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L THUYT POLIME VT LIU POLIME

I CNG V POLIME
I KHI NIM, PHN LOI V DANH PHP
1. Khi nim
Polime l nhng hp cht c phn t khi rt ln do nhiu n v nh (gi l mt xch) lin kt vi nhau.V d:
do cc mt xch NH [CH2]6 CO lin kt vi nhau to nn H s n c
gi l h s polime ha hay polime ha. Cc phn t to nn tng mt xch ca polime c gi l monome
2. Phn loi
a) Theo ngun gc:

b) Theo cch tng hp:

c) Theo cu trc: (xem phn II)


3. Danh php
- Poli + tn ca monone (nu tn monome gm 2 t tr ln hoc t hai monome to nn polime th tn ca monome
phi trong ngoc n)
- Mt s polime c tn ring (tn thng thng). V d:
II CU TRC
1. Cc dng cu trc mch polime
a) Mch khng phn nhnh. V d: polietilen, amiloz
b) Mch phn nhnh. V d: amilopectin, glicogen
c) Mch mng li. V d: cao su lu ha, nha bakelit
2. Cu to iu ha v khng iu ha
a) Cu to iu ha: cc mt xch ni nhau theo mt trt t nht nh (chng han theo kiu u ni ui). V d:

b) Cu to khng iu ha: cc mt xch ni vi nhau khng theo trt t nht nh (chng hn theo kiu u ni u,
ch th u ni vi ui). V d:

III TNH CHT VT L


Hu ht polime l cht rn, khng bay hi, khng c nhit nng chy xc nh, mt s tan trong cc dung mi hu
c. a s polime c tnh do, mt s polime c tnh n hi, mt s c tnh dai, bn, c th ko thnh si
IV TNH CHT HA HC
1. Phn ng gi nguyn mch polime
a) Poli(vinyl axetat) (PVA) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH:

b) Cao su thin nhin tc dng vi HCl:

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L THUYT POLIME VT LIU POLIME

Cao su hiroclo ha
c) Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC) tc dng vi Cl2: (gi s c 2 mt xch th 1 nguyn t clo)

T clorin
2. Phn ng phn ct mch polime
a) Phn ng thy phn polieste:

b) Phn ng thy phn polipeptit hoc poliamit:

Nilon 6
c) Phn ng thy phn tinh bt, xenluloz
d) Phn ng nhit phn polistiren

3. Phn ng khu mch polime


a) S lu ha cao su:
Khi hp nng cao su th vi lu hunh th thu c cao su lu ha. cao su lu ha, cc mch polime c ni vi
nhau bi cc cu SS (cu isunfua)

b) Nha rezit (nha bakelit):


Khi un nng nha rezol thu c nha rezit, trong cc mch polime c khu vi nhau bi cc nhm CH 2
(nhm metylen)

Polime khu mch c cu trc mng khng gian do tr nn kh nng chy, kh tan v bn hn so vi polime cha
khu mch
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L THUYT POLIME VT LIU POLIME


V IU CH
C th iu ch polime bng phn ng trng hp hoc trng ngng
1. Phn ng trng hp
a) Khi nim:
- Trng hp l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome), ging nhau hay tng t nhau thnh phn t rt ln
(polime)
- iu kin cn v cu to ca monome tham gia phn ng trng hp phi c l:
+ Lin kt bi. V d: CH2 = CH2, CH2 = CHC6H5
+ Hoc vng km bn: V d:

b) Phn loi:
- Trng hp ch t mt loi monome to homopolime. V d:

- Trng hp m vng. V d:

Nilon 6 (t capron)
- Trng hp t hai hay nhiu loi monome (gi l ng trng hp) to copolime. V d:

Poli(butaien stiren) (cao su buna S)


2. Phn ng trng ngng
a) Khi nim:
- Trng ngng l qu trnh kt hp nhiu phn t nh (monome) thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi gii phng
nhng phn t nh khc (nh H2O)
- iu kin cn c phn ng trng ngng l: cc monome tham gia phn ng trng ngng phi c t nht hai nhm
chc c kh nng phn ng to c lin kt vi nhau
b) Mt s phn ng trng ngng:

axit -aminocaproic

Nilon 6 (t capron)

axit -aminoenantoic

Nilon 7 (t enan)

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L THUYT POLIME VT LIU POLIME

VT LIU POLIME
I CHT DO
1. Khi nim
- Cht do l nhng vt liu polime c tnh do
- Tnh do l tnh b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p lc bn ngoi v vn gi nguyn c s bin dng
khi thi tc dng
- C mt s cht do ch cha polime song a s cht do c cha thnh phn khc ngoi polime bao gm cht n
(nh mui than, cao lanh, mn ca, bt aming, si thy tinhlm tng mt s tnh nng cn thit ca cht do v h
gi thnh sn phm) v cht do ha (lm tng tnh do v d gia cng hn)
2. Mt s polime dng lm cht do
a) Polietilen (PE)

PE l cht do mm, c dng lm mng mng, bnh cha, ti ng


b) Poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC)

PVC l cht do cng, cch in tt, bn vi axit, c dng lm vt liu in, ng dn nc, da gi
c) Poli(metyl metacrylat) (thy tinh hu c PEXIGLAS)

