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C
Clause
R
Remarks
Example of
o Design fo
or Laterally Restrained
R
Beam
n is loaded with
w uniform
mly distributted loading
g
A steel beam section
Gk = 8 kN//m and Qk = 6 kN/m. Beam
B
was ffully restrain
ned and seat
on 100mm
m bearings at
a each end. (Ignore sself-weight of steel
beam)
E
EN1990
1. DESIGN LOADING / ACTION
Table A1.2(B)
on, FEd = G Gk + Q Qk (eq 6.10)
Combinattion of Actio
= (1.35 x 8kN/m) + (1.5 x 6kN/m)
= 19.8 kN/m
Design Ben
nding Mom
ment, MEd
(FEd x L2) / 8 = (19.8 kN/m
k
x 8m x 8m) / 8
= 158.4 kNm
k
Design She
ear Force, VEd
(FEd x L) / 2
= (19.8 kN/m
k
x 8m) / 2
= 79.2 kN
N
VEd = 79.2 kN
MAT
2. SELECTION OF SECTION
Required Plastic Modulus , Wply = MEd / (fy / MO )
6.1 (1)
Table 3.1
356 x 171 x
51kg/m UKB
= 355 mm
= 171.5 mm
= 11.5 mm
= 7.4 mm
= 10.2 mm
= 311.6 mm
= 6.25 mm
= 42.1mm
= 14,100 cm4
= 968cm cm4
= 14.8 cm
= 3.86 cm
= 796 cm3
= 113 cm3
= 896 cm3
=174 cm3
=64.9 cm2
MAT
3. CLASIFICATION OF SECTION
Table 3.1
fy = 275 N/mm2
Web
Table 5.2(1)
Table 5.2(2)
Shear
The design value of the shear force VEd at each cross section shall
satisfy:
VEd /Vc,Rd 1 (eq. 6.17)
6.2.6(2)
6.2.6(3a)
Av = 2776.35 mm2
MAT
Vc,Rd =440.8 kN
6.2.5
6.2.5(1)
Bending
The design value of the bending moment MEd at each crosssection shall satisfy:
MEd /Mc,Rd 1 (eq. 6.12)
6.2.5(2)
Mc,Rd = 246.4kNm
MAT
6.2.6(6)
BS EN 1993-15:2006
8(1)
MAT
6.2(1)
6.4(1)
Reduction factor, XF
XF = 0.5 / F 1.0 (eq. 6.3)
F = ( ly tw fyw / Fcr ) (eq. 6.4)
Fcr = 0.9 kF E (tw3 / hw) (eq. 6.5)
For webs without longitudinal stiffeners kF should be obtained from
Figure 6.1. For webs with longitudinal stiffeners kF may calculated
from the equation 6.6
kF = 2 + 6 [(ss + c)/ hw]
6.5(1)
MAT
= 3.81
le = kF E tw2/2 fyw hw ss + c (eq.6.13)
kF = 3.81
le = kF E tw2/2 fyw hw
= (3.81x 210 x103 x 7.52)/(2 x 275 x 332)
= 246.47mm
ss + c = 100 + 0
= 100mm
Since le = kF E tw2/2 fyw hw ss + c .: take le = 100mm
m1 = fyf bf / fyw tw (eq. 6.8)
=(275 x 171.5) / (275 x 7.5)
= 22.87
le = 100mm
m2 = 0.02 ( hw/tf)2
= 0.02 ( 332/11.5) 2
= 16.70
m1 = 22.87
m2 = 16.70
ly = le + tf m1 + m2 (eq. 6.12)
= 100 + 11.5 22.87 + 16.7
= 172.34mm
Choose the lesser value from eq. 6.11 and eq. 6.12 .: ly = 172.34
ly = 172.34mm
MAT
F = 0.62
XF = 0.81
Leff = 139.6mm
FRD = 287.93 kN
= 287.93 kN
8. DEFLECTION
dactual = 5wL4 / 384 EI
= (5x6x80004)/(384x210x103x141x106)
= 10.8mm
dallow = span/360
= 8000/360
= 22.22mm
Since dallow > dactual .: section is satisfactory for deflection
Clause
Remarks
Example of Design for Laterally Restrain Beam
Support for a conveyor. Part of the support for a conveyor consists
8
MAT
STRUCTURA
AL STEELWORK & TIMBER DESIGN
N - ECS328
STEEL BEAM
M DESIGN
NOV13 MAC14
M
of a pair of
o identical beams as shown in fiigure below
w. Each be
eam
is connectted to a sta
anchion at end A by a cleat and is supporrted
on across beam at D by boltin
ng through the conne
ecting flang
ges.
