemark?
A:A"collectivemark"orcollectivetradename"
isamarkortradenameusedbythemembersof
a cooperative, an association or other collective
groupororganization.(Sec.40,R.A.166)
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
A:
1. Theapplicationshalldesignatethemark
asacollectivemark
2. Accompanied by a copy of the
agreement,ifany,governingtheuseof
thecollectivemark(Sec.167.2,IPC)
Q:Whatarethegroundsforthecancellationof
collectivemarks?
A:
1. The Court shall cancel the registration
of a collective mark if the person
requesting the cancellation proves that
only the registered owner uses the
mark,
c.
d.
e.
IV.COPYRIGHTS
Q:Whatiscopyright?
A.BASICPRINCIPLES
Q:Whataretheelementsofcopyrightability?
A:
1. OriginalityMusthavebeencreatedby
the authors own skill, labor, and
judgment without directly copying or
evasivelyimitatingtheworkofanother.
(Ching Kian Chuan v. CA, G.R. No.
130360,Aug.15,2001)
Q:Whataretheelementsoforiginality?
A:
1. It is independently created by the
author,and
2. It possesses some minimal degree of
creativity
Q:Whendoescopyrightvest?
N.CRIMINALPENALTIES
Q: What are the criminal penalties for unfair
competition, infringement, false designation of
originandfalserepresentations?
Q:Cantrademarkregistrationbecancelled?
A:Yes,byanypersonwhobelievesthathewillbe
damagedbytheregistrationofthemark:
2. Atanytime;
a. Iftheregisteredmarkbecomesthe
generic name for the goods or
services, or a portion thereof, for
whichitisregistered;
b. Ifthemarkhasbeenabandoned;
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
V ICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
223
B.COPYRIGHTABLEWORKS
Q:Whatarecopyrightableworks?
A:
1. LiteraryandArtisticWorks
BOLDMANGASPAPCO
2. DerivativeWorks
a. Dramatizations,
translations,
adaptations,
abridgements,
arrangements,
and
other
alterations of literary or artistic
works;
b. Collectionsofliterary,scholarly,or
artistic works and compilations of
dataandothermaterialswhichare
original by reason of the selection
or coordination or arrangement of
theircontents.(Sec.173)
Note:DerivativeWorksshallbeprotected
as new works, provided that such new
work shall not affect the force of any
subsisting copyright upon the original
worksemployedoranypartthereof,orbe
construedtoimplyanyrighttosuchuseof
theoriginalworks,ortosecureorextend
copyright in such original works. (Sec.
173.2,IPC)
224
Q:P&Dwasgrantedacopyrightonthetechnical
drawings of light boxes as "advertising display
units". SMI, however, manufactured similar or
identical to the light box illustrated in the
technical drawings copyrighted by P&D for
leasingouttodifferentadvertisers.Wasthisan
infringement of P&Ds copyright over the
technicaldrawings?
A:
COLLECTIONOFWORK
COLLECTIVEWORK
Itisnotnecessarythat
thereisanagreement.
Individualcontribution
iscapableofcopyright
protection.
Thereisanagreement
wherebytheauthors
boundthemselvesnotto
beidentifiedwiththe
work.
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
A:Yes,theformatofashowisnotcopyrightable.
Thecopyrightlawenumeratestheclassesofwork
entitled to copyright protection.The format or
mechanicsofatelevisionshowisnotincludedin
the list of protected works. For this reason, the
protection afforded by the law cannot be
extended to cover them. Copyright, in the strict
senseoftheterm,ispurelyastatutoryright.Itis
a new or independent right granted by the
statute, and not simply a preexisting right
regulatedbythestatute.Beingastatutorygrant,
the rights are only such as the statute confers,
and may be obtained and enjoyed only with
respect to the subjects and by the persons, and
on terms and conditions specified in the statute.
The copyright does not extend to the general
concept or format of its dating game show.
(Joaquinv.Drilon,G.R.No.108946,Jan.28,1999)
C.NONCOPYRIGHTABLEWORKS
Q:Whatarethesubjectsnotprotected?
A:
1. Idea, procedure, system, method or
operation, concept, principle, discovery
ormeredataassuch
2. News of the day and other items of
pressinformation
3. Any official text of a legislative,
administrativeorlegalnature,aswellas
anyofficialtranslationthereof
4. Pleadings
5. Decisions of courts and tribunals this
refers to original decisions and not to
annotated decisions such as the SCRA
orSCADasthesealreadyfallunderthe
classificationofderivativeworks,hence
copyrightable
6. Any work of the Government of the
Philippines
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
V ICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
225
D.RIGHTSOFACOPYRIGHTOWNER
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofauthorship?