Poli(metyl metacrylat) l cht do cng, trong sut, khng vnn c gi l thy tinh hu c. Dng ch to
knh my bay, t, knh bo him, dng lm rng gi
d) Poli(phenol fomanehit) (PPF) (xem thm bi i cng v polime)
PPF c ba dng: nha novolac, nha rezol, nha rezit
Nha novolac:
- un nng hn hp fomanehit v phenol ly d vi xc tc axit c nha novolac mch khng phn nhnh (cu
ni metylen CH2 c th v tr ortho hoc para)
- Nha nhit do, d nng chy, tan trong mt s dung mi hu c, dng sn xut vecni, sn
Nha rezol:
- un nng hn hp phenol v fomanehit theo t l mol 1 : 1,2 c xc tc kim. Nha rezol khng phn nhnh, mt
s nhn phenol c gn nhm CH2OH v tr s 4 hoc 2
- Nha nhit rn, d nng chy, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c dng sn xut sn, keo, nha rezit
Nha rezit (cn gi l nha bakelit):
- un nng nha rezol 150oC c nha rezit (hay nha bakelit) c cu trc mng li khng gian
- Khng nng chy, khng tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, dng sn xut in, v my
3. Khi nim v vt liu compozit
Khi trn polime vi cht n thch hp thu c vt liu mi c bn, chu nhittng ln so vi polime thnh
phm. l vt liu compozit
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L THUYT POLIME VT LIU POLIME


- Cht nn (polime): c th dng nha nhit do hay nha nhit rn
- Cht n: phn tn (nhng khng tan) vo polime. Cht n c th l: si (bng, ay, aming, si thy tinh) hoc
cht bt (silicat, bt nh (CaCO3), bt tan (3MgO.4SiO2.2H2O))
II T
1. Khi nim
T l nhng vt liu polime hnh si di v mnh vi bn nht nh
2. Phn loi

3. Mt s loi t tng hp thng gp


a) T poliamit (c nhiu nhm amit CONH)

b) T polieste (c nhiu nhm este)

c) T vinylic (c nhiu nhm polivinyl)

III CAO SU
1. Khi nim
- Cao su l vt liu polime c tnh n hi
- Tnh n hi l tnh bin dng khi chu lc tc dng bn ngoi v tr li dng ban u khi lc thi tc dng
- C hai loi cao su: cao su thin nhin v cao su tng hp
2. Cao su thin nhin (polime ca isopren)

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L THUYT POLIME VT LIU POLIME


a) Cu trc:

- Cng thc cu to:


n = 1500 15000
- Tt c cc mt xch isopren u c cu hnh cis nh sau:

b) Tnh cht v ng dng:


- Cao su thin nhin ly t m cy cao su, n hi tt (nh cu trc cis iu ha), khng dn nhit v in, khng
thm kh v nc, khng tan trong nc, etanolnhng tan trong xng v benzen
- Cao su thin nhin cho phn ng cng H2, Cl2, HCl, c bit l cng lu hunh to cao su lu ho c tnh n hi,
chu nhit, lu mn, kh tan trong dung mi hn cao su khng lu ha.
3. Cao su tng hp
a) Cao su buna, cao su buna S v cao su buna N :

- Cao su buna c tnh n hi v bn km cao su thin nhin. Khi dng buta-1,3-ien 10 oC, polime sinh ra cha
77% n v trans-1,4 v 7% n v cis-1,4 (cn li l sn phm trng hp 1,2). Cn 100 oC sinh ra polime cha 56%
n v trans-1,4 v 25% n v cis-1,4 (cn li l sn phm trng hp 1,2)

Cao su buna S
- Cao su buna S c tnh n hi cao

Cao su buna N
- Cao su buna N c tnh chng du tt
b) Cao su isopren
- Trng hp isopren c h xc tc c bit, ta c poliisopren gi l cao su isopren, cu hnh cis chim 94 %, gn
ging cao su thin nhin

- Ngoi ra ngi ta cn sn xut policloropren v polifloropren. Cc polime ny u c c tnh n hi nn c gi


l cao su cloropren v cao su floropren. Chng bn vi du m hn cao su isopren

IV KEO DN
1. Khi nim
Keo dn l vt liu polime c kh nng kt dnh hai mnh vt liu ging nhau hoc khc nhau m khng lm bin i
bn cht cc vt liu c kt dnh
2. Phn loi
a) Theo bn cht ha hoc:
- Keo v c (thy tinh lng)
- Keo hu c (h tinh bt, keo epoxi)
b) Dng keo:
- Keo lng (h tinh bt)
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L THUYT POLIME VT LIU POLIME


- Keo nha do (matit)
- Keo dn dng bt hay bn mng
3. Mt s loi keo dn tng hp thng dng
a) Keo dn epoxi: gm 2 hp phn:
- Polime lm keo c cha hai nhm epoxi hai u
- Cht ng rn thng l cc triamin nh H 2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2
b) Keo dn ure fomanehit

Poli(ure fomanehit)
4. Mt s loi keo dn t nhin a) Nha v sm: l dung dch dng keo ca cao su thin nhin trong dung mi hu c
nh toluen b) Keo h tinh bt: l dung dch h tinh bt trong nc nng, dng lm keo dn giy

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