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Loc THEVENOT
EIFFAGE TP
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1 - Description de louvrage-
The Violay tunnel consists of two single-direction tubes with a standard distance
between side walls of 27 m.
The two tubes have a single gradient of 0.72%, descending eastwards, for
their entire length.
The tunnel is approximately 3900 m long in total.
The cross-sectional profile of the completed structure consists of two
pavements, two 1 m shoulders, and two traffic lanes, each 3.50 m wide.
2 - GologieLe tunnel traverse deux grandes units gologiques spares par la faille du Gantet.
A lOuest, lUnit de Joux est constitue de terrains sdimentaires : siltites, grs,
plites, conglomrats, sur les 1300 premiers mtres. Ces terrains sont injects
de microgranites plus ou moins altrs (granophyres majoritairement). Au niveau
des discontinuits, la stratification du massif est globalement subhorizontale
(pendage infrieur 30), tandis que la fracturation est plutt subverticale
(pendage de 60 90).
La faille du Gantet est un grand dcrochement senestre li lorogense
hercynienne (- 385 -245 Ma). Elle est oriente NW/SE et sa largeur est de
130 m environ sur le trac du tunnel. Les terrains y sont trs fracturs voire
broys et mylonitiss, associs des argiles daltration.
A lEst, sur 2400m, le tunnel se situe dans lUnit de Violay. Celle-ci est constitue
de roches volcanosdimentaires mtamorphises et de mtaplites, galement
injectes de microgranites plus ou moins arniss, en filons subhorizontaux. La
schistosit montre un pendage variable (de 10 50) et la fracturation est l
encore plutt subverticale (pendage de 60 90).
Alluvions / Alluvia
Arnes granitiques / Granitic sands
Siltites, grs, conglomrats et plites (h1-2) /
Siltstone, sandstone, pelites and conglomerates
Mtasplites et andsites mtamorphiques (tfv) /
Metaspelites and metamorphic andesites
Microgranites (granophyres) : silts et laccolites (Visen) /
Microgranites (granophyres): silts and laccolites (Visean)
Microgranites porphyriques : roches filoniennes (post-Visen) /
Porphyric microgranites: rock seams (post-Visean)
2 - GeologyThe tunnel crosses two geological units separated by the Gantet fault.
To the west, the Joux Unit consists of sedimentary rocks: siltstone, sandstone,
pelite and conglomerates for the first 1300 metres. These rocks have microgranite intrusions with varying degrees of alteration (mostly granophyres). In
terms of discontinuities, the stratification of the formation is mostly subhorizontal (with an angle of dip of less than 30) while fracturing is more subvertical
(with an angle of dip of between 60 and 90).
The Gantet fault is a major sinistral fault linked to the Hercynian orogeny
(between 385 and 245 million years ago). It runs NW/SE and is approximately
130 m wide where the tunnel crosses it. The soil in this area is highly fractured
or even crushed and myolinitized, with alteration clays.
For a distance of 2400 m eastwards, the tunnel lies in the Violay Unit. This
consists of metamorphosed sedimentary volcanic rock and metapelites, also
with microgranite intrusions with varying degrees of arenization, in subhorizontal
seams. Schistosity shows a variable angle of dip (from 10 to 50) and here too,
fracturing is mostly subvertical (angle of dip of between 60 and 90).
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3 - Soutnements-
3 - Supports-
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5 - Modes opratoires et matrielsLe tunnel de Violay est ralis par abattage lexplosif, la prsence dhabitations
proximit des ttes a contraint le chantier ne pas utiliser ce procd la nuit
entre 21 h et 7 h sur les 450 premiers mtres la tte ouest et sur les 250
premiers mtres la tte est.
La foration des trous de mines est ralise laide dun robofore trois bras
automatis. Cette prestation est sous-traite lentreprise Robodrill.
Les plans de tir sont tablis sur le chantier. Chaque vole comporte actuellement
135 mines qui sont squences grce aux dtonateurs NONEL. La charge totale
pour une vole de 5,80 m est dune tonne dmulsion pompable (systme MORSE).
4 - WorksThe order to proceed was issued by ASF to the contractor consortium headed
up by Eiffage TP with Dodin Campenon Bernard (managing contractor) on
January 28, 2009, launching the preparation and site installation phase.
This phase lasted six months, during which the entrances, beneath umbrella
canopies at both tunnel heads, were made, and to complete worksite installations (15,300 m2 each). For each tunnel head, these included the following:
a concrete unit, offices, boundary fencing, workshops/stores, storage of the
emulsion for explosives work, and the water discharge treatment unit, with
capacity of 100 m3/h.
The first explosive blast took place on August 26, 2009 in the western attack
points northern tube.
As of September 1,2010, a total of approximately 270 personnel were working
on the Violay tunnel worksite, including subcontractors, providers and temporary
workers.
The four tunnel production teams work in three eight-hour shifts six days a
week, from 6am on Monday to 10pm on Saturday, at each of the 2x2 attack
points.
