Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONSTRUCTION
ROOFS
ANDREW WATTS
INTRODUCTION 4 METAL
Modern Construction
1
32 GLASS
34
64 CONCRETE
Series
Site-based method
Prefabricated methods
Greenhouse glazing
Structural joints
Parapet upstands
Roof openings
Capped systems
Introduction
Capped systems
66
108
Materials
Rainwater outlets
(2) Silicone-sealed glazing
and Rooflights
72
Metals
Silicone-sealed systems
Glass
Junctions
Polymer-based membranes
Concrete
as substrates
PVC membranes
Timber
Rooflights
Plastics
Fabrics
Ridges
Generic structural
Openings
support methods
Ballasted roofs
Supporting brackets
Bolt fixings
(3) Planted
Glazed units
Soil depth
16
40
46
Ridges
Verges
Eaves
Dismantling of sample
84
(4) Rainscreens
52
(5) Bolt fixed glazing:
Panel arrangement
20
Parapets
Trolley systems
26
90
Davit systems
Roof geometry
Monorails
Roof soffits
Trolley systems
58
102
System assembly
Four edge restrained canopy
Bonded glass canopies
Roof junctions
Rainwater outlets
Balcony planters
Larger rooflights
maintenance systems:
Overflows
(4) Roof-mounted
116
122
4
TIMBER
5
128 PLASTIC
CONTENTS
6
160 FABRIC
162
174 REFERENCES
176
Photo references
194
194
Cushions
Authorship
195
Verges
Air supply
Bibliography
196
The material
Abutments
The material
Index
198
Fabrication
Solar protection
Durability
Upstands
Penetrations
Performance in fire
(2) Single membrane :
Cone-shaped roof
182
136
Fabric types
Comparison of types
The material
Thermal insulation
Roof build-up
Acoustics
Solar protection
Durability
Fixing methods
Performance in fire
Parapet upstands
Condensation
Barrel-shaped roof
(3) Pitched roof :Tiles
142
Plain tiles
Interlocking tiles
Suspension points
Ventilation
Membrane folds
Eaves
Ridges
Verges
Hips and valleys
Abutments
(4) Pitched roof : Slates
148
Roof folds
Vents
Monopitch ridges
Dormer windows
Abutments
(5) Pitched roof : Metal
Standing seam cold roofs
Eaves and valley gutters
Ridges and abutments
Penetrations
Metal tiled roofs
154
188
MODERN
CONSTRUCTION SERIES
The series is based around the Modern Construction Handbook.Themes of each chapter
from the MCH are developed to provide detailed design guides for facades, roofs, materials and
fittings. An additional volume of details brings together drawn technical information. Books in the
series discuss component design, building assembly, craftsmanship, as well as structural and environmental issues from the MCH.
Modern Construction Roofs is a textbook for students and young practitioners of architecture, as well as students of structural and environmental engineering who wish to broaden their
study beyond the information provided in the Roofs chapter of the Modern Construction
Handbook. It shows the principles of the main roof types used today and illustrates this through
typical generic details, together with a built example, that can inform a design at a more detailed
stage.
The six chapters examine roofs from the standpoint of the primary material used in their
construction, from metal to glass, concrete, timber, plastics and fabrics. Each set of three double
page spreads explains a specific form of construction which is accompanied by drawn and
annotated details.Throughout the book, built examples by high profile designers are used to
illustrate specific principles. As is the case in the Modern Construction Handbook the techniques described can be applied internationally.
INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS
These essays discuss two issues related to roof design: design development, and provisions
for maintenance access.There is an increasing tendency to conceal roof gutters and pipes and
to integrate them into the depth of the roof construction. Access systems for cleaning and
maintaining roofs, as well as equipment mounted on a roof for cleaning facades beneath, has
developed considerably over the last 10 years. In addition to cradles hung from the roof on
fixed jibs or moving on tracks, the use of abseiling has increased in popularity since the 1980's.
