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    This document provides an overview of the architectural history and styles of Malaysia from pre-colonial to modern times. It begins with an introduction to Malaysia's geography and demographics. The main body is divided into sections on pre-colonial, colonial, and modern/post-independence architectural influences and styles. Pre-colonial styles included traditional Malay houses, longhouses, and mosques. The colonial era saw influences from Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonizers reflected in civic, religious, and residential buildings. Immigration brought Chinese and Indian influences like shophouses, temples, and mosques. Modern architecture evolved styles like the bungalow and incorporated modern materials.

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    History of Architecture, Interior Design and Other Crafts in Malaysia

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    This document provides an overview of the architectural history and styles of Malaysia from pre-colonial to modern times. It begins with an introduction to Malaysia's geography and demographics. The main body is divided into sections on pre-colonial, colonial, and modern/post-independence architectural influences and styles. Pre-colonial styles included traditional Malay houses, longhouses, and mosques. The colonial era saw influences from Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonizers reflected in civic, religious, and residential buildings. Immigration brought Chinese and Indian influences like shophouses, temples, and mosques. Modern architecture evolved styles like the bungalow and incorporated modern materials.

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    581 views45 pages

    Malaysia's Architectural History from Pre-Colonial to Post-Independence Eras

    Uploaded by

    Gillian Guiang
    This document provides an overview of the architectural history and styles of Malaysia from pre-colonial to modern times. It begins with an introduction to Malaysia's geography and demographics. The main body is divided into sections on pre-colonial, colonial, and modern/post-independence architectural influences and styles. Pre-colonial styles included traditional Malay houses, longhouses, and mosques. The colonial era saw influences from Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonizers reflected in civic, religious, and residential buildings. Immigration brought Chinese and Indian influences like shophouses, temples, and mosques. Modern architecture evolved styles like the bungalow and incorporated modern materials.

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    of 45

    MALAYSIA:

    ARCHITECTURE, INTERIORS AND FURNITURE

    ID 24: Philippine and Asian Historical Styles


    THU-B
    L.I. Brasileo

    BY:
    DE LA TORRE, SARAH
    GUIANG, GILLIAN B.
    JOSE, ROMINA L.

    May 20, 2015


    (Date Submitted)

    TABLE OF CONTENTS
    I. INTRODUCTION
    A. Background
    B. Historical Periods
    B.1.
    Cape Route
    B.2.
    Straits Settlement
    B.3.
    British Malaya
    B.4.
    The World Wars
    B.5.
    Self-Government
    II. DEFINITION OF TERMS
    A. Materials
    B. Interiors & Architecture
    C. Furniture
    III. ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIORS
    A. Pre-Colonial
    A.1.
    Kampong
    A.2.
    Residential Structures
    A.2.1. Traditional Malay House (Compound)
    A.2.1.1. Architectural Characteristics
    A.2.1.2. Parts of a Malay House
    A.2.1.3. Traditional Malay House Types
    A.2.1.3.1.
    Bumbung Panjang
    A.2.1.3.2.
    Bumbung Lima
    A.2.1.3.3.
    Bumbung Meru Tingkat-tingkat
    A.2.1.3.4.
    Bumbung Perak
    A.2.2. Longhouse
    A.2.2.1. Architectural Structures
    A.2.2.2. Parts of a Longhouse
    A.2.2.3. Longhouse Types
    A.2.2.3.1.
    Iban Longhouse
    A.2.2.3.2.
    Rumah Tinggi (Melanau Tall House)
    A.2.2.3.3.
    Orang Ulu Longhouse
    A.2.2.3.4.
    Bidayuh Longhouse
    A.2.3. Istana (Royal Palace)
    A.3.
    Ecclesiastic Structures
    A.3.1. Mosques
    A.3.1.1. Types of Spaces in the Mosque
    A.3.1.2. Traditional Vernacular Style
    B. Colonial
    B.1.
    Portuguese Colonial
    B.1.1. Architectural Characteristics and Building Policies
    B.1.2. Civic and Military Structures
    B.1.2.1. AFamosa
    B.1.3. Residential Structures
    B.1.3.1. Tranqueira
    B.2.
    Dutch Colonial
    B.2.1. Architectural Characteristics and Building Policies
    B.2.2. Civic and Military Structures
    B.2.2.1. Stadthuys

    B.2.3. Ecclesiatical Structures


    B.2.3.1. Christ Church
    B.2.4. Residential Structures
    B.2.4.1. Townhouse
    B.3.
    British Colonial
    B.3.1. Architectural Characteristics and Building Policies
    B.3.2. Civic Structures
    B.3.2.1. Administrative Buildings
    B.3.2.1.1.
    Sultan Abdul Samad Building
    B.3.2.2. Transportation Stations
    B.3.2.2.1.
    Ipoh Railway Station
    B.3.2.3. Educational Centers
    B.3.2.3.1.
    Penang Free School
    B.3.2.3.2.
    Malay College
    B.3.2.4. Memorial Structures
    B.3.2.4.1.
    Queen Victoria Memorial Clocktower
    B.3.2.4.2.
    Brooke Memorial
    B.3.3. Commercial Buildings
    B.3.3.1. Banks
    B.3.3.1.1.
    Chartered Bank Chartaban, KL
    B.3.3.1.2.
    Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Ipoh
    B.3.4. Recreational Buildings
    B.3.4.1. Clubs
    B.3.4.1.1.
    Royal Selangor Club
    B.3.4.1.1.1. The Spotted Dog
    B.3.4.1.2.
    Malacca Club
    B.3.5. Residential Buildings
    B.3.5.1. Westernized Palaces
    B.3.5.1.1.
    Istana Besar
    B.3.5.1.2.
    Istana Maziah
    B.3.5.2. Mansions
    B.3.5.2.1.
    Carcosa Seri Negara
    B.3.6. Ecclesiastical Buildings
    B.3.6.1. European Classical Style Mosque
    C. Immigration Contribution
    C.1.
    Chinese Influence
    C.1.1. Ecclesiastical Buildings
    C.1.1.1. Temples
    C.1.1.1.1.
    Sino Eclectic Style Mosque
    C.1.1.1.2.
    Examples
    C.1.1.1.2.1. Cheng Hoon Teng
    C.1.1.1.2.2. Chan See Shu Yuen Temple
    C.1.2. Residential Buildings
    C.1.2.1. Shophouses
    C.1.2.1.1.
    Architectural Characteristics
    C.1.2.1.2.
    Shophouse Types
    C.1.2.1.2.1. Utilitarian/Transitional
    C.1.2.1.2.2. Neoclassic
    C.1.2.1.2.3. Art Deco
    C.1.2.1.2.4. Modern
    C.1.2.2. Kongsi
    C.1.2.2.1.
    Architectural Characteristics
    C.1.2.2.2.
    Examples
    C.1.2.2.2.1. Leong San Teong Khoo Kongsi

    C.2.
    Indian Influence
    C.2.1. Ecclesiastical Buildings
    C.2.1.1. NorthIndian Style Mosque
    C.2.1.2. Gopuram
    D. Modern Structures and Spaces
    D.1.
    Between the Wars
    D.1.1. Residential Buildings
    D.1.1.1. Bungalow
    D.1.1.2. Colonial Mansion / Villa
    D.1.1.2.1.
    Examples
    D.1.1.2.1.1. Bok Houses in Kuala Lumpur
    D.1.1.2.1.2. Chan Chin Mooi Mansion in Batu Pahat
    D.1.1.3. Link Houses
    D.2.
    Independence and After
    D.2.1. Sixties
    D.2.2. Seventies
    D.2.3. Late Seventies and Mid-Eighties
    D.2.3.1. Civic Buildings
    D.2.3.1.1.
    VIP Pavilion in Kuching Airport, Bank Negara Building in Ipoh
    Handicraft Centre in Seremban
    D.2.3.1.2.
    Syariah Court, Kuching and the Religious Council Buildings in
    Kota Kinabalu
    D.2.3.1.3.
    Chinese Temple of Thean Hou, SESCO Building in Kuching,
    Civic Halls in Kuching, Sarikei, and Sebu
    D.2.3.2. Ecclesiastical Buildings
    D.2.3.2.1.
    Post Modern Revivalism Style Mosque
    IV. FURNITURE & ACCESSORIES
    A. Furniture
    B. Ceramics
    V. BIBLIOGRAPHY
    VI. APPENDICES
    I. INTRODUCTION
    A. Background
    The Federation of Malaysia is comprised of the Malay Peninsula (West
    Malaysia) and Sarakaw and Sabah on the Borneo Island (East Malaysia), while the South
    China Sea is located between the two sides of Malaysia. Malaysia is located 7 degrees
    above the equator; thus, it experiences a tropical climate wherein there is the wet and dry
    season. Its land area totals to 329, 759 square kilometers, having a population of 29.95
    million which consists of Malays, Chinese, Indians, and Bumiputeras. The national
    language is Malay, although English is still widely spoken. The official religion is Islam, yet
    there is still the presence of Buddhism and Christianity.
    B. Historical Periods
    B.1. Cape Route

