Power Transmission and Distribution

Principles of system protection technology

Transformer Differential Protection

Basic principles : Kirchhoffs knot rule

Basis for Differential-Protection:

I1
I2
I4
I3
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0 ?

? I=0

Definition:
Currents, which flow into the knot (protected object), are counted positive.
Currents, which flow out of the knot (protected object), are counted negative.
Protection objects:
Line, Transformer, Generator/Motor, Bus bar

Principles Transf. Diff 2

Basic principles: current comparison

IP1
IS1

I1F

Protected
object
IS1
?I

I2F

IP1

IP2
IS2

IS1

IP2
Protected
object

IF

IS2

IS2
?I

IDiff = I1 + I2

external fault or load

internal fault

Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IP1 = I1F
IP2 = I2F
IDiff = IP1 + IP2 = I1F + I2F
? Trip

IDiff = I1 + I2

Assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IP1 = IF
IP2 = -IF
IDiff = IP1 + IP2 = IF - IF = 0
? no Trip

Requirements for Differential Protection:

1) Internal faults ( faults between CT-sets ) ? Trip
2) External faults ? no Trip
Principles Transf. Diff 3

Basic principles : restrained current comparison

(1/2)

Example: external fault with linear CT-errors

IP1

Ct 1:
e1= - 5%

Protected
object

IS1=
0.95IP1

Ct 2:
e2 = +5%

IDiff = 0.1IP1
?I

IP2 = -IP1

IF

IS2=
1.05IP2

assumption: CT- ratio: 1/1

IDiff = IS1 + IS2 = (1+e1) IP1 + (1+e2)IP2 = 0.95 IP1 1.05 IP1 = 0.1IP1
-normal operation: IP1 = IN
IDiff = 0.1IP1 = 0.1IN
-external fault: assumption: IP1 = 10IN
IDiff = 0.1IP1 = 1IN

As the setting IDiff> for usual applications

lays below nominal current,
it would cause a wrong trip in case of
external faults with heavy current!

Restrained characteristic necessary!

Principles Transf. Diff 4

Basic principles: restrained current comparison

(2/2)

Example: external fault with linear CT- errors

CT 1:
e1= - 5%

IP1

CT 2:
e2 = + 5%

Protected
object
IRest

IP2 = -IP1

IF

IRest = IS1 + IS2

IRest = 2IP1
IS2=
1.05IP2

IS1=
0.95IP1

IDiff

Setting due to
magnetising or
charging currents
IDiff=
IS1+IS2

IDiff= IS1+ IS2

IDiff = 0.1IP1

Linear error due to

different
CT transformation
Resulting
characteristic

IN

Trip

Block
IDiff>

Under the following assumption

e1 = e2 and I1 = I2
the result for a conventional
Differential Prot. characteristic
should be:
IDiff = IDiff> + e1I1 + e2I2
= IDiff> + 2e1 I1
with IDiff> = setting

10

IRest = IS1 + IS2

Principles Transf. Diff 5

Basic principles: measuring circuit for a 3-phase system

Basic circuit for a 3- phase system:
Generator / Motor / Reactor
L1
L2
L3

Diff.

Rest. current

Conventional
Differential Protection

Principles Transf. Diff 6

Transformer Differential Protection special qualities

Angle shifting N30 due to vector group (0 = N = 11)
for 3-phase transformers.
Different current values of the CT- sets on the high voltage side (HV)
and on the low voltage side (LV)
Zero sequence current in case of external faults will cause
differential current
Transformer-tap changer, magnetising current
Transient currents
Inrush
CT-saturation

Principles Transf. Diff 7

3-phase Transformer: primary values

Load: 100MVA ,vector group: Yd5
side 2: 20kV, 2887A
side 1: 110kV, 525A

3000/1A
2L1
2L2
2L3

I2L1?
I2L2?
I2L3?

750/1A

I2*L1

?I1L1

I2*L2

?I1L2

I2*L3

?I1L3

1L1
1L2
1L3

kU = U1N/U2N = 110kV/20kV = 5.5

kWinding = w1/w2 = kU/v3
I2*L1 = -I1L1ku /v3 + I1L2ku /v3
I2*L3
I1L1ku/v3

I1L1

530
I2*L2
I1L2ku /v3

I1L3

I1L2

-I1L1ku /v3

I2*L1
Principles Transf. Diff 8

3-phase Transformer : secondary values

I L1sec ?

SN
I
? NCT1sec
3 ?U N I NCTlprim

I1L1sec ?

100MVA 1A
?
? 0.7A
3 ?110kV 750A

I2 L1sec ?