A:Thenaturalpersonwhosenameisindicatedon
aworkintheusualmannerastheauthorshall,in
the absence of proof to the contrary, presumed
to be the author of the work. This is applicable
even if the name is a pseudonym, where the
pseudonymleavesnodoubtastoidentityofthe
author.(Sec.219.1,IPC)
Q:Whataretherightsofanauthor?
A:
1. EconomicrightsTherighttocarryout,
authorizeorpreventthefollowingacts:
226
3.
Thefollowingworksarenotcovered:
a. Prints
b. Etchings
c. Engravings
d. Worksofappliedart
e. Similar works wherein the author
primarily derives gain from the
proceeds of reproductions. (Sec.
201,IPC)
A:Yes.ThepatronsoftheSodaFountainpayonly
for the food and drinks and apparently not for
listening to the music, but the music provided is
for the purpose of entertaining and amusing the
customers in order to make the establishment
moreattractiveanddesirable.Fortheplayingand
singing the musical compositions involved, the
combo was paid as independent contractors by
Soda Fountain. It is therefore obvious that the
expenses entailed thereby are added to the
overhead of the restaurant which are either
eventually charged in the price of the food and
drinksortotheoveralltotalofadditionalincome
producedbythebiggervolumeofbusinesswhich
the entertainment was programmed to attract.
Consequently, it is beyond question that the
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
Q:MalangSantosdesignedforAmbassadorNeri
forhispersonalchristmasgreetingsfortheyear
1959 a christmas card depicting a Philippine
rural Christmas time scene. The following year
McCullough Printing Company, without the
knowledge and authority of Santos, displayed
the very design in its album of Christmas cards
andoffereditforsale.Santosfiledforcopyright
infringement contending that the publication of
hisdesignwaslimitedasitwasintendedonlyfor
Ambassador Neris use, hence, it could not be
used for public consumption. Is there copyright
infringement?
A:No.Iftherewereaconditionthatthecardsare
to be limitedly published, then Ambassador Neri
would be the aggrieved party, and not Santos.
And even if there was such a limited publication
or prohibition, the same was not shown on the
faceofthedesign.Whenthepurposeisalimited
publication, but the effect is general publication,
irrevocable rights thereupon become vested in
thepublic,inconsequenceofwhichenforcement
of the rights under a copyright becomes
impossible. (Malang v. McCullough Printing
Company,G.R.No.L19439,Oct.31,1964)
A:Anauthorcannotbecompelledtoperformhis
contracttocreateaworkorforthepublicationof
his work already in existence. However, he may
be held liable for damages for breach of such
contract.(Sec.195,IPC)
Q:Whatisthenatureofmoralrights?
Q:Whatisthetermofmoralrights?
Q:Whataretheexceptionstomoralrights?
A:
a. Absentanyspecialcontractatthetime
creatorlicenses/permitsanothertouse
hiswork,thefollowingaredeemednot
to contravene creators moral rights,
provided they are done in accordance
withreasonablecustomarystandardsor
requisitesofthemedium:
a. Editing
b. Arranging
c. Adaptation
d. Dramatization
e. Mechanical
and
electric
reproduction
Q:Canmoralrightsbewaived?
A:
GR: Moral rights can be waived in writing,
expresslysostatingsuchwaiver.
XPN:Eveninwriting,waiverisnotvalidif:
1. Usethenameoftheauthor,titleofhis
work, or his reputation with respect to
any version/adaptation of his work,
which
because
of
alterations,
substantially tend to injure
literary/artistic reputation of another
author
Q:Whataretheneighboringrights?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
V ICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
227
Q:Whatisthescopeofaperformersrights?
1. Asregardstheirperformances,theright
ofauthorizing:
a. The broadcasting and other
communication to the public of
theirperformance;and
b. The fixation of their unfixed
performance.
4. Therightofauthorizingthecommercial
rental to the public of the original and
copies of their performances fixed in
sound
recordings,
even
after
distribution of them by, or pursuant to
theauthorizationbytheperformer;and
Q:Whatarethemoralrightsofperformers?
Q:Whenareperformersrightslost?