    Malaya is strategically positioned near Johore, Selangor and Kra Isthmus. It


    can then be seen that Malaya is virtually controlled by these external spheres of
    influence. Its independence is obtained through the balance of influence between
    these stronger powers. Malay is used to describe any Muslim who is not Indian or
    Chinese and is a range of ethnic groups ranging from semi-aboriginal people in the
    Negri Sembilan to the Bugis of Selangor.
    Malacca is considered to be the first Malay Kingdom which was at first
    dependent on Thailand. Later, it formed an alliance with China and thus, their
    allegiance to Thailand was renounced and their control was extended to other river
    kingdoms, specifically Pahang which was an important source of gold. Malacca
    was a port from which gold was shipped, and was a vital trade center since
    Europeans passed through Malacca to arrive in China. Eventually, the Portuguese
    saw the importance of Malacca and sought to gain control of it. In 1511, they
    managed to capture Malacca. The Dutch envied this vital position so they aimed to
    overthrow their rivals. By the year 1641, after naval attempts and successes, the
    Dutch captured Malacca marking the start of the Dutch period.
    B.2. Straits Settlement
    The British East India Company established supremacy in the Indian Ocean
    between 1661 and 1763 after defeating the French with the help of the Royal
    Navy. During that time, in the year 1759, the Dutch was defeated as well. In the
    years after 1763, the French was then getting stronger. Thus in 1786, the British
    Indies decided to make a base in the island of Penang to further protect India. The
    British captured Malacca as well in 1795 and this marked the start of British
    Malaya. After a series of events which involved the distribution of colonies among
    the European powers, the Straits Settlements was established having trade
    centers situated in Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca, and Singapore. The
    objective of the Straits Settlements Association was to extend the British influence
    in Malaya.
    B.3. British Malaya
    Sir Andrew Clarke took the Malay States of Perak, Selangor and Sungei
    Ujong under British protection, having a Resident in each as an adviser. Under
    these Residents, the Malay states achieved order, prosperity and progress. These
    seen in the construction of multiple railways and the cultivation of rubber. Since
    the British occupation had extended to Pahang and to the Nergi Sembilan, they
    then formed a single Federation in 1895, having Kuala Lumpur as the capital.
    However, British control was only seen in the states known to be productive of tin.
    On another hand, Chinese immigration was common at this time due to the
    Taiping Rebellion of 1850. This contributed to the many Chinese influences in
    Malaya.
    B.4. The World Wars
    Around 1914, the Japanese had already begun to show an interest in Malaya.
    The absence of British warships made it possible for the Japanese to use
    Singapore facilities. The British Alliance with Japan was due for renewal in July
    1921, but Mr. Lloyd George allowed the alliance to lapse. The Four-Power Treaty

    of December 1921 replaced the alliance, which led to the loss of Britain to fortify
    Malaya, excluding Singapore, against any Japanese hostilities. As a last chance
    to uphold British supremacy in the Indian Ocean, the development of the
    Singapore Naval Base took place in 1923. However, construction was stopped in
    1924 because the British voters decided that the funds must be used towards
    themselves, rather than on the naval base. Britain then resolved to leave the
    Singapore Base without a fleet leaving Malaya undefended.
    While the British fleet was in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, the
    Japanese took the chance and struck at Pearl Harbor and northern Malaya in
    1941. The Japanese then invaded Malaya, wherein the naval ascendancy last six
    months. The Japanese occupation lasted for three years, from which the Malays,
    Indians, and Chinese endured hardships through tortures and executions. All
    these led to a collapsed system, wherein the Malayan economy was down and
    there was a shortage of food supplies. Although, secret resistance movements
    began to form. The British, Indians, and Malays hid in the jungles and these
    resistance groups helped one another by supplying arms, ammunitions, supplies
    and technical assistance.
    After the bombing at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 which led to the
    surrender of the Japanese, the said resistance groups emerged from the jungles
    and took control. Sadly, not only was there physical damage, but the Malays
    endured mental and psychological damage due to the Japanese occupation.
    Many people had learnt how to seek safety or wealth through treachery,
    blackmail, and corruption. The British Military Administration then launched the
    operation for the recovery of Malaya. However, British protection had failed
    Malaya during its hour of crisis. This then sparked the independent thinking
    among the Malays.
    B.5. Self-Government
    The first Malay organization was formed in 1926, having the name Kesatuan
    Melayu Singapuru (Singapore Malay Union), being the evidence of the growing
    Malayan nationalism. Later in 1946, the Malay organizations joined and formed
    the Pertuuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (The United Malays National
    Organization). On the other hand, the British government promised the Malays
    merdeka, which means virtual independence. However, the Federation of
    Malaya went straight into achieving merdeka in 1957, having the Reid
    Commission to prepare a constitution. These proposals were then sent and
    accepted by the Queen, upon which Malaya gained independence in August 31,
    1957. Britain further granted independence to North Borneo and Singapore in
    August 31, 1963; thus, Malaysia was formed with Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra AlHaj as the first Prime Minister. Two years later, Singapore was then separated
    from the Federation of Malaysia.
    II. DEFINITION OF TERMS
    MATERIALS

    TRADITIONAL
    ATAP (Attap)
    Thatch made from nipah and other palm trees found in local natural vegetation
    BELIAN (Borneo Ironwood)
    Eusideroxylon zwageri
    A wood that is categorized under the heavy hardwood group and of high market
    value. The wood is very hard, does not rot easily and is naturally resistant because of
    the unique anatomical features. Belian wood is widely used in heavy construction
    and large-scale production such as for house structures, pillars, floors, and walls.
    Belian wood is also made into shingles for roofing. (Naimah, 2014)
    PELEPAH
    Palm midrib; often used as a roofing material
    PELUPOH
    Flattened bamboo interwoven as wattle thats used for wall coverings
    INTERIORS AND ARCHITECTURE
    TRADITIONAL
    ANJUNG
    The covered porch of a traditional Malay house which is used for entertaining guests
    (esp. unknown visitors). It also functions as a marker between the public and private
    space.
    BAGAN
    Framework of the house
    BAYUK/BARUK
    A separate residence for unmarried men and male guests within the same vicinity as
    the Bidayuh Longhouse. It is octagonal/round in shape with a conical roof.
    BILIK
    An apartment found inside a longhouse
    BUMBONG
    Roof ridge
    BUMBONGAN
    Roof
    BUMBUNG LIMA
    A traditional Malay house type that is of colonial Dutch and British influence. As
    reflected on the name, it has a five-ridged, hipped roof.
    BUMBUNG MERU TINGKAT-TINGKAT
    A distinguishable traditional Malay house type that has a 2-tiered pyramidal roof
    BUMBUNG PANJANG
    A traditional Malay house type thats defined by its long gable roof. It is the oldest,
    simplest and most common out of all four house types.
    BUMBUNG PERAK
    A gabled hipped roof that is of colonial Dutch influence. Among the 2 other foreigninfluenced house type, this is the most famous one, in terms of popularity in usage.
    DAPUR
    This is what they consider the kitchen of the home. But, other than cooking, the users
    of the home also dine her. It acts as the center of the back portion of the house.

    DINGING
    Wall
    DINGING TEPAS
    A strong wickerwork made of split midrib of the kumbar palms (sometimes the
    bertam palm) frond which is used particularly in Kedah and Perak. It has a natural
    dark brown on the outside & has a light brown color on the inside, and is accentuated
    by dyeing.
    GIRUF ROOF
    Roof pitch type (acute angle)
    ISTANA
    This word in English literally translates to royal palace
    JENDELA
    A floor-to-ceiling window type paired with railings just outside.
    KAMPONG
    A village; A rural settlement sustained by subsistence activities (e.g. padi-growing,
    fishing, agricultural practices, etc.)
    KELARAI
    The diamond-shaped pattern of a dingding tepas which commonly found in Kedah.
    LANTAI
    The elevated floor of a vernacular Malay house which has loosely spaced planks that
    make it convenient to sweep dirt off the floor, as well as bathing the deceased (for
    religious purposes)
    MASTAKA
    The bulbous pointed sculpture reminiscent of the Buddhist head dress, used to
    decorate roofs (usually of minarets)
    MINARETS
    In Islmic religious architecture, the tower from which the faithful are called to prayer
    five times each day by a muezzin, or crier. Such a tower is always connected with a
    mosque and has one or more balconies or open galleries.
    MIHRAB
    Niche

    PENAI
    The principal entrance of the Iban Longhouse
    PERAN
    The roof loft in a vernacular Malay residence. In traditional houses designated to
    singular families this was used to store some of their crop. For longhouses, it served
    the aforementioned purpose, and acted as the quarters for the unmarried women of
    the tribe.
    PINTU
    Door
    RUAI
    An unobstructed hallway in a longhouse that is used as the common access to the
    biliks, as well as a communal space for doing different activities (depending on ones
    gender).
    RUMAH IBU
    It is the core area of the vernacular Malay home where most activities are held, which

    explains why the front portion of the residence is centered around it. It has the largest
    floor area, as well as the highest floor level.
    RUMAH TENGAH
    The dining area in the back portion of the house found alongside the dapur.
    RUMAH TINGGI
    A longhouse type also known as the Melanau Tall House. It is known for having 3
    storeys, unlike the rest that only has 2 at the most
    SELANG (or SELUNG)
    The transitional space between the front and back portion of the traditional Malay
    house. When guests are invited over, this acts as the entryway for the female
    inhabitants so that they wont be seen from the typical access route.
    SERAMBI
    The main prayer area in a mosque
    SERAMBI GUNTUNG
    The hanging veranda of a vernacular Malay house. It acts as the main area for
    entertaining guests mostly because of its low windows, letting its inhabitants
    experience a nice view, as well as sufficient ventilation.
    TANJU
    The exposeded veranda of a longhouse thats connected to the ruai, and is used for
    drying clothes, fish, and other crops
    TARA ROOF
    Roof pitch type (obtuse angle)
    TEBARLAYAR
    Gable ends
    TINGKAP
    Windows
    COLONIAL PORTUGUESE
    MANUELINE (Portuguese late Gothic)
    A colonial Portuguese architectural style that was named after King Manuel. Its form
    is characterized by square-shaped, barn-like structures (although in colonies, these
    characteristics were mostly evident in the mere faade and not the entire building)
    PORTUGUESE BAROQUE
    A colonial Portuguese architectural style that developed simultaneously with the
    Renaissance period in Europe. It is defined by a richly ornamented, over-decorated
    style which fused European and oriental characteristics and motifs.
    COLONIAL DUTCH
    STADTHUYS, Malacca
    The oldest Dutch structure in the east which served as the Dutch governors
    residence and accommodated the Dutch civil administration whenever they were in
    need of a meeting venue. It is distinctly red in color and is basically a replica of the
    Stadthuis in the Netherlands.
    COLONIAL BRITISH
    CLUB
    A building type that became famous during the British colonial period which served
    as the expatriates, as well as some locals, recreational retreat for social interaction,
    sports and games (such as cricket or rugby) after a long day at work. This sort of
    structure is usually seen in major towns, and its form ranges from the humble attap
    hut to grand stone mansions.