Lateral resstraint is prrovided by
y transverse
e beams a
at A, B and E
connected
d to rigid supports.
s
Th
he loads sh
hown are a
at the ultimate
limit state.
VEd = 375 kN
2. SELECTIO
ON OF SECTTION
Required Plastic
P
Mod
dulus , Wply = MEd / (fy / MO )
9
MAT
6.1 (1)
Table 3.1
Assume the nominal thk. of flange and web is less than 40mm and
advance UKB S355 to be used, .: yield strength, fy = 355N/mm2
.: Required Plastic Modulus , Wply = MEd / (fy / MO )
=825 x 106 / (355 / 1.0)
=2324cm3
From Table of Properties, select 533 x 210 x 101 kg/m UKB provided
2610cm3 of Plastic Modulus
= 536.7 mm
= 210 mm
= 17.4 mm
= 10.8 mm
= 12.7 mm
= 476.5 mm
= 4.99 mm
= 44.1 mm
= 61,500 cm4
= 2690 cm4
= 21.9 cm
= 4.57 cm
= 2290 cm3
= 256 cm3
= 2610 cm3
=399 cm3
=129 cm2
3. CLASIFICATION OF SECTION
Table 3.1
fy = 355 N/mm2
MAT
Web
Table 5.2(1)
Table 5.2(2)
Shear
6.2.6(1)
The design value of the shear force VEd at each cross section shall
satisfy:
VEd /Vc,Rd 1 (eq. 6.17)
6.2.6(2)
6.2.6(3a)
Av = 6221.8 mm2
Vc,Rd =1275.22 kN
11
MAT
6.2.5
Bending
6.2.5(1)
The design value of the bending moment MEd at each crosssection shall satisfy:
MEd /Mc,Rd 1 (eq. 6.12)
6.2.5(2)
Mc,Rd = 926.6kNm
MAT
1993-1-5, if:
6.2.6(6)
BS EN 1993-15:2006
8(1)
MAT
Reduction factor, XF
XF = 0.5 / F 1.0 (eq. 6.3)
F = ( ly tw fyw / Fcr ) (eq. 6.4)
Fcr = 0.9 kF E (tw3 / hw) (eq. 6.5)
For webs without longitudinal stiffeners kF should be obtained from
Figure 6.1. For webs with longitudinal stiffeners kF may calculated
from the equation 6.6
6.5(2)
For type (a) and (b) in Figure 6.1, effective loaded length, ly should
be taken as :
ly = ss + 2tf ( 1 + m1+m2 ) (eq. 6.11) but ly distance between
adjacent transverse stiffeners.
