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(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(a)
Magnification, m = v/u
= 20cm/30 cm
= 0.667
Characteristics
Reason
Low refractive index of outer cladding
Produce the angle of incidence of the light ray inside the fibre is always greater than the critical angle and no
light escape.
High refractive index of inner core
Produce total internal reflection when light travels inside the optical fibre.
High flexibility
Can follow curved path // bent(easily)
Very high purity
Clear image without losing information or blur
R is chosen because it has low refractive index of outer cladding, high refractive index of inner core, high flexibility and very high purity of inner core.
(i)
Reflection
(ii)
Convex mirror
(iii)
Virtual
(b)
Image
(c)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i)
As surveillance mirror inside the supermarket //as mirror at sharp or blind corner along the road
(ii)
Has wider area of view
Characteristics
Reason
Use convex lens
The refracted ray is converging
Distance between the lenses is equal to the sum of their lenses
At normal adjustment
Focal length of objective lens is longer than eyepiece lens
To produce big magnification
Use bigger diameter of lens
More refraction of light and thus the image formed is brighter and
clearer
So, telescope U is chosen because it uses convex lens, distance between the lenses is equal to the sum of their lenses, focal length of objective
lens is longer than eyepiece lens and has big diameter of lens.
Is the upthrust acting onto the object causing the object to float
Submarine float when the ballast tank is filled with air
The valves open to let in the water, the weight of submarine increases and causes the submarine to sink
Depth of submarine sank depends on the volume of water being filled
When the water in ballast tank is pushed out, the submarine gains the buoyant force to float again
(i)
Archimedes principle
(ii)
The boat displaces the water and gains the same buoyant force to float
(iii)
Weight of the ship is equal to the weight of the water displaced
(iv)
To ensure the navigator of the maximum weight load limit that can still safely being loaded before the boat starts to sink
(v)
Suggestion
Reason
High thickness
Withstand the water pressure from crack
Use high strength
Withstand the pressure acting to the ship
Light density of material for the wall
Gain more buoyant force to float as light
Streamline
Reduce water friction while sailing
High volume of ship
More air trapped and thus increases the buoyant force to float
Install the periscope
To view hidden object
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
States that when on object is fully or partially immersed into fluid, the weight of water displaced due buoyant force is equal to the
weight of object being immersed
The balloon displaces the air and gains the buoyant force to float
The amount of air displaced by the balloon depends on the temperature of air inside the balloon with the air outside.
At certain altitude, the temperature of air outside has balanced the air temperature inside the balloon.
Thus, the balloon stops as there is no air being displaced by the balloon
Characteristics
Reason
Big size with big volume
Displaces more air and gains more buoyant force to lift up
Use more burners
Faster heating the air inside the balloon
Use synthetic nylon to make the balloon
Strong material which is resistance to heat
High air temperature inside the balloon
Hot air rises up and lift the balloon
So, balloon Q is chosen because it is big with big volume, use more burners, made of synthetic nylon and has high air temperature
inside the balloon
Buoyant force, F = pVg
= 1020 x 5.0 x 10
= 51 000 N
Maximum weight of the box = 51 000 15 000
= 36 000 N
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Has low melting point, has low specific heat capacity, has high resistance
(i)
Maximum current that can still loaded to the fuse before the fuse burnt
(ii)
Remember: fuse wire must can get melt easily as to short open the circuit and as a result, it protects the electrical components
Characteristics
Reason
Low melting point
Can get melt easily
Low specific heat capacity
Easily getting hot
Has low diameter
Big resistance
High resistivity
Faster dissipating current as heat
So, metal Z is chosen because it has low melting point, low specific heat capacity, small diameter and high resistivity
The hair dryer in Diagram 4.1 is switched on / Pengering rambut di dalam Rajah 4.1 dihidupkan.
(i)
Is a device which use an input voltage of 240 V and gives out the electrical energy of 500 J in one second
(ii)
From Power, P = IV
500 = I (240)
I = 2.08 A
(iii)
Not suitable. Fuse rated 3A is suitable
(iv)
Energy, E = VIt
= Pt = 500 x 15 x 60 = 450 000 J
Characteristics
Reason
Thin fuse wire
Easy to break when hot
Cartridge tye is glass
Can break when hot
Current = 2000/240 = 8.33 A
Because the current required is 8.33 A
Use rating of 10 A
Melting point is low
Can get melt easily when hot
So, the fuse Q is chosen because its fuse wire is thin, catridge tye is made of glass, the fuse is rated 10 A and has low melting point.
Characteristics
Reason
Use strong plastic
Does not rust with air and water inside the refrigerator
Use LED lamp
Give out ray with very low heat
High power of refrigerator
Cooler
Install the cool part above the refrigerator
Cool air move down and hot air move out. Air circulation happen
High specific heat capacity of cover of refrigerator
Does not get hot easily due to the surrounding heat
Is the produce of current due to the movement of magnet bar in solenoid and there is no physical contact between them
(i)
North pole
(ii)
Lenzs law
(i) (ii)
Coil A
Gegelung A
Thread / Benang
N P N
Zero-centered galvanometer
Galvanometer sifar tengah
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(a)
(iii)
Induced current
(i)
Higher the numbers of turns of solenoid, higher reading of galvanometer
(ii)
Increase the speed of magnet bar moving //increase the number of turns of coil //use stronger magnet
-low Hardness of hair spring hair spring can move easily with small current and thus it is more sensitive
-Shape of the core is cylindrical to produce radial magnet
-Hardness of the core must be soft can be magnetized or demagnetized easily
-Type of the ammeter scale is linear and uniform easy to read by direct observation
-Number of coils must be more more magnetic flux can be cut and thus more induced current
-The core must be laminated to reduce the eddy current
-Strength of magnet must be high produce more magnetic flux
Is the quantity of matter contained by the object
The mass of the lorry is higher than the car, lorry experiences harder ability to speed ahead. Higher mass of the vehicle, harder ability to start
moving. Physics concept is inertia
Is the tendency of object to resist the sudden change acting on it.
The driver is in motion.
When comes to a sudden stop, the body of the driver is still moving although the car has stopped.
The inertia causes the driver to lurch forward.
Perform in a zig-zag direction of run
Bull has bigger mass and experiences harder ability to turn in direction
The inertia on the bull causes the bull to lose control and fall
Characteristics
Reason
Sie of tyre must be big
Low pressure as high area
Use liquid as hydraulic system
Low compressibility
Big mass
Can support the heavy load being carried
Low centre of gravity
Stable while moving
So, backhoe P is chosen because it has big size of tyre, use liquid hydraulic system, large mass and low centre of gravity.
(i)
Nuclear fission
(ii)
Number of neutrons during reaction is multiplying with time. The neutron cause the reaction to happen
(iii)
Mass defect, m = (235.04 + 1.01) (140.91+ 91.93 + 3x1.01) a.m.u
= 0.18 amu
= 0.18 x 1.67 x 10-27 kg
= 3.006 x 10-28 kg
(iv)
Energy released, E = mc2
= 3.006 x 10-28 x (3.0 x 108)2
= 2.71 x 10-11 J
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
10
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(b)
(c)
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(b)
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Suggestion
Use forceps / robot
Reason
The radiation does not penetrate to our hand or eyes
(ii)
(iii)
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(e)
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(a)
(b)
Temperature
(i)
Thermometer X
(ii)
Has smaller scale division
Can detect small change in its reading and thus the accuracy is improved
(i)
Electric energy to heat energy
(ii)
Energy absorbed = mc
= 1.2 x 4200 x (100 32)
= 342 720 J
Suggestion
Reason
Use mercury
Sensitive to heat
Use smaller scale division
Can detect small change in its reading
Space X is vacuum
The expansion or contraction is uniform which is free from air pressure
Use high opacity of liquid
Easy to be seen
Use narrower capillary tube
The thermometer is more sensitive
Use thin glass bulb
Faster conducting heat to the thermometer
Reflection
Convex mirror
As wider area of view
(i)
Refer to answer 2(b)
(ii)
Upright //diminished //virtual
(iii)
Size of image increases
Characteristics
Reason
Install at high position
Does not block by surrounding object
Use convex mirror
Has wider area of view
Smooth surface
The dust does not stick on the mirror which may blur the image on the mirror
Use bigger mirror
The image will be bigger
So, mirror Q is chosen because it is at high position, use convex mirror, the surface of mirror is smooth and the mirror is big
Is the force acting normall per unit area
Density of liquid //depth
Pressure = hpg
= 10 x 1000 x 10 Pa
= 100 000 Pa
The pressyre of the apartment is higher than the pressure of water.
Pressure of gas supply = 76 + (15 5)
= 86 cmHg
Is the product of mass and velocity
Calculate the momentum of the softball if the mass of the ball is 80 g and its velocity is 100 ms-1. [1 mark/ markah]
Hitung momentum bagi bola lisut itu jika jisim bolanya ialah 80 g dan halajunya ialah 100 ms-1.
Momentum = mass x velocity
= 0.080 x 100
= 8 kg ms-1
The velocity will decrease
To reduce the impulsive force by lengthening the impact time
(i)
Impulse is the change of momentum
Impulsive force is the rate of change of momentum
(ii)
Impulsive force = m(v u)/t
= 0.15(20 0)/0.08
= 37.5 N
Is a device used to step-up or step-down the input ac voltage
(i)
Step-down transformer
(ii)
So that the ac voltage can be alternated easily
(iii)
To change the ac voltage to dc voltage //To allow the flow of current in one direction
(iv)
Transformer Z. The output power is higher
Electromagnetic induction
Characteristics
Reason
U-shape core
To centralize the magnet from leaking
Use soft iron core
Can be magnetized or demagnetized easily
Laminated core
To reduce the eddy current
Use thick wire
Low resistance
So, core D is chosen because it is U-shape, soft iron core, laminated and uses thick wire
High thickness of diaphragm
Can withstand high vibration due high audio signals
Use high strength material for diaphragm
Strong material which can withstand high pressure of vibration
from cracking
Use more coils
More magnetic flux cut
Bigger diameter of wire coil
Low resistance
Stronger magnet
More magnetic flux can be produced
Characteristics
Reason
Higher force constant
Stiffer spring to withstand higher mass
Bigger diameter of wire
The spring is more elastic
Bigger diameter of coils
The spring is more elastic
Made of steel
Strong from cracking//broken
So, spring S is chosen because its force constant is high, big wire diameter, big spring coils and is made of steel
(i)
Directly proportional
(ii)
Hookes law. State that the extension of spring is directly proportional to its applied force such that its elastic limit is not exceeded.
(iii)
Spring constant
(iv)
Spring B becase it has more extension at low force meaning more reading but with low mass which means more sensitive.
18
(a)
(b)
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(d)
(e)
(f)
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(c)