    FIVE FOOT WAY


    A building policy which required shophouses to have a sheltered footpath with a
    depth of at least 5 feet. Apart from giving shade to the pedestrians, it also enables
    the shopkeeper to gain extra space by spreading out merchandise during business
    hours.
    PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (PWD)
    The colonial governments department in charge of the design and construction of
    public sector buildings.
    CHINESE
    KONGSI (Clan house)
    This building type housed clan associations as they settled in Malaya when it was still
    unfamiliar territory
    SHOPHOUSE
    A vernacular Malay building type, that developed around the 19th century, which
    accommodates the families economic and domestic needs (with their shop on the
    ground floor and the residential area placed above it). Through the years, this
    structure has undergone changes which resulted to many different forms
    (Utilitarian/Transitional, Neoclassical, Dutch Patrician, Art Deco, Modern).
    STRAITS ECLECTIC
    An architectural style brought about the Southern Chinese who settled along the
    straits, and developed around the 15th to mid-20th century. It is a combination of
    Chinese, Malay and European characteristics.
    TOWNHOUSE (Row house)
    The precedent residential building type of the Chinese shophouse
    BETWEEN THE WARS
    BUNGALOW
    A type of private mansion which served as the dwelling of the civil servant and
    colonial entrepreneur wherein its form was basically a carbon copy of the ones in
    India.
    PRIVATE MANSION
    A residential building type which overtook the torch of extravagance from the public
    sector buildings in terms of architecture
    VILLA
    Although it is a type of private mansion more popular than the bungalow, in terms of
    form, it fused elements from it, as well as from the traditional Malay house .
    FURNITURE
    TRADITIONAL
    BABA NYONYA
    Baba is an honorific manner of addressing a Straits-born gentleman and Nyonya
    which addresses a Straits-born lady. It is a term for the culture and style of the
    Chinese upper class which exudes the Straits Eclectic style.
    KAKI LESONG
    A large leg-powered pounder
    TEMPAYAN
    The water jar placed at the side of a houses stairs/ladder for washing ones feet
    before they enter.

    III. ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIORS


    As discussed in the historical background of Malaysia, it is a country that has so
    much cultural diversity brought about by its rich resources and strategic position. Due to the
    aforementioned reasons, trade had always been one of their major industries, which
    eventually led to it falling under the control of foreign powers. With such a colourful history, it
    is but natural for this country to have such variation in its edifices given that, other than
    having their very own interior and architectural style, they have absorbed their immigrants &
    conquerors style.
    A. Pre-Colonial
    Before Malaysia had fallen under colonial rule, it already had its own
    architectural style which catered to their need of protection against the harsh aspects of
    a tropical climate such as humidity and excessive solar radiation. But, this particular
    traditional style is not solely Malaysias; many elements are alike, if not the same, with
    those in other Southeast Asian countries who face the same sort of terrain and climate.

    A.1. Kampong (The Village)


    Malaysia during the pre-colonial times may be defined by their way of living
    as seen in the kampong, or in English, the village.
    The typical layout of the kampong is characterized by the random distribution
    of house sites, as well the unclear boundaries between houses. Some researchers
    say that this may be because Malaysians are very communal people that is why
    they are not bothered by this indistinctness. But, even with such an open setting, it
    has been observed that there usually are 2 sorts of spatial arrangements of houses
    that have become common due to several aspects in their lifestyle. The first is the
    linear spatial arrangement; here, houses face the rivers or coasts their economic
    sources which, from above, looks like a set of houses being plotted on a line in
    the form of a river or coast. The second one is the concentric spatial arrangement;
    as the names suggests, the plotting of the houses may be compared to a sunflower:
    the houses around the public space are the petals, the public area in the middle are
    the central seeds of the flower, and the serambi (veranda) are the connecting points
    of the petals and the center since it is the part of the house that faces the public
    area. Another factor affecting the location of these houses is the sound of the
    mosques calling drum. The clearer and louder the sound of the drum is to ones
    home, the higher social status he/she has.
    House compounds are set far apart from each other due three reasons. The
    first reason is the practice of the addition system; they build house extensions when
    more members are added to a family (usually due to daughters getting married, and
    more children being born) which reflects the family-centric culture that they have.
    Another reason as to why compounds are set far apart is so that they have enough
    space for planting trees, crops and other vegetation which will serve as their source
    of food/income. And lastly, this far distance set in between houses is also a form of
    privacy. Since there really are no formalities regarding boundaries between the
    house sites, they compensate for the overall openness of the kampong by setting
    their houses apart as not to invade each familys personal space.
    A.2. Residential Types
    A.2.1. Traditional Malay House (Compound)
    A.2.1.1. Architectural Characteristics
    Although traditional Malaysian architecture doesnt have as
    many published works as traditional crafts and cuisine, the traditional
    Malay house is the most prominent product of Malaysian material
    culture (Vlatseas, 1990). It only makes sense because every element
    of the house from its parts to its areas/rooms is a reflection of their
    culture, religion, terrain and climate; in short, it is a physical
    manifestation of the Malay way of life.
    The construction of the house, especially considering that the
    family, together with other neighboring villagers are the ones who build
    their own homes, reflects their culture of close family and community
    ties. Another aspect of the Malay house which responds to the cultural
    and religious needs of the people is its East-West orientation; they
    place their house this way so that it faces Mecca.

    Other than the previously mentioned factors, many, if not all,


    parts of the Malay house turned out to be the way it is now because of
    the tropical climate and diverse terrain Malaysia has. Based on that
    statement, one may conclude that the reason why other Southeast
    Asian nations have similar forms of traditional architecture is because
    Southeast Asia is a generally tropical region with the countries in it
    experiencing similar surroundings.
    Much like other neighboring countries, the form the traditional
    Malay house takes is a post and lintel structure on stilts; this is so
    because tropical regions oftentimes experience flooding and this is
    their way of coping with such an environment. Another distinct feature
    is its bumbongan (roof) which is pitched and is usually of the same
    height as the body of the house. They made it this way so that
    convection may properly take place, with the heat rising up high
    enough and exiting through the pierced tebarlayar (gable ends), and
    the cool air being kept down where the inhabitants are. Also, the
    roofing material was usually made of atap thatch which heats up
    slowly and cools quickly. The roof also has large overhangs which
    act as some sort of protection against the harsh glare of the sun
    especially during noontime. A relatively open plan is another
    distinguishable characteristic of the traditional Malay house. It has
    almost no interior partitions, and if ever there are, they dont go all the
    way up to the ceiling; the reason for this is so that the breeze from the
    huge tingkap (windows) may easily come in and circulate inside the
    interior space, cooling it down through cross ventilation. Its windows
    take on different forms depending on the region; it may be an
    openable floor-to-ceiling jendela, a huge horizontal window by the
    serambi (veranda) which looks like a hole in the wall or a simple
    square windows. The dingings (walls) are usually kept at a low height
    due to the large eaves that tower over it and are often decorated with
    strong wickerwork called dingding tepas which is usually in a repeated
    diamond pattern (kelarai). Meanwhile, for cleaning (sweeping the
    floor) and religious purposes (bathing the deceased), it was common
    to have gaps in between the planks of the elevated lantai (floor). As
    for the pintu (door), it was just a gap in the wall that was usually
    covered by a sliding panel.
    Different kinds of wood are used for the Malay house.
    Hardwoods such as cengal, belian, resak and merbau are used for the
    main structure which consists of the posts, cross beams, tie beams
    and the roof structure. Meanwhile, moderately hard timber such as
    meranti or jelutong is used for the secondary structures (rafters, floor
    joists, wall studs, window frames and door frames), as well as nonstructural members.
    A.2.1.2.

    Parts of a Malay House

    The parts of a Malay house may be divided into the front and
    back portion. In the front portion, one enters the anjung (covered
    porch) where the residents first accommodate their guests, and at
    times unknown visitors. Moving further inside, one sees the serambi
    guntung (hanging veranda) which usually has a big window open to a
    nice view of the exterior. The rumah ibu (core house) is located at the
    end of the front portion. It is the area where most activities (sleeping,
    entertaining guests, praying, etc.) are held, that is why it has the
    largest floor area and has the highest floor level because of its
    importance. Connecting the front and back portion of the house is the
    selang; other than it being a transitional space, it also acts as the
    entrance for women during ceremonies for they are not allowed to
    enter through the main entrance when they have guests. As for the
    back portion, it may be divided into two: the rumah tengah and the
    dapur. The rumah tengah acts as the dining area, while the dapur
    serves as the kitchen and has the lowest floor level. Underneath the
    entire house is a semi-private storage area which is also used for
    work. In between the front and back portion and adjacent to the
    selang is a court space which acts as the wet core of the house
    where most of the washing and drying takes place. Sometimes, it also
    acts as an emergency toilet in case the person cant wait to get to the
    actual pour-flush jitra toilet located away from the actual house, but is
    still inside the compound. Another part of the house compound that is
    away from the actual house but is still in the compound is the well
    which is used for bathing, washing clothes, as well as drinking.
    A.2.1.3.