6.5(1)
MAT
Depth of Section, h
Width of Section, b
Thk. Flanges, tf
Thk. of Web, tw
Root Radius, r
617.2 mm
230.2 mm
22.1 mm
13.1 mm
12.7 mm
hw = (h2tf)
= 617.2 (222.1)
= 573 mm
ss = 2tf + tw + (2 2)rb
= (2 22.1) + 13.1 + (2 2)12.7
= 64.74 < hw = 573 mm
kF = 6
m1 = 22.87
m2 = 0.02 (
= 0.02 (501.9/17.4) 2
= 16.64
hw/tf)2
m2 = 16.64
ly = ss + 2tf ( 1 + m1+m2 )
= 64.74 + 2(17.4) (1+19.4 + 17.4)
= 310.65 mm
15
ly = 310.65 mm
Fcr = 2,846.2x103 N
MAT
F = 0.65
XF = 0.77
Leff = 239.2 mm
= 917.1 kN
FRD = 917.1 kN
MAT
STRUCTURA
AL STEELWORK & TIMBER DESIGN
N - ECS328
STEEL BEAM
M DESIGN
NOV13 MAC14
M
For loading
g types (a) and (c) the
e web is like
ely to fail ass a result off
(i) crushing
g of the web close to the
t
flange accompan
nied by
yielding off the flange
e, the comb
bined effec
ct sometime
es referred tto
as web cru
ushing
(ii) Localize
ed buckling
g and crush
hing of the w
web benea
ath the
flange, the
e combined
d effect som
metimes re ferred to ass web
crippling.
For loading
g type (b) the
t
web is likely to fail as a result of
(i) web cru
ushing
(ii) Buckling
g of the we
eb over most of the de
epth of the member
17
7
MAT
STRUCTURA
AL STEELWORK & TIMBER DESIGN
N - ECS328
STEEL BEAM
M DESIGN
NOV13 MAC14
M
Clause 6.3
3 (1) mentio
oned that le
ength of stifffness beariing ss should
d
ed load is e
be taken as
a the dista
ance over which
w
applie
effectively
distributed
d at slope of
o 1:1 (BS EN
N 1993-1-5, FFigure 6.2). However ss
should nott be taken as
a larger than hw
Simply sup
pported late
erally restra
ained beam
m
The beam shown in figure
f
below
w is fully latterally restra
ained along
g its
length an
nd has bea
aring lengtths of 50 mm at the
e un-stiffen
ned
18
8
MAT
STRUCTURA
AL STEELWORK & TIMBER DESIGN
N - ECS328
STEEL BEAM
M DESIGN
NOV13 MAC14
M
supports and 75 mm
m
under the conc
centrated load. Che
eck
resistance of 533 x 210 x 92 UKB
U
using SS275 steel grade for the
loading off uniformly distributed
d
load (UDL) was gk = 15kN/m and
d qk
= 30kN/m and conce
entrated loa
ad Gk = 40kkN and Qk = 50kN
Combinattion of Actio
on PL, FEd
DESIGN BE
ENDING MO
OMENT, MEd
(FEd1 x L2) / 8 = (62.5 kN
N/m x 6.5m
m x 6.5m) / 8
= 330.1 kNm
(FEd2 x L) / 4 = (129 kN
N x 6.5m) / 4
= 209.6 kNm
k
30.1 kNm + 209.6
2
kNm
MEd = 33
= 53
39.7 kNm
DESIGN SH
HEAR FORCE, VEd
(FEd1 x L) / 2
FEd2 / 2
= (62.5 kN/m
k
x 6.5m
m) / 2
= 203.13
3 kN
= 129 kN / 2
= 64.5 kN
FEd = 267.63 kN
ON OF SECTTION
2. SELECTIO
Section Pro
operties forr 533 x 210 x 92kg/m U KB
19
9
MAT
Depth of Section, h
Width of Section, b
Thk. Flanges, tf
Thk. of Web, tw
Root Radius, r
Depth between Fillet, d
Ratio Local Buckling (flange), cf/tf
Ratio of Local Buckling (web), cw/tw
Second Moment Area, Iyy
Second Moment Area, Izz
Radius of Gyration, iy
Radius of Gyration, iz
Elastic Modulus, Wely
Elastic Modulus, Welz
Plastic Modulus, Wply
Plastic Modulus, Wplz
Area of Section, A
= 533.1 mm
= 209.3 mm
= 15.6 mm
= 10.1 mm
= 12.7 mm
= 476.5 mm
= 5.57 mm
= 47.2mm
= 55,200 cm4
= 2390 cm4
= 21.7 cm
= 4.51 cm
= 2070 cm3
= 228 cm3
= 2360 cm3
=355 cm3
=117 cm2
3. CLASIFICATION OF SECTION
Take steel grade as S275 and tf = 15.6 mm < 40 mm
.: fy = 275 N/mm2
Web
= 0.92 and cw/tw = 47.2 < 72
.: Web section was Class 1
Flange
= 0.92 and cf/tf = 5.57 < 9
.: Flange section was Class 1
.: Both section was Class 1
MAT
The design value of the shear force VEd at each cross section shall
satisfy:
VEd /Vc,Rd 1 (eq. 6.17)
Vc,Rd = Vpl, Rd = [ Av (fy /3) ] / MO (eq 6.18)
Shear area, Av for rolled I section
Av = A 2btf + (tw + 2r) tf but not less than nhwtw
Av = 11,700 2(209.3)(15.6) + (10.1 + 2(12.7))15.6
= 5723.64 mm2
hw = h 2tf
hw = 533.1 2(15.6)
= 501.9 mm
n may be conservatively taken equal to 1.0.