The higher levels of safety used in abseiling make it easier to clean roofs and facades of complex
geometry without the need for highly visible ladders and cradles.This has considerable advantages for glazed roofs, inclined metal roofs and fabric structures.
METALS CHAPTER
The Metals Chapter discusses the use of metal sheet in roofs both as a substrate and as a
watertight covering.When used as a substrate, in the form of profiled metal decking or composite panels, a waterproof membrane can be formed in different materials. Used as a covering
material, metal sheet can be used in standing seams, profiled sheet and rainscreens. Solar shading devices formed from metal are also discussed.
GLASS CHAPTER
The Glass Chapter sets out the use of the material as both rooflights and as large glass roofs.
Stick framed rooflights and glazing systems are related to those used for walls, but are usually
fixed with pressure plates on the two sides parallel with the line of slope. Bolt fixed glazing systems for rooflights and roofs follow principles used in wall construction. Bonded glass decks and
rooflights are a development of glass block details, which are also discussed. Finally in this
MCR_ 4
INTRODUCTION
chapter, glazed canopies are discussed, focusing on those that use point fixings with a minimum
of support structure.
CONCRETE CHAPTER
Roof decks constructed in concrete are covered with a variety of waterproof membranes
and finishes.When the membrane is applied directly to the concrete, thermal insulation and finishes, such s planting, paving slabs or timber decking, are applied. Construction can also be finished with another roofing system, such as metal standing seams, or rainscreens in other materials. All these types are discussed in this chapter.
TIMBER CHAPTER
Timber roofs are a traditional form of construction that use mainly tiles, slates and shingles
in housing projects. In recent years, the increased use of metal sheet on timber roofs has led to
an increase in more complex geometries that do not need to follow the principles of those traditional lapped roofing materials. Flat timber roofs, thin planting and metal sheet, in addition to
the more traditional single membrane finishes, are set out here.
PLASTICS CHAPTER
GRP panels have the advantage of providing well insulated translucent panels that are more
economic than those in glass.They are much lighter than glass, allowing more visually delicate
support structures to be used for these panels. Glass reinforced polyester (GRP) can produce
opaque roof forms that are free of joints, forming continuous roof structures such as shells and
domes that form a monolithic, lightweight material with a watertight finish on its outside face.
All these types are explained in this chapter.
FABRIC CHAPTER
The Fabric Chapter discusses tensile roof structures, air supported types and smaller scale
canopies. PTFE membranes can be stretched over supporting structures, typically stainless steel
cables with tubular steel supports. PTFE sheet is also used to form inflated 'air pillows' that are
supported on an aluminium frame.Their advantage of high thermal insulation and lightness in
weight is making them an increasingly preferred option for roof structures.
QUALIFYING COMMENTS
The building techniques discussed and the built examples shown are designed to last for an
extended period with a relatively high performance. However, buildings for exhibitions and for
temporary use are included since the techniques used have proven to be reliable in both short
term and long term. In addressing an international readership, references to national legislation,
building regulations, codes of practice and national standards have specifically not been included.
This book explains the principles of accepted building techniques currently in use. Building
codes throughout the world are undergoing increased harmonisation because of increased economic and intellectual globalisation. Building components and assemblies from many different
countries are often used in a single building. Since building codes are written to protect users of
buildings by providing for their health and safety, good construction practice will always uphold
these codes as well as assist their advancement.The components, assemblies and details shown
in this book describe many of the building techniques used by the building industry today, but
this book does not necessarily endorse or justify their use since techniques in building are in a
continual state of change and development. Some of the examples shown are highly developed
applications of the techniques described.
MCR_5
INTRODUCTION
(1) An overview of roof systems
Metals
Glass
Concrete
Timber
Plastics
Fabrics
(2) Working with manufacturers, fabricators
and installers
(3) Performance testing of roofs
Air infiltration test
Water penetration tests
Wind resistance tests
Impact resistance test
Dismantling of sample
(4) Roof-mounted maintenance systems:
Davits and monorails
Trolley systems
Davit systems
Monorails
Trolley systems
MCR_ 7
gle design.
and visually.