I1L1sec= 0.7A , 0

100MVA 1A
?
? 0.96A
3 ?20kV 3000A

IDiff L1 = I1L1sec+ I2L1sec

= 0.5A

I2L1sec = 0.96A , -150

Principles Transf. Diff 9

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of

conventional Transformer Differential Protection
3000/1A

Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5

side 2: 20kV
side1: 110kV

(1/2)

ILoad=
525A

750/1A

L1

2887A
L2
L3

0.7A

0.96A

Diff.

IR

29
Wdg.

23
Wdg.

Rest. current

Conventional
Differential Prot.

Matching transformer
-Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling

nominal Load (no fault): 0.70A 23Wdg = 0.555A 29Wdg,

IR = 0.555v3 = 0.96A
Principles Transf. Diff 10

Transformers in star-delta connection: I0-current

Vector group: YNd5 , Ratio: 1/v3
side 2:
side 1:

L1

L2

L3

3I0
IL1(S2) = -IL1(S1) , IL3(S2) = IL1(S1)
IL3(S2)

I L1(S2)

IL1(S1)
1

positive
sequence

I1

No Problem for
Differential Protection

- 530

IL1(S1)= I1 + I2 + I0 = 3I0

IL1(S2) = I1 + I2
IL2(S2) = a2I1 + aI2 = 0
IL3(S2) = aI1 + a2I2

IL2(S1)= a2I1 + aI2 + I0 = 0

IL3(S1)= aI1 + a2I2 + I0 = 0

+ 530

negative
sequence

I2

No Problem for
Differential Protection

I0

Differential Protection
I0 elimination nessesary

+
zero sequence

Principles Transf. Diff 11

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of

conventional Transformer Differential Protection
3000/1A

Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5

side 2: 20kV
side1: 110kV

(2/2)

750/1A

~
~

L1

13655A
L2

L3

3I0
4.55A

5.73A

Diff.

IR

29
Wdg.

IP=
4300A

23
Wdg.

Rest. current

Conventional
Differential Prot.

single pole fault HV -side:

Matching transformer
-Vector group adaptation
-Current value adaptation
-Zero seq. current handling

5.73A 23Wdg = 4.550A 29Wdg , IR = 4.55A

Principles Transf. Diff 12

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of

numerical Transformer Differential Protection
CT 2
3000/1A
2L1
2L2

Load: 100MVA ,vector group: YNd5

side 2: 20kV
side 1: 110kV
I2 L1P ?

?I1 L1P

I2 L2P ?

?I1 L2P

I2 L3P ?

2L3

I2 L1S
I2 L2S
I2 L3S

(1/2)

CT 1
750/1A
1L1
1L2

?I1 L3P

I2 A
Current
Vector
Io
value
group
handling
I2 B
adaptation
adaptation
CT 2
I2 C

I1 A

comparison

?I

I1 B

Io
handling

I1 C

Current
value
adaptation
CT 1

1L3

I1 L1S
I1 L2S
I1 L3S

Numerical Transformer Differential Protection

Principles Transf. Diff 13

Vector group and current value adaptation in case of

numerical Transformer Differential Protection

(2/2)

Parameterisation of transformer and CT- data

in a 7UT6 Differential Protection Device

Principles Transf. Diff 14

Tripping characteristic of Transformer Differential Protection

CT-errors , Tap changer , Magnetising current
I Diff
InO
3.0
2.5
Trip

slope 2
Total error

2.0
Block

45
1.5

CT- error
1.0
slope 1

Tap changer error

0.5
IDiff>
0

Transf. magnetising current

0

1.0

Characteristic:

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

IDiff = f (IRest)
IRest = |I1| + |I2|

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

I Rest InO

InO = nominal current of the protected object

Principles Transf. Diff 15

Transient currents (with Harmonics)

- Inrush of Transformers
2)
even
2. Harm.

Inrush

(1 of
iDiff = i1

i1

Y Y
t=0
i1

i2 = 0
t

even
2. Harm.

Inrush

iDiff = i1

i1

t=0
i1

I2 = 0
t

Connecting -T2 in parallel with -T1

(Sympathetic Inrush T1)
-T1

i1

t=0
Inrush -T2

-T2

i1

-T1: iDiff = i1

I2 = 0

t=0

Principles Transf. Diff 16

Inrush, cross block, over excitation [V/Hz]

(2 of 2)

filter window
1 cycle
iRUSH
= iDiff

Cross-block = No (phase separate blocking)

Inrush current
in one phase

1P

I2har
IDiff

2P

IDiff, L1 > trip blocking

L2-block

IDiff, L2 > trip blocking

L3-block

IDiff, L3 > trip blocking

3P t

Cross-block = Yes (blocking of all phases)

block
Setting
value

15 %

L1-block

L1-block
L2-block

OR
=1

IDiff > trip blocking

for an adjustable time

L3-block

no block
0

recognise inrush condition by evaluating the ratio 2nd harmonic I2har to basic wave IDiff.
Time limit for cross-block. Reliable reaction to the inrush condition with cross-block.
Trip of a short circuit after the set time delay.
recognise over excitation [V/Hz] by evaluating the ratio 3rd or 5th harmonic to basic wave
Principles Transf. Diff 17

