1.

Morality: morality is the human attempt to define what is right and

wrong about our actions and thoughts, and what is good and bad about
our being who we are. Morality involves what we ought to do, right and
wrong, good and bad, values, justice, and virtues. Morality is taken to
be important, moral actions are often taken to merit praise and
rewards, and immoral actions are often taken to merit blame and
punishment. Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived
from

a code

of

conduct from

particular philosophy,

religion,

or culture, or it can derive from a standard that a person believes

should be universal. How we can be moral and how we understand
morality is determined by many factors; the environment in which we
develop, the philosophies and perspectives we are exposed to in our
lifetimes,

and

our

personal

experiences

with

happiness

and

unhappiness and what we see as the causes for both.

2. Social Responsibility: Being Socially Responsible means that people
and organizations must behave ethically and with sensitivity toward
social, cultural, economic and environmental issues. Striving for social
responsibility helps individuals, organizations and governments have a
positive impact on development, business and society with a positive
contribution to bottom-line results. It is an ethical framework which
suggests that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an
obligation to act for the benefit of society. Social responsibility is a duty
every individual has to perform to maintain a balance between the
economy and the ecosystems. The idea that companies should
embrace its social responsibilities and not be solely focused on
maximizing profits. Social responsibility entails developing businesses
with a positive relationship to the society which they operate in.
3. Ultra

Vires

Transaction:

Ultra

vires is

a Latin phrase meaning

"beyond the powers". If an act requires legal authority and it is done

without such authority, it is ultra vires.

Invalid excess of authority or

power

exercised

by

an entity.

Since

the powers exercised

by

any officer of an organization are limited by the constituting or vesting

instrument (such as a memorandum of association), any act outside
those limitations is ultra vires and may be challenged in the courts.
This rule is applicable to all powers, express or implied, created by
a contract or statute.
4. Mistake and Fraud: The necessary elements for mistake and fraud
are very similar. Both mistake and fraud may entail the disclosure of
false circumstances by one party to a transaction to the other party or
failure to disclose circumstances, which, in accordance with the
principle of good faith, should have been disclosed. Fraud is defined
through the definition of mistake, which is compounded by intent. This
leads both in theory and in practice to the issue of the exact criteria for
distinguishing between these two institutions. Mistake and fraud are
undisputedly among the most common grounds for cancelling legal
transactions, as they regard the disparity between the actual intention
of one party to a transaction and the legal consequences of the
transaction.
5. Decorum and Etiquette: Decorum is the prescribed limits of
appropriate social behavior within a set situation. Etiquette is
a conventional but unwritten

code

of

ethical

behavior

regarding

professional practice or action among the members of a profession in

their dealings with each other.
6. Ethical Behavior In Banks:
7. Material Alteration: A material alteration varies the apparent nature
of relationship of the parties as it alters rights, liabilities or legal
position vis--vis what was originally stated in the document. It may
also otherwise change the legal character and effect of the document.
It may also affect the legal remedies available to the parties. Impact of

changes could be that the document becomes void. Consequence of

material alteration could be that it may prejudice the party vis--vis his
interests as determined originally. Material alteration may also remove
the unambiguity of the original document and may make it, through
alteration, more certain.
8. Conflict of Interest: A situation that has the potential to undermine
the impartiality of a person because of the possibility of a clash
between

the person's self-interest and professional interest or public

interest. A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a

risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest
will

be

unduly

influenced

by

secondary

interest.

Primary

interest refers to the principal goals of the profession or activity, such

as the protection of clients, the health of patients, the integrity of
research, and the duties of public office. Secondary interest includes
not only financial gain but also such motives as the desire for
professional advancement and the wish to do favors for family and
friends, but conflict of interest rules usually focus on financial
relationships because they are relatively more objective, fungible, and
quantifiable. The secondary interests are not treated as wrong in
themselves, but become objectionable when they are believed to have
greater weight than the primary interests do. The conflict in a conflict
of interest exists whether or not a particular individual is actually
influenced by the secondary interest. It exists if the circumstances are
reasonably believed (based on experience and objective evidence) to
create a risk that secondary interests may unduly influence decisions.
9. Banking and Business Ethics: The banking industry generally

believes that internal behavior, like employee rules on hospitality,

cannot be separated from external activity, like local community
outreach. Socially responsible behavior inside and outside a bank also
translates into good business. In any industry where ethics would be
more important than in banking partly because financial institutions

are such a crucial part of the infrastructure of the entire world

economy,

and

their

trustworthiness

is

bound

to

have

serious

implications for countless individuals and institutions. Further, banks

(like charities) depend almost entirely on trust to sustain their business
a bank that shows itself not to be trustworthy will very quickly find
itself short of customers. Of course, unlike charities, the trust we place
in banks is sustained in part by a significant regulatory system.