A:Onceaperformerhasauthorizedbroadcasting
orfixationofhisperformance.(Sec205,IPC)
228
Q:Whatisthescopeoftherightsofproducers
onsoundrecordings?
A: Producers of sound recordings shall enjoy the
followingexclusiverights:
1. The right to authorize the direct or
indirect reproduction of their sound
recordings, in any manner or form; the
placing of these reproductions in the
marketandtherightofrentalorlending
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
A:
1. Exclusive use of a natural person for
ownpersonalpurposes
2. Short excerpts for reporting current
events
3. Soleuseforthepurposeofteachingor
forscientificresearch
4. Fairuseofthebroadcast
A:
1. For performances not incorporated in
recordings,50yearsfromtheendofthe
year in which the performance took
place;and
3. Incaseofbroadcasts,thetermshallbe
20 years from the date the broadcast
took place. Theextended termshall be
applied only to old works with
subsisting protection under the prior
law.(Sec.215,IPC)
A:
1. For literary and artistic works and
derivativeworks
a. Works of authors who are
nationalsof,orhavetheirhabitual
residencein,thePhilippines;
b. Audiovisualworkstheproducerof
which has his headquarters or
habitual residence in the
Philippines;
c. Works of architecture erected in
the Philippines or other artistic
worksincorporatedinabuildingor
other structure located in the
Philippines;
d. Works first published in the
Philippines;and
e. Works first published in another
country but also published in the
Philippines within thirty days,
2.
3.
4.
Forperfomers
a. Performers who are nationals of
thePhilippines;
b. Performers who are not nationals
of the Philippines but whose
performances:
i.
Take place in the Philippines;
or
ii. Are incorporated in sound
recordings that are protected
underIPC;or
iii. Which has not been fixed in
sound recording but are
carried
by
broadcast
qualifying for protection
underIPC.(Sec.222,IPC)
Ofsoundrecordings
a. Soundrecordingstheproducersof
which are nationals of the
Philippines;and
b. Sound recordings that were first
published in the Philippines. (Sec.
223,IPC)
Forbroadcast
a. Broadcasts
of
broadcasting
organizations the headquarters of
which are situated in the
Philippines;and
b. Broadcasts transmitted from
transmitters situated in the
Philippines.(Sec.224,IPC)
E.RULESONOWNERSHIPOFCOPYRIGHT
Q:Whoownscopyright?
A:
1. Author Original literary and artistic
works.(Sec.178.1,IPC)
2. CoauthorsWorksofjointauthorship;
in the absence of agreement, their
rightsshallbegovernedbytheruleson
coownership.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
V ICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
229
3.
a.
b.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Writerinrespectofletterssubjectto
theprovisionsofArticle723,CivilCode.
(Sec.178.6,IPC)
Publishers
deemed
GR:
representativesoftheauthorincaseof
anonymousandpseudonymousworks.
8.
230
Incaseofcollectiveworkscontributor
is deemed to have waived his right
unless he expressly reserves it. (Sec.
196,IPC)
Q:Distinguishcollectiveworkfromjointwork.
A:
COLLECTIVEWORK
Elementsremain
unintegratedand
disparate.
Workcreatedby2or
morepersonsatthe
initiativeandunderthe
directionofanother
with
theunderstandingthat
itwillbedisclosedby
thelatterunderhis
ownnameandthatof
thecontributionsof
naturalpersonswill
NOTbeidentified
Eachauthorshallenjoy
copyrighttohisown
contribution
Theworkwillbe
attributedtothe
personunderwhose
initiativeanddirection
itwascreatedunless
thecontributor
expresslyreserveshis
right.
JOINTWORK
Separateelementsmerge
intoaunifiedwhole.
Workpreparedby2or
moreauthorswiththe
intentionthattheir
contributionsbemerged
intoinseparableor
independentpartsofthe
unitarywhole.
Jointauthorsshallbeco
owners.Coownership
shallapply.
Jointauthorsshallbe
bothentitledtothe
acknowledgmentas
authorsofthework.
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
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ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
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RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
Q:Whatisthetermofprotectionofcopyright?
1.
2.
3.
A:
TYPEofWORK
Singlecreation
Jointcreation
Anonymousor
pseudonymouswork
Workofanappliedart
ofanartisticcreation
withutilitarianfunctions
orincorporatedina
usefularticlewhether
madebyhandor
producedonan
industrialscale
Audiovisualworks
includingthose
producedbyprocess
analogousto
photographyorany
processformaking
audiovisualrecordings
NewspaperArticle
DURATION
Lifetimeofthecreator
andfor50yearsafter
hisdeath
Lifetimeofthelast
survivingcocreatorand
for50yearsafterhis
death.