Demonstration of Inrush with evolving fault

Internal
fault

IDiff>>

Inrush

IDiff>

3 cycles
Cross Blocking

Principles Transf. Diff 18

Transient currents (with harmonics)

- Over excitation and CT- saturation

(1/2)
iDiff = i1 + i2

Over excitation (U/f)

UTr > UN

uneven
5. Harm.
i2

i1

External fault with

CT-saturation at the
Low voltage side
HV

even
and
uneven

LV

i1

i2

Internal fault with

CT-saturation at the
High voltage side
HV

i1

iDiff = i1 + i2

iDiff = i1

even
and
uneven

LV

I2 0

Principles Transf. Diff 19

Transient currents (with harmonics)

- Over excitation and CT- saturation

(2/2)

Principle of Add-on stabilisation for external faults

Tripping characteristic 7UT6

I Diff
InO
IDiff>>

7
6

Trip

45

Block

5
D
C

4
3

Add-on
Stabilisation

2
1

Begin of saturation

IDiff>

0 0
A

10

12

14

16

I Rest
InO

Principles Transf. Diff 20

Demonstration of add-on stabilisation

Block

45
Trip

AddStabilisation

Principles Transf. Diff 21

Differential elements IDiff> and IDiff>>

Instantaneous
values

measured value
pre-processing
( vector gr. ,Cts )
i1L

iRest = i1 + i2

side 1

i2L

iDiff = i1 + i2

side 2

rectified mean value:

IRest = iRest
fundamental wave:
IDiff = rms(iDiff)50Hz

Tripping characteristic,
saturation detection
IDiff
IDiff>

IRest

&

Trip
IDiff>

=1

Trip
IDiff>>

Motor start
DC off set
analysing of harmonics:
-block by 2. & 3. or 5.har
-cross block
iRest IRest

IDiff

IDiff
IDiff>>

I / InO

I / InO

iDiff

ms

iDiff
kIDiff>>
ms

IDiff> restrained (biased) differential function, ?IDiff> = f(IRest)

- Ct-saturation detector (add on stabilization) for external faults.
IDiff>> fast unrestrained high current differential function, its setting therefore should be higher then
the maximum possible through flowing current! Example Transformer: IDiff >> > (1/uk)InO
This function will be not blocked by harmonics due to an inrush or Ct-saturation!
The IDiff >> stage evaluates the fundamental wave of the currents as well as the instantaneous values.
- Fundamental wave processing:
fast tripping at the set threshold.
- Instantaneous value processing: ensures fast tripping even in case the fundamental wave
of the current is strongly reduced by Ct-saturation. Because of the possible DC offset after fault
inception, the instantaneous value stage operates only above twice the set threshold.
Principles Transf. Diff 22

Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching

(1/2)

SN = 100 MVA
UN2 = 20 kV
IP2 = 2750A
(load current)

UN1 = 110 kV

3000/1A

750/1A
Side 2

Side 1

InO1 = 525A

InO2 = 2887A

IS2 = -0.916A

IP1 = 500A
(load current)

7UT6
7UM62

IS1 = 0.66A

measured
secondary currents

IDiff = ?
IRest = ?

Principles Transf. Diff 23

Measuring Pre-processing, Example for CT Matching

(2/2)

SN
3 ?U N

1. Calculation of the transformer nominal current

I nO ?

2. Correction factor

kW ?

3. Correction nominal current

I* = kW IS

4. Calculation of the differential and

restraint current

IDiff = |I 1* + I2*| IRest = |I1*| + |I2*|

I NCT
InO

Calculation example:
SN = 100MVA

UN1 =
IN1CT =

110kV
750A

UN2 =
IN2CT =

20kV
3000A

Correction factors:

kW1 =

1.428

kW2 =

1.039

IDiff =

0A

Load conditions:

Ip1 =

500A

Ip2 =

2750A

IRest =

1.9A

Secondary
currents:

Is1 =

0.666A

Is2 =

-0.916A

IDiff =

0InO

I1* =

0.95A

I2* =

-0.95A

IRest =

1.9InO

Matched currents:
Principles Transf. Diff 24

Applications for Transformer Differential Protection

three winding
transformer
1 or 3 phases

two winding
transformer
1 or 3 phases

1 CB method
on
one side

7UT613
7UT633
7UT612
7UM62

7UT613
7UT633

Unit Protection

1 CB method
on two sides

Y
7UT635

7UT635

G
3~

Principles Transf. Diff 25