    Traditional Malay House Types


    The element that distinctly differentiates the varied types from
    each other is their roof shape.
    A.2.1.3.1.
    Bumbung Panjang
    The traditional Malay house type thats defined by its
    long gable roof. It is the oldest, simplest and most common out
    of all four house types.
    A.2.1.3.2.
    Bumbung Lima
    A traditional Malay house type that is of colonial Dutch
    and British influence. As reflected on the name, it has a fiveridged, hipped roof.
    A.2.1.3.3.
    Bumbung Meru Tingkat-tingkat
    A distinguishable traditional Malay house type that has
    a 2-tiered pyramidal roof
    A.2.1.3.4.
    Bumbung Perak
    A gabled hipped roof that is of colonial Dutch influence.
    Among the 2 other foreign-influenced house type, this is the
    most famous one, in terms of popularity in usage.

    A.2.2. Longhouse
    A.2.2.1. Architectural Characteristics
    This is the residential house type that is common in Sarawak.
    As the name implies, it literally is a long house because instead of it

    being just a single family dwelling, the entire community lives in it. It is
    usually placed with a North-South orientation parallel to the river. One
    enters the longhouse through its penai (entrances) found at its ends
    which may be accessed through notched logs carved with
    anthropomorphic faces which are believed to drive away evil spirits.
    Taking a look inside, one may observe that there are usually 40
    families occupying the structure (which results to the longhouse being
    approximately 180m. in length), but sometimes larger communities
    have 120 families (approx. 365m in length), wherein each family has a
    designated their own bilik (apartment) thats usually 4m wide. The floor
    width ranges from approximately 9 to 18m.
    The spaces are organized based on gender. For example, the
    loft located in -the upper level of the bilik (apartment), called the
    peran , which is mainly used for storing crops, acts as the sleeping
    quarters of unmarried women. Meanwhile, there is a separate
    residence for unmarried men and male guests called the baruk, which
    acts a bachelors pad but this is not a common characteristic for
    most longhouse communities, it is usually only found in a Bidayuh
    longhouse community.
    A.2.2.2.

    Parts of a Longhouse
    The longhouse may be divided into 4 parts. The innermost
    private area of the longhouse is the bilik. A bilik is an apartment
    assigned to a family of usually 3 generations. It is accessed from the
    ruai (communal gallery) and is where dining and cooking takes place.
    These apartments are arranged in a row on one side of the building
    and are separated by walls that do not extend all the way up to the
    ceiling. The aforementioned ruai is an unobstructed public gallery
    which not only acts as the access to the apartments, but is also a
    communal space where gender-based activities are held: for women,
    this is where they work on pounding the rice and weaving; for the
    men, it serves as a recreational area where they can lounge about,
    drink, and socialize. Connected to the ruai is the tanju, also known as
    the exposed veranda. Here is where they dry their laundry, fish, and
    crops. Lastly, there are outbuildings which act as storage huts
    located within the same vicinity as the longhouse; these are used for
    the storage of grains, and one is assigned per family.

    A.2.2.3. Longhouse Types


    A.2.2.3.1.
    Iban Longhouse
    This longhouse type is commonly found in the lowland
    of Sarawak. It usually has 2 storeys (A ground floor with a
    loft/peran per apartment/bilik.).
    A.2.2.3.2.
    Rumah Tinggi (Melanau Tall House)
    It is a longhouse which is known for having 3 storeys,
    unlike the rest that only have only 2 at most. The ground floor
    is used as the communal area, while the second floor is where
    the separated residences are located. Meanwhile, the topmost

    A.2.2.3.3.

    A.2.2.3.4.

    floor is used as a storage area for family valuables (e.g.


    brassware, tools, fishing nets). Its overall construction is
    designed to cater to their need of protection against pirates.
    People of the Melanau ethnic tribe are usually found along
    coasts or rivers. Given that way of living, there is a big
    probability of them getting attacked by pirates. In response to
    this kind of scenario, they built their longhouses higher than
    normal and constructed their floors with a double layer of palm
    trunks, so that in case hostile visitors do come around, they
    wont easily be able to attack from below.
    Orang Ulu Longhouse
    This longhouse type is usually found on uneven terrain
    of the interior highlands. It is much like the Iban longhouse,
    except its larger and has more evident signs of a hierarchical
    society. The latter description of this longhouse may be seen in
    the tuai rumahs (chief) apartment; his bilik is grander and
    bigger than the rest and is stationed at the center with a raised
    roof. Also, the closer ones apartment is to the tuai rumahs,
    the higher is ones social status.
    Bidayuh Longhouse
    This type of longhouse is typically found at the foot of a
    mountain, which entails a rugged terrain. Given that kind of
    environment, what resulted was a longhouse similar to the
    Ibans, except it was smaller, had no external veranda. Also,
    unlike other longhouses made of hardwoods such as belian
    and icengal, this type was made of lighter timber or bamboo
    instead due to the scarcity of hardwoods. As mentioned earlier,
    the Bidayuh tribe also has a separate building for their
    unmarried men called the baruk.

    A.2.3. Istana (Royal palace)


    In the 2 previously mentioned residential buildings types, they may be
    occupied by anyone in the tribe; your social status does not matter. As for the
    Istana, it is the home of not just any villager; it is the residence of the
    royals or the family of the chieftain.
    Although it is similar to the Javanese kraton and some Thai palaces, it
    remains much like the traditional house except that, in building the
    structure, the villagers were more meticulous; more rituals had to be
    considered before making any major construction decisions such as
    orientation and the time at which one must lay the foundations. Also, the
    result differs from the usual domestic dwelling for it has more technical
    accomplishment.
    Considering that these structures were made of timber, not many
    considerably old istanas have made it through the test of time; the oldest
    palaces can be dated back to the mid-19th century.

    A.3.
    Ecclesiastical Structures
    A.3.1. Mosque
    Mosque architecture in Malaysia embraced many forms throughout
    history in response to environmental, technological, and social-political
    issues. The idea of a consistent architectural style is not what Mosque
    architecture is all about. Mosque architecture allow the variety in architectural
    language to adapt to the various cultures and belief systems of the different
    types of people that follow the religion, as long as it does not contradict the
    main function of mosque architecture, which is, worshipping God.
    The styles were also influenced greatly by the six typological styles
    used in the whole world namely, the Arabian, Spain, and North African
    typology, the Ottoman and Central Asian type mosque, the Iranian Typology,
    the Indian Subcontinent, the Chinese Mosque typology, and the Nusantra
    typology.
    Because of this, various styles of mosque architecture can be
    observed in Malaysia. In this paper, the various styles that will be mentioned
    are identified based on the architectural forms, as well as their possible sociopolitical rationales.

    A.3.1.1.

    Types of Spaces in the Mosque


    There may be differences in form between the different types
    of mosques but these spaces are present in all types of mosques. The
    main space is used for the prayer ritual and the delivery of religious
    lectures and feasts. In some types of mosques, this part has a
    separate space for females and males. The second type of space is
    the veranda. It is similar to a covered porch surrounding the main
    space. It is used to cater for the overflow of worshipers. In other
    cases, it can also be used as a place for eating and leisure.
    Other spaces include those for ablution, toilet, kitchen, storage,
    and for the childrens religious activities. The types of spaces found in
    the different mosque styles may vary mainly because of two factors.
    The first is the changing of the mosques roles throughout history and
    the use and perceptions of the religious significance in a certain
    typology.

    A.3.1.2.

    Traditional Vernacular Style


    As the name suggests, the Traditional Vernacular style refers
    to the use of materials as well as the ideas and methods practiced by
    the Malays before the colonists arrived in the country. This style is
    very similar to the traditional malay house in terms of architectural
    features. Like the traditional malay house, it takes the post lintel
    structure, with the main building supported by a king post called tiang
    gantung. Its primarily built out of timber, which is an indigenous

    material in the country. It has a single space lay-out with no indication


    of subdivision.
    Another architectural feature of this style is the three types of
    roof namely, Three-tier pyramidal roof (e.g. Kampung Lau tang
    Kampung Tuan; 16th -17th c.), the Two-tier pyramidal roof forms (e.g.
    Papan ang Lengeng mosques; 18th 19th c.), and the Gable roof form.
    It is built close to a river, and is open to the community, without
    any indication of isolation like fences. The mosque is the center of
    religious life in the community, which is manifested in the concept of
    the kampung, which was mentioned earlier. The form was dictated by
    religious scholars.
    The most remarkable example of this type of mosque is the
    Kampung Laut Old Mosque (KLOM), which is located in the district
    of Nilam Puri in Kelantan.It is the oldest mosque in Malaysia which is
    still standing, usable and intact in the original condition and is
    recognized as one of the earliest signs of Islamic arrival in Malaysia.
    Here, the mosque not only functioned as a place for prayer, but it also
    serves as the administration centre for the mosque officials and caters
    for Muslim religious celebrations (Rasdi, 1998; Sharif & Hazumi,
    2004). The mosque represents the Islamic religion by portraying the
    concept of the Muslim's prayer house through its design which adapt
    to the environment and the surroundings. The design also suits with
    the local culture, climate and surrounding and simultaneously
    represent the beauty of Islamic architecture (Sulaiman, 2007; Omer,
    2010). The statement above was supported by Rasdi(2007) which
    stated that there are varieties of mosque designs and forms in the
    world. According to Ariffin(2005); Hassan (2010), the important spaces
    of the mosque are the main prayer hall, niche (mihrab), verandah
    and ablution area while the mosque orientation must face the Kiblah
    direction.
    B. Colonial
    The colonial structures found in Malaysia are the physical manifestations of the
    conquerors trying to make alien locations more familiar by building edifices similar to
    those in their homeland. But of course, the surroundings they have in Europe are very
    different from the ones found in Southeast Asia. As a result, although some retained
    their original form, other initial cookie-cutter designs for these colonial buildings
    eventually transformed into plans that were more appropriate for a warmer climate.
    Colonists were able to achieve this, not by looking outside, but inside where the
    indigenous people were already living comfortably in homes and mosques they have
    built that were suited for such a climate.

    B.1.