50yearsafterthedate
oftheirfirstpublication;
exceptwherebefore
theexpirationofsaid
period,theauthors
identityisrevealedoris
nolongerindoubt,the
1sttwomentionedrules
shallapply;orif
unpublished,50years
fromtheirmaking.
4.
5.
6.
25yearsfromthetime
ofthemaking.
7.
50yearsfromdateof
publicationand,if
unpublished,fromthe
dateofmaking.
8.
Lifetimeoftheauthor
and50yearsafter.(Sec.
213,IPC)
9.
F.LIMITATIONSONCOPYRIGHT
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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231
d.
11. Anyusemadeofaworkforthepurpose
of any judicial proceedings or for the
giving of professional advice by a legal
practitioner.
Q:Whataretheotherlimitationsoncopyright?
A:
1. The fair use of a copyrighted work for
criticism, comment, news reporting,
teaching including multiple copies for
classroom use, scholarship, research,
and similar purposes is not an
infringement of copyright. (Sec. 185,
IPC)
e.
4.
2.
3.
232
Copyrightinaworkofarchitectureshall
includetherighttocontroltheerection
of any building which reproduces the
wholeorasubstantialpartofthework
eitherinitsoriginalformorinanyform
recognizably derived from the original,
provided,thatthecopyrightinanysuch
work shall not include the right to
control
the
reconstruction
or
rehabilitation in the same style as the
original of a building to which that
copyrightrelates.(Sec.186,IPC)
Theprivatereproductionofapublished
work in a single copy, where the
reproduction is made by a natural
person exclusively for research and
private study, shall be permitted,
withouttheauthorizationoftheowner
of copyright in the work but shall not
extendtothereproductionof:
a. Aworkofarchitectureintheform
ofbuildingorotherconstruction;
b. An entire book, or a substantial
part thereof, or of a musical work
in graphic form by reprographic
means;
c. A compilation of data and other
materials;
A computer program except as
providedinSection189;and
Any work in cases where
reproduction would unreasonably
conflict with a normal exploitation
of the work or would otherwise
unreasonably
prejudice
the
legitimate interests of the author.
(Sec.187,IPC)
5.
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
ADVISER:ATTY.AMADOE.TAYAG;SUBJECTHEAD:EARLM.LOUIEMASACAYAN;
ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
b.
A:
1. The purpose and character of the use,
including whether such use is of a
commercial nature or is for nonprofit
educationalpurpose;
2. Thenatureofthecopyrightedwork;
3. The amount and substantiality of the
portion used in relation to the
copyrightedworkasawhole;and
4. Theeffectoftheuseuponthepotential
market for or value of the copyrighted
work.
6.
Theimportationofacopyofaworkby
an individual for his personal purposes
shall be permitted without the
authorizationoftheauthorof,orother
owner of copyright in, the work under
thefollowingcircumstances:
a. When copies of the work are not
availableinthePhilippinesand:
i. Not more than one copy at one
time is imported for strictly
individualuseonly;or
ii. The importation is by authority
of and for the use of the
PhilippineGovernment;or
iii. The importation, consisting of
notmorethanthreesuchcopies
orlikenessesinanyoneinvoice,
is not for sale but for the use
only of any religious, charitable,
or educational society or
institution duly incorporated or
registered, or is for the
encouragement of the fine arts,
or for any state school, college,
university, or free public library
inthePhilippines.
Q:Whatisthemustcarryrule?
Q:Whatisthedoctrineoffairuse?
A:Fairusepermitsasecondaryusethatserves
the copyright objective of stimulating productive
thought and public instruction without
excessively diminishing the incentives for
creativity.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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233
Q:Whatarepublishedworks?
A:
PUBLIC
PERFORMANCE
COMMUNICATIONSTO
THEPUBLICOFA
PERFORMANCE
Performanceata
placeoratplaces
wherepersons
outsidethenormal
circleofafamilyand
thatfamilysclosest
socialacquaintances
areorcanbepresent.
Thetransmissiontothe
public,byanymedium,
otherwisethanby
broadcasting,ofsoundsof
aperformanceorthe
representationsofsounds
fixedinasoundrecording.
Itisperformedata
specifictimeand
place.(e.g.The
PacquiaoClottey
MatchinDallasTexas
Stadium)
Thecommunicationcanbe
accessedthroughwiredor
wirelessmeansatatime
andplaceconvenientto
theviewer(e.g.The
PacquiaoClotteyMatch
watchedviaYouTube)
Q:Mayacopyrightbetransferred/assigned?
234
A:Itmaybeassignedinwholeorinpart.Within
the scope of the assignment, the assignee is
entitled to all the rights and remedies which the
assignor had with respect to the copyright. (Sec.
180.1,IPC)
Q:Iscopyrightsimilarwiththematerialobject?
A:No,thecopyrightisdistinctfromtheproperty
inthematerialobjectsubjecttoit.Consequently,
the transfer or assignment of the copyright shall
not itself constitute a transfer of the material
object. Nor shall a transfer or assignment of the
solecopyorofoneorseveralcopiesofthework
imply transfer or assignment of the copyright.
(Sec.181,IPC)
A:
1. Ifintervivos,mustbeinwriting;and
2. Filed in National Library upon payment
ofprescribedfees.(Sec.182,IPC)
Q:Whatisthelimitationregardingsubmissionof
a literary, photographic or artistic work to a
newspaper, magazine or periodical for
publication?
A: Unless a greater right is expressly granted,
suchsubmissionshallconstituteonlyalicenseto
makeasinglepublication.(Sec.180.3,IPC)
Note:Iftwoormorepersonsjointlyownacopyright
or any part thereof, neither of the owners shall be
entitled to grant licenses without the prior written
consentoftheotherownerorowners.(Ibid.)
Q:Whatiscopyrightinfringement?
A: It is the doing by any person, without the
consent of the owner of the copyright, of
anything the sole right to do which is conferred
bystatuteontheownerofthecopyright.Theact
MERCANTILELAWTEAM:
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ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:KIMVERLYA.ONG&JOANNAMAYD.G.PEADA;MEMBERS:MA.ELISAJONALYNA.BARQUEZ,ANGELIR.CARPIO,
ANTONETTET.COMIA,ALBANROBERTLORENZOF.DEALBAN,JOEBENT.DEJESUS,CHRISJARKACEM.MAO,ANNAMARIEP.OBIETA,
RUBYANNEB.PASCUA,FLORANGELAT.SABAUPAN,GIANFRANCESNICOLEC.VILCHES
Q:Whatdoessubstantialreproductionmean?
Q:Whatisplagiarism?
A:Itisthepracticeofclaimingorimplyingoriginal
authorship of (or incorporating material from)
someoneelseswrittenorcreativework,inwhole
or in part, into ones own without adequate
acknowledgment.
A:
1. Injunction
2. Damages, including legal costs and
other expenses, as he may have
incurredduetotheinfringementaswell
as the profits the infringer may have
madeduetosuchinfringement
3. Impoundingduringthependencyofthe
action sales invoices and other
documentsevidencingsales
4. Destruction without any compensation
allinfringingcopies
5. Moral and exemplary damages (Sec.
216.1);or
6. Seizure and impounding of any article,
which may serve as evidence in the
courtproceedings.(Sec.216.2)
A:
1. Imprisonment of one (1) year to three
(3) years plus a fine ranging from Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000) to One
hundred fifty thousand pesos
(P150,000)forthefirstoffense.
2. Imprisonment of three (3) years and
one (1) day to six (6) years plus a fine
ranging from One hundred fifty
thousand pesos to Five hundred
thousand (P500,000) for the second
offense.
3. Imprisonment of six (6) years and one
daytonine(9)yearsplusafineranging
from Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000) to P1,500,000 for the third
offense.
Q:Whatisaffidavitevidence?
PLAGIARISM
Theuseofanothers
information,language,
orwriting,whendone
withoutproper
acknowledgmentof
theoriginalsource.
Plagiarismisspecificas
itrefersonlytousing
someoneelseswork
withoutproper
acknowledgement.
A:Anaffidavitmadebeforethenotarypublicin
actions for infringement, reciting the facts
requiredtobestatedundertheIPC.(Sec.216.1)
Note:Asaprimafacieproof,theaffidavitshiftsthe
burden of proof to the defendant, to prove the
ownershipofthecopyrightedwork.
Publicdocumentscan
beplagiarizedsolong
asitisnot
acknowledged.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
VICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
V ICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
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235