.: nhwtw = 1.0 x 501.9 x 10.1
= 5069.2 mm2
Since Av > nhwtw .: take Av = 5723.64 mm2
.: Vc,Rd = Vpl, Rd = [ Av (fy /3) ] / MO (eq 6.18)
= [ 5723.64 (275/3)] / 1.0
= 908.75 kN
VEd /Vc,Rd 1 (eq. 6.17)
267.63 / 908.75= 0.29
Since VEd /Vc,Rd 1 .: Section was satisfactory for shear resistance
MAT
MAT
MAT
be taken as:
FRD = (fyw x Leff x tw)/m (eq. 6.1)
Effective length for resistance to transverse forces, Leff
Leff = XF ly (eq. 6.2)
Reduction factor, XF
XF = 0.5 / F 1.0 (eq. 6.3)
F = ( ly tw fyw / Fcr ) (eq. 6.4)
Fcr = 0.9 kF E (tw3 / hw) (eq. 6.5)
For webs without longitudinal stiffeners kF should be obtained from
Figure 6.1. For webs with longitudinal stiffeners kF may calculated
from the equation 6.6
kF = 2 + 6 [(ss + c)/ hw]
For type (c) in Figure 6.1, effective loaded length, ly should be
taken as the smallest value obtained from the equation 6.11 or
equation 6.12 :
ly = le + tf [(m1/2) + (le/tf)2 + m2] (eq. 6.11)
ly = le + tf m1 + m2 (eq. 6.12)
le = kF E tw2/2fyw hw ss + c (eq.6.13)
m1 = fyf bf / fyw tw (eq. 6.8)
m2 = 0.02 ( hw/tf)2 if F > 0.5 (eq. 6.9)
m2 = 0 if F 0.5 (eq. 6.9)
MAT
le = kF E tw2/2 fyw hw
= (2.6 x 210 x103 x 10.12)/(2 x 275 x 501.9)
= 201.77 mm
ss + c = 50 + 0
= 50mm
Since le = kF E tw2/2 fyw hw ss + c .: take le = 50mm
m1 = fyf bf / fyw tw (eq. 6.8)
=(275 x 209.3) / (275 x 10.1)
= 20.72
m2 = 0.02 ( hw/tf)2
= 0.02 (501.9/15.6) 2
= 20.7
ly = le + tf [(m1/2) + (le/tf)2 + m2] (eq. 6.11)
= 50 + 15.6 [(20.72/2) + (50/15.6)2 + 20.7]
= 150.28 mm
ly = le + tf m1 + m2 (eq. 6.12)
= 50 + 15.6 20.72 + 20.7
= 150.4 mm
Choose the lesser value from eq. 6.11 and eq. 6.12 .: ly = 150.29
MAT
= 325.61 kN
VEd / FRD = 267.63 / 325.61
= 0.82
Since FRD > VEd .: section is adequate for resistance of web to
transverse force
26
MAT