5 - Operating methods and materialsThe Violay tunnel is being built by explosive blasting. The presence of housing
close to the tunnel heads has meant this procedure cannot be used between
9pm and 7am for the first 450 m at the western head and the first 250 m at
the eastern head.
Blast holes are drilled by means of an automated triple-boom excavator. This
work was subcontracted to Robodrill.
Blasting plans are drawn up on site. Each blast involves 135 charges sequenced
using NONEL detonators. The total charge for a 5.80 m blast uses one tonne
of pumpable emulsion (MORSE system).
Sequencing makes it possible to split the blast into instantaneous charges in
order to take vibration considerations into account. At present, the vibrations
recorded are beneath regulatory thresholds and the limits set by the tender.
Vibrations due to blasting are checked using seismographs installed on homes
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Le squenage permet de fractionner le tir en charge instantane apte respecter les contraintes de vibration. Actuellement, les vibrations enregistres
sont infrieures aux seuils de la rglementation et aux seuils plus contraignants
imposs par le march. Les vibrations des tirs de mines sont contrles laide
de sismographes installs sur les habitations situes sur le trac du tunnel.
Un bureau dtudes spcialis dans les contrles sismiques fait lanalyse des
enregistrements des vibrations au titre du contrle externe du groupement.
Le tir produit environ 500 m3 de marin. Le marinage est conduit laide de trois
pelles BRYT (deux sur la tte est). Ces pelles sont assistes par un chargeur
CATERPILLAR 966 sur chaque tte. Le transport du marin vers les zones de
dpts est sous-trait lentreprise La Pyrnenne qui gre la flotte de
tombereaux CATERPILLAR A 730. Le marin mis en dpt est utilis par les entreprises de terrassement pour la confection des remblais de lautoroute A89.
Des pelles-tunnel Liebherr quipes de fraise assurent la purge du front, de la
vote et des piedroits.
Lavancement est scuris par des boulons, du bton projet ou des cintres
suivant les profils dcrits plus haut.
Les btons fournis par le groupement SATM / Lafarge sont fabriqus sur les
centrales bton de chaque tte.
La mise en uvre du bton projet se fait laide de robot bton de marque
Normet Spraymec 9150 WP.
Le groupement dentreprises Eiffage TP/Dodin Campenon Bernard possde sur
chaque tte deux boulonneurs mcaniss SANDVIK DS510-C permettant de
mettre en uvre soit des boulons SWELLEX soit des boulons en HA25.
located along the tunnel route. A design firm specialising in seismic controls
analyses the vibration logs to provide external control of the consortiums work.
Each blast generates some 500 m3 of muck. Mucking is carried out using three
BRYT excavators (two at the eastern head). These excavators are assisted by
a CATERPILLAR 966 loader at each head. Muck transport to storage areas is
subcontracted to La Pyrnenne: the latter manages the fleet of CATERPILLAR
A 730 dump trucks. The stored muck is used by the earthworks contractors to
make backfill for the A89 motorway.
Liebherr excavators with cutters clear the front, crown and side walls.
Progress is secured with bolts, shotcrete and steel arches using the profiles
described above.
Concrete, supplied by the SATM/Lafarge consortium, is manufactured in the
concrete units located at each head.
The shotcrete is applied using a Normet Spraymec 9150 WP concreting
machine.
The Eiffage TP/Dodin Campenon Bernard consortium has two SANDVIK DS510-C
mechanised bolting machines to install SWELLEX and HA25 bolts.
6 - Les revtementsLe respect de la date de livraison de louvrage au mois de fvrier 2012 impose
danticiper la ralisation des votes avant la perce des deux tubes. Le groupement Eiffage TP/Dodin Campenon Bernard a quip le chantier avec 6 coffrages
de votes de 12,50 m; 3 commenceront les btons depuis lattaque est du tunnel
et 3 depuis lattaque ouest moins avance en linaire excav en raison de la
plus faible qualit des terrains traverss et notamment de la faille du Gantet.
Les galeries de liaison, espaces de 300 m, permettent de dvier la ventilation
et les circulations dengins dun tube vers lautre rendant tour tour disponibles,
pour la seule ralisation de ltanchit et des btons, des linaires entre intertubes de plusieurs centaines de mtres.
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8 - Contraintes environnementalesLe tunnel de Violay est implant dans une zone vallonne, o la prsence de
cours deau sensibles proximit (prsence dcrevisses pattes blanches
dans le Gand et le Bousuivre notamment), une faune et une flore prcaires
imposent une synergie entre la construction et la nature.
ASF (Matre douvrage), EGIS Tunnel (Matre duvre) et le groupement Eiffage
TP/Dodin Campenon Bernard se sont engags au travers du Plan de Respect
de lEnvironnement respecter les contraintes environnementales quexigeait
le site, en matire de qualit de leau rejete dans le milieu naturel, de pollution
des sols et de lair, de traitement des dchets en limitant les nuisances aux
riverains.
Ainsi, deux stations de traitement des eaux (une sur chaque tte) purent
leau dexhaure du tunnel et la recyclent, le surplus deau traite tant rejet
dans le milieu naturel. Un suivi continu des paramtres de contrles (matires
en suspension, hydrocarbures et pH) permet dassurer un rejet sans impact
pour le milieu naturel (voir photo 4).
8 - Environmental considerationsThe Violay tunnel is located in a hilly area, with sensitive watercourses close
by (home to white-clawed crayfish in the Gand and Bousuivre); fragile fauna
and flora call for particular synergy between construction and nature.
ASF (the Project Owner), EGIS Tunnel (Project Manager) and the Eiffage
TP/Dodin Campenon Bernard consortium have committed to the Environmental
Care Plan to abiding by the environmental constraints called for by the site.
These relate to the quality of water discharged into the natural environment,
soil and air pollution, waste treatment, and minimising disruption to
neighbours.
Two water treatment stations (one at each head) purify tunnel waste water and
recycle it, with excess treated water discharged into the natural environment.
Continuous monitoring of control parameters (suspended matter, hydrocarbons
and pH values) has made it possible to ensure that discharges have no impact
on the natural environment (see photo 4).
9 - The Gantet fault: dealing with subsidencein the southwestern tube at metre post 1362An incident occurred on Friday March 4, 2011 at 10pm, in the southern tube,
shortly after the shift changeover as excavation was drawing to a close.
Following the fall of the residual central section of the most recently excavated
part of the face, night shift workers observed falling material that was fine
enough to pass through the self-drilling bolts used for forepoling, in the crown,
between 10 oclock and 1 oclock. This hourglass-type flow
increased rapidly. The shotcrete machine that was already on
site to protect the first layer of shotcrete prior to installation
of the next arch segment was immediately switched on. Despite these efforts, material continued to fall faster and faster,
with the self-drilling tubes designed to prevent this type of
collapse bending under the weight of rocks several tens of
centimetres across (photo 5).
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Le vendredi 4 mars 2011 22h00 dans le tube sud ouest peu de temps aprs
la relve, alors que lexcavation se termine, les mineurs du poste de nuit observent en vote dans le secteur 10h00 / 13h00, aprs lboulement de la partie
rsiduelle centrale du front excave en dernier, des chutes de matriaux suffisamment fins pour passer au travers des boulons auto-foreurs assurant le forepoling. Rapidement le dbit de ce sablier augmente. Le robot bton projet
dj sur place pour assurer la projection de la premire couche de bton projet
avant la pose du cintre suivant est aussitt mis en route. Malgr leurs efforts
la chute des matriaux sacclre, des blocs pluri-dcimtriques tordent sous
leurs poids les tubes auto-foreurs destins
prvenir ces boulements (photo 5).
A 23h00, lingnieur de poste comprend que la
situation ne sera plus maitrisable et ordonne le
remblaiement complet de la section avec le
marin prcdemment vacu. Plus de 500 m3
de matriaux seront remblays dans la nuit. Le
lendemain, le chantier parachve la mise en
scurit de la zone avec la mise en place dune
protection du remblai avec une couverture de
bton projet arm dune nappe de treillis
soud (photo 6).
La situation est dsormais compltement sous
contrle, le temps de la rflexion commence.
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45 m deep, with the Gantet stream that gives its name to the fault running
overhead.
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ConclusionLe tunnel de Violay est aujourdhui achev. Le problme des effondrements rencontrs lors du franchissement de la faille de Violay a pos
un vritable dfi technique. Les travaux de consolidation auront dur
3 mois, jusqu dbut juin 2011.
Cependant, la traverse de cette zone difficile naura t quune des
difficults rencontres par les 550 personnes du Groupement Eiffage
TP/Dodin Campenon Bernard et leurs sous-traitants. Le dfi le plus
significatif de cet ouvrage majeur aura t de coordonner simultanment
les 24 postes de travail diffrents ncessaires pour raliser un tunnel
en mthode conventionnelle, sans aucun compromis sur la scurit et
avec la barre haut place quant au respect des considrations environnementales. t
Principaux intervenants
Matre douvrage : ASF
Matre duvre : Egis Tunnel
Groupement dEntreprises : Eiffage TP, Dodin Campenon Bernard
Etanchit : GCC
Ventilation : ECE Cogemacoustic
Pelles-tunnel : Liebherr France
Explosifs : Nitro-Bickford
Cintres : CMC
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At the end of injection work, the tubes are washed and can be fitted with sealed
25 mm or 32 mm HA 25 steel bars.
Phase 6: Inspection borehole
Two survey boreholes 50 lm long were carried out with a wire-line drill in order
to survey the soil as far as metre post 1400, beyond the collapsed area.
Phase 7: Construction of the umbrella canopy
Half-section excavation with a slab with counter-arch will then recommence,
protected by umbrella canopies made of pipeline tubing 89 mm in diameter
and 10 mm thick, spaced 40 cm apart along the centreline.
Main contributors
Project owner: ASF
Project manager: Egis Tunnel
Consortium: Eiffage TP, Dodin Campenon Bernard
Watertightness: GCC
Ventilation: ECE Cogemacoustic
Tunnel loaders: Liebherr France
Explosives: Nitro-Bickford
Rings supports: CMC