    Portuguese Colonial (1511-1641)

    Given that Malacca was the main trading port of the Malaysian
    Peninsula during the 16th to 17th century, this became the target of the
    Portuguese colonists. This is also the reason why most, if not all, colonial
    Portuguese buildings are seen in Malacca.

    B.1.1. Architectural Characteristics and Building Policies


    Colonial Portuguese architecture came in 2 styles: Manueline and
    Portuguese Baroque. The first one developed simultaneously with the late
    Gothic period in Portugal, which explains the name of the style because at
    that period in time, King Manuel was the king of Portugal. The Manueline
    style had the same barn-like box shaped characteristics of the late Gothic
    period; but, it was only evidently seen and the faade, and not the building as
    a whole. Meanwhile, the latter style was a derivation of the Renaissance
    fashion in Europe. It was basically a richly-ornamented and over-decorated
    style full of European and Oriental motifs and characteristics fused together.

    The Portuguese also made popular materials such as stone and laterite.
    Also, they introduced roofing tiles as a means to prevent the frequency of
    fires. They also implemented heavy taxation on frontage widths, which led to
    buildings being narrow (this characteristic got carried over to 19th century
    Chinese shophouses).

    B.1.2. Civic and Military Structures


    B.1.2.1.

    AFamosa

    A Famosa is considered to be one of the oldest European


    architectural remains in Southeast Asia. It was completed in the year 1512
    under Alfonso d Albuquerques command after defeating the armies of the
    Malacca Sultanate. The fortification was located on a hill (which they now call
    St. Pauls hill) near the sea with its walls encircling it. These defensive walls
    which were 60 feet high and 15 feet thick had broad tops with walkways and
    stone parapets. It had four main towers serving an important purpose: one
    was a four-storey keep; another served as a storage area for ammunition; the
    other one was considered to be the captains residence; meanwhile, another
    was used the officers quarters. Inside the forts walls were 5 churches, a
    hospital, a few palaces and a hall for State Council.

    Today, the only remnant of the once great fort is Porta Santiago which
    is known as the earliest milestone of European conquest in Southeast Asia.

    B.1.3. Residential Structures


    Domestic dwellings didnt really change much in terms of the actual
    structure, but the dcor did change from being simple and bare to being
    decorated with Catholic symbols and imagery (e.g. religious portraits placed
    high on the wall, having an altar).

    B.1.3.1.

    Tranqueira

    This served as the main suburb of the city outside of AFamosa. The
    houses were mostly made of timber, except for their tile roofing a material
    brought by the Portuguese.

    B.2.

    Dutch Colonial (1641-1795)

    B.2.1. Architectural Characteristics and Building Policies


    Exactly like the buildings in the Netherlands, colonial Dutch buildings
    usually had thick masonry walls, louvered shutters, heavy solid timber doors
    set into archways, and at times, fine Dutch wood carvings.

    As for urban planning, the Dutch standardized the use of bricks and
    implemented defined building lines, a concept that is unlike the haphazard
    random distribution of house sites in the traditional kampong. There was also
    a strict inspection of drain construction and party walls whenever new
    structures were built. In addition, industrial zoning1 was introduced.

    B.2.2. Civic and Military Structures


    B.2.2.1.

    Stadthuys (Town Hall), Malacca

    The Stadthuys is the oldest colonial Dutch structure in the East. This
    distinctly red institution acted as the Dutch governors residence and was the
    venue of the Dutch civil administrations meetings. Based on its form and
    function, it was intended to be a replica of the Stadthuis in the Netherlands.

    B.2.3. Ecclesiastical Structures


    B.2.3.1.

    The Christ Church (1753)


    It was built between the Genera Post Office and the Stadthuys.
    Like the two structures mentioned, it is characterized by its massive
    walls, red granite plinths, and Dutch roof tiles. It is rectangular in plan;

    82 meters long, 40 meters wide, and 42 meters high, and its interior
    has no aisles. Its faade consists of a symmetrical half circle topped
    by a small bell arch. The Dutch transplanted forms that responded
    little to contextual settings.

    B.2.4. Residential Structures


    B.2.4.1.

    Townhouse
    The Dutch townhouse was basically a antecedent of the 19th century
    shophouse . Most owners of such residences were Chinese
    merchants who fancied the European style thats why it would usually
    result to a townhouse with an evident fusion of styles. Windows could
    have either been louvered shutters, huge gaps in the wall, or maybe
    even floor-to-ceiling jendelas. The European character in these
    buildings are seen in their deep plan, narrow frontage, implementation
    of columns and pilasters, doors with an upper and lower half (like
    those found in barns), as well as in the brickwork of their drainage
    system. Meanwhile, the Chinese influence is seen in the use of
    rounded gable ends and the application of feng shui when deciding on
    things such as the orientation of the residence and the layout of the
    rooms and the stairs.

    B.3.

    British Colonial (1791-1941; 1945-1957)

    B.3.1. Architectural Characteristics and Building Policies


    British colonial architecture may be described as a mix of Moorish,
    North Indian, European and Malay styles; the reason for this is because most
    of the head architects and project supervisors sponsored by the Public Works
    Department2 were first architects in the British colonies stationed in India. In
    the earlier stage of construction during the British colonial rule, structures
    took an over-decorated form due to the lack of professional architects, hence
    the buildings that were built were by amateurs who based their knowledge on
    foreign handbooks and guides translated into English (e.g. Vitruvius
    Brittanicus, Palladios Opus Magnum, etc.). Another reasons for this so-called
    opulence was due to cheap labor, and not imperial intentions focused on
    marking their territory.

    As for building legislations, the Brtish colonists, specifically


    administrator Frank Swettenham, required for structures not to be built of
    attap or any other thatch since it is highly flammable. Instead, they suggested
    the use of more durable roofing materials such as tiles. Another implemented
    policy is the Five Foot Way; it dictates that there should be a sheltered

    footpath on the ground floor of shop fronts. This rule is applied to the Malay
    vernacular Chinese shophouses.

    B.3.2. Civic Structures


    B.3.2.1.

    Administrative buildings

    B.3.2.1.1.

    Sultan Abdul Samad Building (1896)


    The Sultan Abdul Samad Building is one of Kuala
    Lumpurs first architectural landmarks and was designed by
    A.C. Norman. This 2-storey structure is flanked by the Sanitary
    Board and High Court Buildings, and faces the Royal Selangor
    Club. During British colonial times, it housed the entire
    Federated Malay States (FMS).1 Also, this edifice looks over a
    great green expanse which was once used for games and
    sports such as cricket.

    Norman initially suggested a classical Renaissance


    plan for it, but Spooner argued that it was out of context in
    terms of environment and culture. Instead, he suggested the
    application of a more oriental style.3 As a result, an edifice with
    a European function, but with Islamic forms, was created.
    Many different arch forms may be observed on this building
    (e.g. pointed, ogee, Tudor, horseshoe). Also, a 3 meter deep
    colonnaded arcade skirted both floors. The building has 3
    towers, all of them made of red brick with imitation stone
    dressing and onion-shaped domes with copper coverings. The
    rest of the building has the same exterior wall treatment as the
    towers, Indian patent stone floors with Islamic geometric
    patterns, and tiled roofs.

    B.3.2.2.

    Transportation Stations

    B.3.2.2.1.

    Ipoh Railway Station


    During British colonial times, the railway station was
    considered as the ultimate sign of modernization which would
    only be possible if a town had a booming industry of some sort.
    A quintessential example of such an area would be the very
    first railway station built in Malaysia which may be found in
    Ipoh. Ipoh had a booming tin-mining industry one of the
    countrys major exports at that time to be exact. Hence, this
    prosperity was reflected on the railway station that transported
    these goods the Ipoh Railway Station.

    This particular station was designed by none other than


    architect Hubback one of the handful number of architects
    who, together with Norman, designed most of the buildings in
    Kuala Lumpur. This stop looks more like a mosque rather than
    a railway station, because, as previously mentioned, the
    imported architects were heavily influenced by the British
    colonial buildings in India which were a mix of Moorish and
    European elements. It had domed turrets and neoclassical
    elements such as keystones, Corinthian columns, pilasters,
    half-globed domes and different types of arches. Also, it was
    built to adapt to the tropical climate through its deep
    continuous arcaded loggias on the ground floor, its broad
    verandas on the upper floor, plus its high ceiling. But, other
    than foreign concepts being applied to this structure, an old
    traditional Malay practice may be concluded to have been
    used here. Just like the old longhouses oriented parallel to the
    river, this railway station is placed parallel to the road of
    transportation.
    B.3.2.3.

    Educational Centers

    B.3.2.3.1.

    Penang Free School (1916)


    Penang Free School is the first English school built in
    Southeast Asia. In the beginning, the school catered only to
    European children. But later on, it eventually opened its doors
    to the locals. Plenty of Neoclassical elements may be
    observed here.

    B.3.2.3.2.

    Malay College (1905) Malay College


    The Malay College is an all-boys school modelled after
    the English public school system and is considered to be the
    Eton and Harrow of Malaysia. It has garnered such a
    prestigious reputation since most of those who graduated from
    here became extremely successful in terms of career (wherein
    most of them ended up as high-ranking government officials).
    It was Neoclassical in style, had vast classrooms, dining
    rooms, as well as dormitories.

    B.3.2.4.

    Memorial Structures

    B.3.2.4.1.

    Queen Victoria Memorial Clocktower, Penang


    This clocktower stands as a testament of Penangs
    royal connections. It is 60 feet tall with every foot symbolizing a
    year of Queen Victorias reign. Like most British colonial

    structures, it is a mix of European and Moorish influence with


    its pilasters, cornices and Moorish dome.
    B.3.2.4.2.

    Brooke Memorial, Kuchin, Sarawak


    This short obelisk was built in commemoration of the
    White Rajah of Sarawak James Brooke. On its chamfered
    corners are cameos of each major ethnicity within the region
    which stand for the harmony between the four races.

    B.3.3. Commercial Buildings


    Commercial buildings sported stone and brick with either a boxy
    utilitarian look or an expensive Renaissance-style stone faade. Given these
    templates, majority of the commercial edifices of this time looked as though
    they were done by the same hand.
    B.3.3.1.

    Banks

    B.3.3.1.1.

    Chartered Bank Chartaban, KL


    The Chartered Bank headquarters in Kuala Lumpur is
    another result of the fusion between Western and oriental
    styles. Proving the previous statement correct are its deep
    balconies, square windows, and Moorish archways.

    B.3.3.1.2.
    Honkong and Shanghai Bank (HSBC) Honkers and
    Shakers, Ipoh
    The Neoclassic style HSBC branch in Ipoh is much like
    the Chartaban headquarters in Kuala Lumpur, except the
    European influence is more prominent due to the application of
    the loggia style.

    B.3.4. Recreational Buildings


    B.3.4.1.

    Clubs
    Clubs acted as venues for sports and games such as cricket
    and rugby. These were built for the benefit of the British expatriates
    stationed in Malaysia. It was their place for social intercourse after a
    long day at work, but membership was limited to males only. These
    structures sprung up only in major towns, so one may infer that if a
    town has a club, then it must be in great economic condition. The
    forms that these clubs took ranged from simple attap huts to solid
    stone mansions.

    B.3.4.1.1.

    Royal Selangor Club, KL

    The Royal Selangor Club was built in a mockTudor/Tudor revival style. The reason for it being built in the
    aforementioned style, because the ones who built the club
    wanted to capture the atmosphere of the elite Tudor houses in
    Europe, as well as imply the same prestigious status those
    houses implied.
    B.3.4.1.1.1. The Spotted Dog
    The Spotted Dog is the main clubhouse of the Royal
    Selangor Club which was named after the 2 Dalmatians
    owned by the wife of the Selangors police
    superintendent. It applied the same style as the
    exterior with its steeply-pitched gable roof, application
    of half-timbering4, arches, textured walls, and clustered
    tall windows.
    B.3.4.1.2.

    Malacca Club (1911)


    The Malacca Club is a recreational area that was built
    by the planters of the town. It is a bungalow made of stone with
    a fine faade, large windows, and copper domes like those
    usually seen in mosques. It has a wonderful view for it directly
    faces the Malacca River. Today, it is used as a Memorial Hall.

    B.3.5. Residential Buildings


    B.3.5.1.

    Westernized Palaces
    These palaces were gifts commissioned by the State Residents to the
    local rulers of the Malay States.5 With its completely European design,
    and the gaining popularity of the said style among the highest-ranking
    local leaders (which eventually affected the common folks view
    regarding architecture and design), it threatened to kill the traditional
    way of building.

    B.3.5.1.1.

    Istana Besar, Johor Bahru


    This is a royal palace in the Neoclassical style which
    was given to the Sultan of Johore.

    B.3.5.1.2.

    Istana Maziah, Kuala Trengganu


    The Istana Maziah is a 2-storey palace built specially
    for royal receptions and meetings of the State Council. It took 8
    years to complete (1895-1903), and during its construction,
    although the end result is undoubtedly European, they used
    egg yolk instead of cement mortar a traditional way of
    building.

    B.3.5.2.

    Mansions

    B.3.5.2.1.

    Carcosa Seri Negara, KL (1897)


    The Carcosa Mansion today is a luxury hotel and a
    historic heritage site, but on the year of its completion in the
    late 1890s, it was the official residence of Sir Frank Athelstane
    Swettenham upon his appointment as the Resident General of
    the Federated Malay States. The administrators home was
    designed by none other than Norman himself, under the
    supervision of Spooner.

    Its eclectic appearance is a mix of the Tudor and NeoGothic styles. It has 8 bedrooms and 11 bathrooms all of
    which overlook the balcony. The residence is surrounded by a
    vast 40 acres of manicured English gardens. But, even with its
    European aspects, Norman and Spooner didnt fail to make it a
    comfortable living area which responds effectively to the
    tropical climate it is set in. It has broad verandas where the
    administrators and his guests can lounge about to catch some
    of the night breeze, a front porch which protects one from the
    elements as he/she enters the residence, and full-length
    windows (much like the traditional jendela) with balustrades.

    B.3.6. Ecclesiastical Buildings


    B.3.6.1.

    European Classical Style Mosque


    This style refers to the High-Renaissance architecture that was
    derived from the Greco-Roman Heritage. Its distinct characteristic is
    the use of definitive tripartite division of base, middle, and top with
    double column supporting semi-circular arches or walls with pilasters.
    It is symmetrical in terms of the composition of the massing and
    space.
    Its common architectural features are minarets, either with a
    dome or a pyramidal roof, the main prayer hall covered by a hipped
    roof, elaborate exterior cornice work, and semi-circular or flat arches.
    Examples of this style of Mosque architecture are the Sultan Abu
    Bakar Mosque in Johor Bahru, the Pasir Pelangi Mosque, and the
    Sultan Ibrahim Mosque in Muar Johor.
    It has been observed that all examples are found in Johor.
    There is no known definite reason for this but one hypothesis is that
    the sultanate of Johor may have desired to be culturally Western, thus
    adapting the style particularly, the English Cottage Architecture.

    C. Immigration Contribution
    C.1.
    Chinese Influence
    The Southern Chinese traders and immigrants brought the Straits
    Eclectic style to Malaysia a style which fuses European, Malay and Chinese
    influences together.
    C.1.1. Ecclesiastical Buildings
    C.1.1.1. Temples
    C.1.1.1.1.
    Sino-Eclectic Style Mosque
    In this context, the two terms used are: sino which
    means of Chinese influence and eclectic which means the
    combination of two or more influence of architectural language.
    Having this definition, one may conclude that the Sino-eclectic
    style refers to the combination of the traditional vernacular and
    Chinese temple style.
    The feature this style adapted from the traditional
    vernacular style are the roof forms. There were two roof forms
    used in this style. The first is the Three-tiered pyramidal roof
    from, which is similar to the proportion of the traditional
    vernacular roof form. The second type is the Double-tiered
    pyramidal roof form, which can be seen in the Kampung Hulu
    Mosque, Tengkera Mosque, Kampung Keling Mosque, all of
    which can be found in Melaka. These two types are similar in
    majority of their features, except for the prominent curvature of
    the roof ridges.
    Unlike that of the vernacular style It sits on the ground
    and has slabs which are raised half a meter high with stone
    stairways accessing to the main floor plan. Its main feature is
    the Serambi or the main prayer area that surrounds the sides
    of the square plan. Roof structure is made of timber, which is
    covered with clay. The whole structure is supported by nine or
    twelve perimeter columns.
    This type is located in the dense urban area and is
    surrounded by a masonry fence or a roofed gateway, which is
    almost reminiscent of Chinese temples. Inside the mosque
    compound, a cemetery, a madrasah(religious school), and the
    imams residence could also be found. The compound has a
    pleasant environment. The seating under the shady trees
    serves as a good place of interaction for the users.
    Motifs used include plant forms and the mastaka.
    Chinese Muslim Merchants serve as their patrons, who dictate
    the form of the mosque. This explains its resemblance to
    Chinese architecture, particularly the gateways.
    C.1.1.1.2.

    Examples

    C.1.1.1.2.1. Cheng Hoon Teng in Melaka (1645)


    This temple was founded by Kapitan China
    Lee Wei King. It is said to be the oldest existing
    temple in South-East Asia. It caters three eastern
    religions namely, Buddhism, Taoism, and
    Confucianism. Some of its architectural features
    are a ridgeline of the roof (either horizontal or
    curved), decorated with flowers, bird, plant, and
    human figures dragons, phoenix, and religious
    pieces made of ceramic pieces, exposed structural
    elements. This allows proper ventilation for the
    halls that are often filled with smoke because of
    burning of joss sticks.
    C.1.1.1.2.2. Chan See Shu Yuen Temple in Kuala Lumpur (1906)
    This temple features exterior wall
    decorations called Shek Wan which are clay
    figurines depicting scenes from Chinese epics. The
    temple is covered by a gable roof.
    C.1.2. Residential Buildings
    C.1.2.1. Shophouses
    C.1.2.1.1.
    Architectural Characteristics
    The shophouse is a residential housing type which
    accommodates the economic and domestic needs of its
    inhabitants; the shop is on the ground floor while the
    residential area is on the upper floor. Certain building policies
    carried over from periods as early as colonial Portuguese
    times affected its form greatly: it has a narrow frontage and a
    generally deep plan due to the implementation of heavy
    taxation on frontage width during the reign of the Portuguese;
    the use of more durable materials was an effect of a Dutch
    legislation which dictated the standardized use of bricks; the
    British Five Foot Way policy dictated the usual faade of this
    particular building type that we see in Malaysia today shophouses with sheltered footpaths on the ground floor. The
    Chinese influence is seen in its typically curved gable roof and
    its glazed ornamental tiles found inside. Meanwhile, the
    European style is implemented through the use of Venetian
    arches, pediments, festoons, ornate columns, Venetian
    balconies, Palladian windows, stucco decor and consoles.

    C.1.2.1.2.

    The division and use of spaces was dictated by the


    need for sufficient ventilation and the fulfilment of several feng
    shui requirements. An example of the previous statement is the
    presence of the airwell the area of the house which lets in a
    sufficient amount of sunlight and air until it circulates inside the
    actual building through the windows.
    Shophouse Types

    C.1.2.1.2.1. Utilitarian/Transitional
    This type of shophouse has very simple dcor
    and usually has only 1 window on the ground floor
    that is covered with wooden shutters.
    C.1.2.1.2.2. Neoclassic
    The shophouse in the Neoclassical style usually
    stood with an elaborate faade (it could have been
    Neo-gothic, Baroque, Palladian or Renaissance in its
    design) as seen in its parapets, open balustrades,
    flamboyant gables, columns, molded plaster swags,
    Grecian pediment and ornate windows framed by
    Classical columns with foliated capitals. Although the
    European influence is more prevalent in this style of
    the shophouse, some local motifs and dcor were still
    applied (e.g. fanlights above the shutters were
    decorated with Malay inspired carved grilles or
    Venetian glass).
    C.1.2.1.2.3. Art Deco
    This shophouse type is simpler compared to
    those of earlier styles. It makes use of more
    geometric shapes and simplified lines.
    C.1.2.1.2.4. Modern
    Not too far off from the Art Deco type is the
    modern shophouse. It is much like the type
    preceding it, except it is now more devoid of
    ornamentation.
    C.1.2.2. Kongsi (Clan houses)
    C.1.2.2.1.
    Architectural Characteristics
    Kongsis first housed the Southern Chinese clan associations
    as they settled in Malaya when it was still unfamiliar territory. These
    clusters of 2-storey homes may be characterized by their clay tile
    roofs comparable to those seen in Buddhist temples, and their big
    entrance doors. The houses in this type of compound are also
    designed to adapt to tropical climate due to the common presence of
    light wells, verandas and cast iron lattices.
    C.1.2.2.2.
    Examples
    C.1.2.2.2.1. Leong San Teong Khoo Kongsi, Cannon Square,
    Penang
    This compound consists of the clanhouse Leong San
    Tong, an administrative building (which was made to
    mimick a Chinese imperial palace) with a meeting hall and
    offices, an opera stage, and 62 units of terrace houses
    and shophouses. Although this kongsi was built by a
    Chinese community, Western influence is still evident,
    seen in several elements of its buildings.
    C.2.
    Indian influence
    C.2.1. Ecclesiastical Structures
    C.2.1.1. North Indian Style Mosque

    The term is used to describe the imitative Moghul type


    architecture that once flourished colonial Malaya. Its distinct
    architectural features include small and large onion domes (which are
    characteristic of Indian architecture), multitude of spires, which are the
    analogous pyramidal construction surmounting a tower/minaret, small
    domed canopies, multiple minarets, and horseshoe or multi-foil arches
    over decorated columns. It has the same plan as the Sino-Eclectic
    style and also features a perimeter fence.
    There are two possible reasons for the proliferation of this
    style. The first is the colonialist choice of Islamic Architecture to
    perhaps pacify the people into accepting their version of ritualistic
    Islam. The second reason is the rise of the Indian Muslim Merchant
    class. They became the patrons of these mosques which gave them
    the power to dictate their form. However, when they prospered, they
    went back to India, which would explain why the style was no longer
    used for mosques. (Rasdi, T.) An example of this type of mosque is
    the Ubudiah Mosque in Perak and the Kapitan Keling Mosque in
    Penang.
    C.2.1.2.

    Gopuram
    The gopuram refers to the gate towers that acted as beacons
    guiding pilgrims to the temples. The temple itself is simple, so the
    gopuram was given emphasis through the very elaborate
    ornamentation. The elaborate and colorful decoration depicted the
    stories of deities in their religion, mythology, and epics.
    The architectural structure was said to be brought by the
    Indians because of the extraction of latex developed in the Botanical
    Gardens of the straits Settlements in Singapore. Because of this, a lot
    of South-Indian men were recruited as laborers who, in time, brought
    in their families to live in the country. They brought in their Hindu
    culture and religion, which in time affected the architecture in the
    region. An example of this is the Gopuram of sri Mariamman Hindu
    Temple in Kuala Lumpur.

    D. Modern Structures and Spaces


    D.1.
    Between the Wars
    Professional architects toned down the exuberant and eccentric styles
    of their predecessors in beginning of the twentieth century. Architecture may
    have then took the road to classicism in some aspects. There was then a
    decrease in expenditure on public buildings.
    D.1.1. Residential Buildings
    D.1.1.1. Bungalow
    This structure served as the private dwelling for the civil
    servants and colonial entrepreneurs. It was based on Indias
    bengalee, a cottage-like structure with one floor. Made out of timber,
    the bungalow is comprised of a verandah, where the wives would wait
    and stay, and three to four apartments with bathrooms and dressing

    rooms. It had floors on brick piers and wooden posts that supported a
    thatched roof. These were later on replaced by grander houses
    because of the competition between towkays.
    D.1.1.2.

    Colonial Mansion / Villa


    Overtaking the bungalow, the private mansion was the torch of
    the ornate and extravagant architectural styles. The style was mostly
    of the Palladian villa, though upper storey rooms were added along
    with more columns and ornamental pilasters. Also, some of its
    elements came from the bungalow and layout of the traditional Malay
    house. This imposing and ostentatious residence was the result of the
    age of prosperity brought about by a good combination of western
    efficiency and oriental dynamism, foreign trade, and the Nouvaux
    riches.
    D.1.1.2.1.
    Examples
    D.1.1.2.1.1. Bok Houses in Kuala Lumpur
    A fine example of this type of architecture, it became
    part of the capitals folklore in the pre-war years, having
    increasing width from its porch to its rear quarters. It was
    said to have been built by Chua Cheng Bok in order to win
    the hand of another towkay.
    D.1.1.2.1.2. Chan Chin Mooi Mansion in Batu Pahat
    This mansion had more of a Straits Chinese
    Baroque style, with the presence of round columns, square
    columns, balustrades and a palanquin on top of it all.

    D.1.1.3.

    Link Houses
    A type of house that came after semi-detached houses, link
    houses were for the middle class, among which were the small
    businessmen and shopkeepers. It was simple and quiet in design,
    having both Western elements and traditional patterns seen in the
    thick walls and small windows, as well as the roof pattern.

    D.1.2. Ecclesiastical Structures


    The two types of mosques being discussed show the flexibility of Islam in
    terms of its adaptation to the problems of the present and its progression,
    without changing the value or the real meaning of Islam.
    D.1.2.1. Modern Vernacular Style Mosque
    This style is characterized mainly by the use of reinforced
    concrete structural frame with plastered brick infill for construction.
    The term vernacular was used because the practice and the
    materials are prevalent in this country. The style proliferated because
    of the desire of the architects to portray the flexibility of Islam in its
    contemporary adaptation to the problems of modern day living.
    Some of its distinct architectural features include a gable or
    pyramidal roof with a small dome (or a bigger dome for more
    expensive mosques).The roofs are made of asbestos corrugated
    decks, clay tiles, or metal decking, while floors are usually tiled. A
    single prayer space is also present with a separate area for women,

    which are either screened off by a curtain or movable partitions. It may


    also feature one or two minarets. In the back potion of the compound,
    the kitchen area is located, which is used for the slaughter of animals
    during the Qurban Festival.
    It has a fenced perimeter, which projects the idea of separation
    between the daily lives and the ritualistic life of religion. This is a way
    of expressing their idea of Islam as a total way of life. The adaptation
    of the vernacular features, particularly the roof form, is mainly because
    of wanting to have a more local identity so as to replace the borrowed
    ones (foreign influences).
    Examples of this type of mosque is the Rusila Mosque in
    Terengganu and the Nik Aziz Mosque in Kelantan.
    D.1.2.2.

    Modernistic Style Mosque


    The term modernistic is derived from the ideas and main
    principles that govern the early revolution of architecture in Europe in
    the early twentieth century. The notion that a true architecture is one
    that rejects historical revivalism in any form, that celebrates
    abstraction in forms, and that celebrate the structural expression in
    architecture, greatly affected the mosque architectural forms. (Rasjid,
    T.)
    There were two types under this style. The first one is
    Modernistic Expressionism. The term is derived from William J. Curtis
    classification of expressionism as any form of architecture that carries
    a metaphoric message through the use of structurally expressive form.
    This style is the combination of Curtis concept of
    expressionism and the general modern architectural language. An
    example of this type is the Masjid Negara. This mosque has a folded
    plate dome which resembles the royal umbrella (symbol for royalty).
    It has technological and spiritual qualities of architecture, which
    satisfies Curtis definition of expressionism.
    The second type is the Modernistic Structuralism. This type is
    based on the classic Miesien tradition of treating the building as a
    mere machine of structural expression, nothing more, nothing less.
    The structure of the mosque contains no deeper meaning. Its just a
    simple expression of a basic shelter. This may symbolize the
    dynamism of Islam. As observed in the previous types, the Mosque
    embraced various forms, but still retained its value. A good example
    of this type is the Kota Samaran Mosque in Sarawak. It features a
    concentric ring and used steel delta trusses with stretched Teflon
    tensile fabric as roofing material, very different from the previous
    forms.

    D.2.

    Independence and After

    D.2.1. Sixties
    The modern look prevailed during this time, as seen in the new
    houses and shop houses. These structures were two or three storeys high, had
    straight and simple lines, and were identifiably devoid of decorations. This style
    was the product of oversea training of the architects and was the reflection of the
    modernist trends occurring in Britain, Australia, or America. High-rise buildings may
    seem fit in American cities, though still taking into consideration the tropical climate.
    Evidences of such are the use of window hoods, shade screens and a covered
    porch. However, these elements may seem out of place among the other Western
    elements of the buildings.
    D.2.2. Seventies
    Tower blocks and apartment buildings were common at this time.
    Commercialism was seen in the government-funded and private structures. Sadly,
    buildings were put to a budget ignoring symbolisms and following western
    patterns instead. Elements that were used were the flat roofs, reinforced concrete
    and the structural framework. This was a period wherein shapeless forms and
    uniformity dominated.
    D.2.3. Late Seventies and Mid-Eighties
    The revival of traditional patterns were commissioned by several
    government agencies and big businesses to attract buyers due to the World
    Recession. Malay and Islamic forms were predominant. Furthermore, internal
    layouts and quality of finishes improved and the traditional forms were then seen in
    places of worship.
    D.2.3.1. Civic Buildings
    D.2.3.1.1.
    VIP Pavilion in Kuching Airport, Bank Negara Building in
    Ipoh Handicraft Centre in Seremban
    These buildings showed the traditional roof patterns.
    D.2.3.1.2.
    Syariah Court, Kuching and the Religious Council
    Buildings in Kota Kinabalu
    These buildings added grace to modern Islamic lines.
    D.2.3.1.3.
    Chinese Temple of Thean Hou, SESCO Building in
    Kuching, Civic Halls in Kuching, Sarikei, and Sebu
    D.2.3.2.

    Ecclesiastical Buildings

    D.2.3.2.1.

    Post Modern Revivalism Style Mosque


    To better understand the style, let us first define
    the key terms used in the style. The term Postmodern
    denotes an approach that contradicts the principles and
    edicts of what was understood as modern design. On the
    other hand, Revivalism denotes one of the many ways
    the postmodernist attempts to create an architecture of
    meaning for the general public rather that for the elite few.
    (Rasjid, T.)
    This type of mosque is isolated from urban areas,
    located in the highest points of the region or in the middle
    of man-made lakes. There are two kinds of this style.
    The first one is the Foreign Revivalism. In this style, the

    mosque is used as a vocabulary of what they call the


    Islamic Glory, which is the preferred language by state
    and federal governments to express their deep concern
    over the important symbol of Islam. Here they used an
    array of architectural features from foreign architecture
    such as the Iranian and Turkish domes, Persian Iwan
    gateways, etc. They aimed to depart from the British lead
    Moghul venture. This may be because of the desire of the
    politicians and architecture elite from any reminders of
    the British revivalism. Examples of this kind are the Putra
    Mosque and the Shah Alam Mosque.
    The second kind is the Vernacular Revivalism.
    Compared to the first type, it is slightly less monumental.
    It features a three-tiered pyramidal roof (either of
    concrete or timber). They are pretty much the same. Two
    main differences are the absence of a perimeter fence for
    the Vernacular Revivalism type. It blends more to the
    environment compared to the first type. An example of
    this type is the Malacca Strait Mosque. This features
    lavish compounds filled with fountains, paved grounds,
    and grass lawns with much sculptural landscaping.

    IV. FURNITURE & ACCESSORIES


    A. Furniture
    A.1.
    Traditional
    A.1.1. Kaki Lesong
    The kaki lesong is a piece made of one major log and other supporting
    wood parts. It is a leg-powered rice pounder that is usually found in the semiprivate area underneath the house.
    A.1.2. Tempayan
    This is a water jar placed beside the staircase/ladder leading to the
    main door. Whether one is the owner or a mere guest who is visiting, he/she
    must wash his/her feet before entering the house.
    A.2.
    Baba Nyonya
    A.2.1. Tok Panjang
    Tok Panjang is a long dining table. Its name literally means what it is
    Tok is a Hokkein Word for table, Panjang a malay word for long. Older
    family members would have eaten with their hands like the Malays, while

    some would have adopted the more English style of eating with utensils.
    (Chan, 2015) [Refer to Appendix D for visual aids.]
    B. Ceramics
    B.1.
    Baba Nyonya
    B.1.1. Porcelain ceramics
    The Peranakans are well-known for their porcelain ware. Different sets
    were used for different occasions: Red porcelain was used for brought out
    during special occasions such as birthdays and weddings. Daily porcelain
    would have been a mix of English patterned plates bought from Robinsons
    Singapore. Johnsons Brothers porcelain was the popular brand of the day.
    Blue and white porcelain were used for funerals. (Chan, 2015) [Refer to
    Appendix D for visual aids.]

    Endnotes:
    1 Industrial zones are tracts of land designed for a particular cluster of businesses and
    factories
    2 The Public Works Department (PWD) is the British colonial governments department
    assigned to tend to the construction and design of public sector buildings. It was
    established in the year 1872 and mostly got expatriate architects from British colonial
    India to serve as its head architects and supervisors. Among those imported
    professionals are Arthur Charles Norman (Senior Government Architect), Charles
    Edwin Spooner (State Engineer and Director), and Arthur Benison Hubbock. As for
    the draftsmen, technicians, and carpenters, they hired locals.
    3 The change of style of this main administrative building was not merely for its local
    adaptation, this act is said to have been an act of the British colonists feeding the
    Malays a sweetened imperial pill so that it would be easier for them to rule the
    natives.
    4 Half-timbering is a method of building wherein external and internal walls are
    constructed using timber frames and the spaces between the structural members are
    filled with materials such as brick, plaster, or wattle and daub.
    5 Unlike other conquerors who force their authority onto the locals of territories they
    intend to take over, the British took a more indirect approach in taking control by
    appealing to the locals, especially the leaders, by granting them gifts such as these
    palaces. Once these gifts are granted, the recipients are secretly expected to have a
    debt of gratitude - the colonists supposed hold on them. This sly act of control is
    evidence of the changing intentions of the British from merely commercial to imperial.

    V. BIBLIOGRAPHY
    1. Rasdi, T. (n.d.) Mosque Architecture in Malaysia: Classification of Styles and Possible
    Influence. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
    2. Parkinson, C.N. (1954). A short history of Malaya. Singapore: Malaya Publishing House
    Limited.
    3. Hilton, R.N. (1956, August). The Basic Malay House. Journal of the Malayan Branch of
    the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 29, No. 3 (175). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org
    /discover/10.2307/41503100?sid=21105199137621&uid=2134&uid=2475072843&ui
    d=60&uid=3&uid=2&uid=70&uid=2475072833
    4. Padua, I. (1990) A History of Malaysian Architecture. Longman Singapore Publishers Pte
    Ltd.
    5. Vlatseas, S. (1990). A History of Malaysian Architecture. Singapore: Longman Singapore
    Publishers Pte Ltd.
    6. Dumaray, J. (1991). The palaces of south-east asia. Singapore: Oxford University
    Press.
    7. United Nations Development Programme UNDP (2000). Chapter 6: The Traditional
    Malay House. Sharing Innovative Experiences, Vol. 4, pp. 73-97
    8. Chun, H., Hasan, A., & Noordin, N. (2005, September 11-14). An Influence of Colonial
    Architecture to Building Styles and Motifs in Colonials Cities in Malaysia. 8th
    International Conference of the Asian Planning Schools Association. Retrieved April
    18, 2015 from http://www.hbp.usm.my/APSA2005/
    9. Sim, S. (2010). Redefining the Vernacular in the Hybrid Architecture of Malaysia
    (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Name of Institution, Location. Victoria University
    of Wellington, New Zealand

    10. Hassan, A.S., Nawawi, M.S., (2014). Malay Architectural Heritage on Timber
    Construction Technique of the Traditional Kampung Laut Old Mosque, Malaysia.
    School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang,
    Malaysia
    11. Chan, M. (2015). Book Tour: Baba and Nyonya House Museum [Unpublished]. Malaysia:
    Baba & Nyonya House Museum

    VI. APPENDICES
    pre-7th cen
    7th cen.
    early
    mid
    late
    8th cen.

    9th cen.

    10th cen.

    11th cen.

    12th cen.

    13 cen.

    14th cen.

    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late

    INFLUENCES FOUND IN
    STRUCTURES IN
    MALAYSIA THROUGH
    HISTORY

    Legend:
    Malay Vernacular
    Indian Kingdoms
    Straits Eclectic
    Chinese Baroque
    Chitya Indian Vernacular
    Colonial Portuguese
    Colonial Dutch
    Colonial British

    15th cen.

    16th cen.

    17th cen.

    18th cen.

    19th cen.

    20th cen.

    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late
    early
    mid
    late

    Modern

    Source of Information:
    Vlatseas, S. (1990). A History of
    Malaysian
    Architecture. Singapore: Longman
    Singapore
    Publishers Pte Ltd.

    21st cen. present


    Fig.A. Influences Found in Structures in Malaysia Through History

    Fig.B.1. Parts of a Traditional Malay House

    Fig.B.2. Climactic Features of the Traditional Malay Hosue

    Fig.B.3. External Areas of the Malay House Compound

    Fig.B.4. Different Configurations of the Addition System

    Fig.C.1The six typological mosque styles

    Fig.C.2. Typical Mosque Floor Plan

    Fig.D.1. Tok Panjang

    Fig.D.2. Nyonya Porcelain dishes

    APPENDICES SOURCES

    Fig. A.

    Guiang, G. (2015) Influences Found in Structures In Malaysia Through


    History [Time Table].

    Fig.B.1.

    United Nations Development Programme UNDP (2000). Chapter 6: The


    Traditional Malay House. Sharing Innovative Experiences

    Fig.B.2.

    United Nations Development Programme UNDP (2000). Chapter 6: The


    Traditional Malay House. Sharing Innovative Experiences

    Fig.B.3.

    United Nations Development Programme UNDP (2000). Chapter 6: The


    Traditional Malay House. Sharing Innovative Experiences

    Fig.B.4.

    United Nations Development Programme UNDP (2000). Chapter 6: The


    Traditional Malay House. Sharing Innovative Experiences

    Fig.C.1.

    Vlatseas, S. (1990). A History of Malaysian Architecture. Chapter 4: Islam.


    Singapore: Longman Singapore. Publishers Pte Ltd. p. 42 the six typological
    mosque styles

    Fig.C.2.

    Typical Mosque Floor Plan [Scanned Image]. Retrieved from


    http://mosqueappeal.org/2007/images/theproject_plan02.jpg
    Chan, M. (2015). Book Tour: Baba and Nyonya House Museum
    [Unpublished]. Malaysia: Baba & Nyonya House Museum

    Fig.D.1

    Fig.D.2

    Chan, M. (2015). Book Tour: Baba and Nyonya House Museum


    [Unpublished]. Malaysia: Baba & Nyonya House Museum

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