Metals
A development in metal roofs over the
MCR_ 8
underside of panels.
MCR_ 9
nomic stamping tools to make individual patterns in punched sheets, makes specially pat-
Glass
Glass systems have developed consider-
side.
MCR_ 10
Mercedes Benz Design Center, Stuttgart, Germany. Architect: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
their performance.
MCR_ 11
Concrete
Developments in waterproofing mem-
MCR_ 12
movement and higher temperatures combined with an external wearing surface that
Timber
next 10 years.
MCR_ 13
production methods.
Plastics
Translucent plastics are used mainly both
struction.
MCR_ 14
Fabrics
The use of woven textiles made from
MCR_ 15
This building uses a roof structure which is continuous with the external walls to create a single 'wrap'
for the envelope. While this design approach has
been used on larger-scale projects, its use in smallscale buildings is innovative.
MCR_ 16
The external membrane uses a spray-applied polymer-based coating which mixes the visual language
of asphalt and liquid-applied roofing membranes
with the technology of polymers to create an innovative appearance that is set to develop in the
coming years.
membranes.
Installers, particularly if they are also general building contractors, can provide information at an early stage about the suitability
tender.
reason.
ject.
result.
MCR_ 17
colour.
chamber.
steel or timber.
MCR_ 18
assembly.
wind pressure to examine what would happen in the event of failure if this limit is not
ed.
energies.
Dismantling of sample
When the tests are complete, the roof
required.
MCR_ 19
1
10
10
9
2
5
3
MCR_ 20
Davit
Roof finishes
Facade
Solar shading panels
Cradle
Monorail
Bracket supporting monorail
Beam supporting monorail
Safety line for harness
Cable
nance.
on a single roof.
Davit systems
A davit is a jib or scaffold-shaped frame
MCR_ 21
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Davit
Roof finishes
Facade
Solar shading panels
Cradle
Monorail
Bracket supporting monorail
Beam supporting monorail
Safety line for harness
Cable
Example B
MCR_ 22
10
3
4
Monorails
In the monorail system, a continuous single rail is fixed at roof level, from which a
cleaning cradle is hung from a cable at each
end.The monorail is set around 500mm
beyond the edge of the roof to allow the
cradle to hang slightly forward of the facade,
typically on brackets cantilevered from the
roof structure as shown in (A).The monorail
is a visually strong element that is integrated
into the overall design for the edge of the
roof. An alternative to cantilevered fixing
brackets is to cantilever the edge of the roof
out by around 500mm as shown in (B).The
rail is usually made from mild steel which is
MCR_ 23
10
EPDM sheet.
MCR_ 24
5
3
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Davit
Roof finishes
Facade
Solar shading panels
Cradle
Monorail
Bracket supporting monorail
Beam supporting monorail
Safety line for harness
Cable
10
MCR_ 25
9
1
5
8
MCR_ 26
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1
5
Trolley
Roof finishes
Facade
Solar shading panels
Cradle
Monorail
Horizontal rail supporting cradle
Vertical rail supporting cradle
Cable
1
1
5
3
5
1
Example D
5
3
Trolley systems
and horizontally.
MCR_ 27
Trolley
Roof finishes
Facade
Solar shading panels
Cradle
Monorail
Horizontal rail supporting cradle
Vertical rail supporting cradle
Cable
1
2
Example C
also used.
MCR_ 28
7
2
MCR_ 29
6
9
9
5
5
5
9
MCR_ 30
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Trolley
Roof finishes
Facade
Solar shading panels
Cradle
Monorail
Horizontal rail supporting cradle
Vertical rail supporting cradle
Cable
5
1
1
5
MCR_ 31
1
METAL
(1) Metal standing seam
Site-based method
Prefabricated methods
Sealed and ventilated roofs
Roof openings
Ridges and valleys
Eaves and parapets
(2) Profiled metal sheet
Profiled metal decks
as substrates
Profiled metal roof sheeting
Sealed and ventilated methods
Twin skin construction
Ridges
Openings
Eaves and parapets
Ridges and valleys
(3) Composite panels
Single wall composite panels
Twin wall panels
Ridges
Verges
Eaves
Parapets and valley gutters
(4) Rainscreens
Panel arrangement
Parapets
Monopitch ridges and verges
Roof geometry
Roof soffits
(5) Metal canopies
Bolt fixed panels
Fixed metal louvre canopies
Electrically operated louvres
MCR_ 33
Metal 01
Metal standing seam
Long section1:10.
Typical roof assembly with acoustic layer
6
1
3
11
11
4
2
such conditions.
through from outside to inside the construction.This gives the roof surface a visually
crisp appearance with very few visible fix-
Site-based method
This method of fixing sheet is well suited
MCR_ 34
7
5
12
13
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
External wall
Outer sheet fixing bracket
Curved eaves sheet
Structural frame
Ridge piece
Metal flashing
Rooflight
Pipe or duct penetration
Parapet flashing
1
1
4
4
2
Cross section1:10.
Typical roof assembly without acoustic layer
Long section1:10.
Typical roof assembly without acoustic layer
its underside.
Prefabricated methods
The most common configuration of pre-
MCR_ 35
Metal 01
Metal standing seam
15
1
1
16
11
11
3
3
1
4
2
10
2
10
4
5
2
5
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
External wall
Outer sheet fixing bracket
Curved eaves sheet
Structural frame
Ridge piece
Metal flashing
Rooflight
Pipe or duct penetration
Parapet flashing
5
17
11
10
4
2
13
inside.
its length.
MCR_ 36
15
1
18
11
3
3
4
7
4
2
13
10
2
10
Section 1:10.Verge
10
10
1
1
15
7
11
3
2
5
5
Roof openings
MCR_ 37
Metal 01
Metal standing seam
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
External wall
Outer sheet fixing bracket
Curved eaves sheet
Structural frame
Ridge piece
Metal flashing
Rooflight
Pipe or duct penetration
Parapet flashing
12
5
2
15
1
13
penetration.
MCR_ 38
14
15
1
1
3
3
4
2
Detail A
Detail B
1
14
10
4
2
15
Detail C
1
14
4
2
2
5
rainwater penetration.
increased.
the roof.
MCR_ 39
Metal 02
Profiled metal sheet
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
1
1
6
6
or coated.
MCR_ 40
1
8
12
7
13
17
1
deterioration.
MCR_ 41
Metal 02
Profiled metal sheet
10
15
5
4
4
13
13
11
11
Details
19
Detail A
13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
self tapping screws which, in addition to fixing the sheets to the supporting structure,
pletely dry.
MCR_ 42
14
1
3
2
11
5
3
10
13
13
10
10
3
5
11
3
10
11
5
3
2
11
13
13
of 0.25 W/m2K.
Ridges
Openings
MCR_ 43
Metal 02
Profiled metal sheet
16
1
1
4
4
3
2
3
7
13
13
10
Details
1.
2.
3.
5
2
2
4
13
4.
5.
6.
15
13
10
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
sheet and rooflight.The gutter can be concealed for small rooflights since they carry little rainwater and so do not need to be very
MCR_ 44
14
14
1
1
3
3
4
5
4
2
13
18
1
Atelier and House, Biwa-cho, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Architect: Shuhei Endo Architect Institute
10
3
7
4
5
roofing sheet.
MCR_ 45
Metal 03
Composite panels
Section1:10. Panels with rainscreen covering at step in roof
1
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2
3
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
15
16
of the roof.
MCR_ 46
1
2
School of Decorative Arts, Limoges, France. Architect: Labfac / Finn Geipel, Nicholas Michelin
Detail A
4
2
3
2
3
direct sunlight.
At ridges and folds in the roof geometry,
a weathertight seal.
MCR_ 47
Metal 03
Composite panels
1
2
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Section 1:10.
Panel to panel junction
Details
6.
7.
8.
13
12
1
2
MCR_ 48
14
3
5
7
15
15
10
Detail D
3
3
3
5
10
Ridges
Ridges for twin wall composite panels
15
Verges
Verges between composite panels and
MCR_ 49
Metal 03
Composite panels
3
3
5
5
10
15
15
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Panel 2
Ridge piece
Structural frame
Pipe or duct penetration
vapour barrier.
Eaves
MCR_ 50
14
School of Decorative Arts, Limoges, France. Architect: Labfac / Finn Geipel, Nicholas Michelin
Section 1:10.Verge
Detail C
12
13
Detail D
10
15
12
13
space behind.
3mm thick aluminium sheet.The void immediately beneath the coping is faced with
MCR_ 51
Metal 04
Rainscreens
Detail A
3
Detail B
4
5
MCR_ 52
Details
1.
2.
2
3.
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Metal rainscreen
panel
Single layer
membrane
Closed cell thermal
insulation
Structural deck
Purlin or structural
beam
Secondary purlin
Folded metal gutter
Folded metal drip
Detail C
Section1:25.Typical long section
1
2
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
3
2
4
sheet core.The size of metal rainscreen panels is restricted more by the panel width that
can be walked upon for maintenance access
Panel arrangement
Rainscreen roof panels are typically
MCR_ 53
Metal 04
Rainscreens
1
1
2
3
2
10
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10
6.
7.
8.
Detail D
9
5
10
cent panels.
Parapets
An advantage of rainscreen panels for
MCR_ 54
4
9
10
10
Detail E
10
used.
MCR_ 55
Metal 04
Rainscreens
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1
2
3
4
10
10
15
2
rainscreen panels.
tion.
Roof geometry
An advantage of rainscreen panels is
MCR_ 56
12
13
2
3
4
Shimosuwa Municipal Museum, Lake Suwa, Japan. Architect:Toyo Ito & Associates
Section 1:25.Typical section with rainscreen panels draining from panel to panel
membrane.
Roof soffits
Metal rainscreen roof panels can also be
MCR_ 57
Metal 05
Metal canopies
2
1
Example B
1
6
MCR_ 58
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Detail H
5
Detail J
5
1
1
material.
MCR_ 59
Metal 05
Metal canopies
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
overall appearance.
canopy.
transom.
MCR_ 60
1
2
Detail K
Detail G
Detail F
5
1
canopy.
MCR_ 61
Metal 05
Metal canopies
Example A Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
11
7
9
Example A
The Giovanni and Marella Agnelli Art Gallery at Lingotto,Turin, Italy. Architect: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
11
11
visible fixings.
MCR_ 62
11
7
11
11
Detail C
7
11
11
Detail D
Detail E
MCR_ 63
2
GLASS
(1) Greenhouse glazing and Capped glazing
Greenhouse glazing
Modern roof glazing
Capped systems
(2) Silicone-sealed glazing and Rooflights
Junctions
Use of capped profiles
Rooflights
(3) Bolt fixed glazing
Generic structural
support methods
Supporting brackets
Bolt fixings
Arrangement of bolt fixings
Glazed units
(4)Bolt fixed glazing: Pitched roofs and rooflights
Base of glazed roof
External and internal folds
Small glazed rooflights
Larger rooflights
(5) Bolt fixed glazing: Twin wall roofs
(6) Bonded glass rooflights
Generic conical rooflight
Generic rectangular rooflight
Generic monopitch rooflight
Glass roof decks
(7) Glazed canopies
System assembly
Four edge restrained canopy
Bonded glass canopies
MCR_ 65
Glass 01
Greenhouse glazing and Capped glazing systems
2
3
3
4
Detail A
Detail D
1
3
7
8
Greenhouse glazing
its purpose.
MCR_ 66
Detail F
Greenhouse details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Extruded aluminium
glazing bar
Extruded aluminium
sections
Single glazed sheet
Double glazed unit
Aluminium clip-on capping
Polycarbonate sheet
Aluminium gutter
Concrete base
6
3
3
1
1
8
MCR_ 67
Glass 01
Greenhouse glazing and Capped glazing systems
6
1
2
6
2
1
2
6
Detail J
2
8
8
6
4
5
freely.
shown in (E).
MCR_ 68
Detail H
Detail G
1
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Insulated gutter
Insulated flashing
Rooflight
Thermal insulation
Pressed metal flashing
Concrete base
Pressed metal trim
Detail K
6
1
5
1
2
1
8
12
Capped systems
The system shown in (G) comprises
glazing bars which are assembled on site in a
MCR_ 69
Glass 01
Greenhouse glazing and Capped glazing systems
6
4
4
11
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Extruded aluminium
glazing bar
Transom
Single glazed unit
Double glazed unit
Ridge bar
Pressure plate and
capping
10
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Insulated gutter
Insulated flashing
Rooflight
Thermal insulation
Pressed metal flashing
Concrete base
Pressed metal trim
6
1
11
2
4
10
5
1
MCR_ 70
11
6
1
2
10
1
13
12
stand flashing.
MCR_ 71
Glass 02
Silicone-sealed glazing and Rooflights
3
1
Detail E
3
4
DG Bank, Berlin, Germany. Architect: Gehry
3
Silicone-sealed systems
MCR_ 72
Section1:25.Typical assembly
Details
Extruded aluminium
glazing profile
2. Pressure plate and capping
3. Mild steel support frame
4. Double glazed unit with
recessed edge
5. Insulated metal panel
6. Silicone seal
7. Glazing channel
8. Concrete base
9. Adjacent opaque roof
10. Rubber-based glazing
profile
1.
Detail C
4
Junctions
Since the advantage of silicone-sealed
MCR_ 73
Glass 02
Silicone-sealed glazing and Rooflights
6
4
4
1
3
3
Detail D
Detail G
4
6
4
6
1
3
4
MCR_ 74
4
4
4
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Detail H
crisp appearance.
system.
MCR_ 75
Glass 02
Silicone-sealed glazing and Rooflights
4
3
3
Rooflights
A useful application of combining
MCR_ 76
2
4
Detail J
Detail K
2
4
10
10
Details
1.
set.
Extruded aluminium
glazing profile
2. Pressure plate and capping
3. Mild steel support frame
4. Double glazed unit with recessed edge
5. Insulated metal panel
6. Silicone seal
7. Glazing channel
8. Concrete base
9. Adjacent opaque roof
10. Rubber-based glazing profile
MCR_ 77
Glass 03
Bolt fixed glazing
Detail V2
9
8
Section 1:10.
Corner
Detail V3
buildings.
tem.
MCR_ 78
Section1:50.Typical assembly
Detail V1
Detail V4
5
2
9
3
3
5
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
5
5
1
3
building structure.
transparency.
Supporting brackets
MCR_ 79
Glass 03
Bolt fixed glazing
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
5
8
Detail W1
MCR_ 80
Bolt fixings
The essential component in this glazing
Detail W4
1
5
5
5
2
Detail W3
8
4
MCR_ 81
Glass 03
Bolt fixed glazing
3
3
8
9
Section1:50.Typical assembly
Section 1:10. Vertical panel to panel junction
visual finish.
manship.
Glazed units
In common with other glass roof types,
MCR_ 82
Detail H
Detail E
Detail F
Detail J
Detail G
Detail M
Detail K
Detail N
Detail L
Detail A
Detail B
Detail C
Detail D
Details
mal insulation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
imity.
MCR_ 83
Glass 04
Bolt fixed glazing : