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Stephen Lucas
05/11/10
Stephen Lucas
With laboratory partner: Christopher Richards
University College London
Abstract: The ratio of specific heats, , at constant pressure, Cp and constant volume, Cv, have been
determined by measuring the oscillation frequency when a ball bearing undergoes simple harmonic motion
due to the gravitational and pressure forces acting upon it. The value is an important gas property as it relates
the microscopic properties of the molecules on a macroscopic scale. In this experiment values of were
determined for input gases: CO2, Ar, N2, and an Ar + N2 mixture in the ratio 0.51:0.49. These were found to
be: 1.1652 0.0003, 1.4353 0.0003, 1.2377 0.0001and 1.3587 0.0002 respectively. The small
uncertainties in suggest a precise procedure while the discrepancy between experimental and accepted
values indicates inaccuracy. Systematic errors are suggested; however it was noted that an average
discrepancy of 0.18 between accepted and experimental values occurred. If this difference is accounted for, it
can be seen that we measure lower vibrational contributions to at room temperature than those predicted by
the equipartition principle. It can be therefore deduced that the classical idea of all modes contributing to is
incorrect and there is actually a freezing out of vibrational modes at lower temperatures.
I.
Introduction
II.
Method
(2)
Where P is the sum of barometric and excess
pressure (due to inflow of gas) experienced by the
ball.
It can be seen from equation (1) that values admit
the immediate calculation of Cv and thus Cp. Using
the equipartition principle [1] it is seen that the
contribution to the total Cv per mole is related to
number of degrees of freedom, s, such that:
(3)
By comparing the tabulated and experimental
values of , the vibrational contributions to Cv can
be approximated using the degrees of freedom
applicable to each gas [1].
Mean Time Period against Oscillation Number for Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Nitrogen and an Argon-Nitrogen Mixture
17
16
15
14
13
Carbon Dioxide
12
Argon
11
Cv
/kJkg-1K-1
Cp
/kJkg-1K-1
Nitrogen
10
Argon-Nitrogen Mixture
9
8
7
20
25
30
Oscillation Number N
35
40
CO2
1.30
0.65
Ar
1.67
0.31
N2
1.40
0.74
0.85
0.52
1.04
Cv
/kJkg-1K-1
Cp
/kJkg-1K-1
CO2
Ar
N2
N2 + Ar
1.1652
0.0003
1.1817
0.0003
1.3812
0.0005
1.4353
0.0003
0.3439
0.0001
0.4935
0.0001
1.2377
0.0001
0.4898
0.0001
0.6662
0.0001
1.3587
0.0002
0.7418
0.0002
1.0079
0.0003
IV.
Conclusion
References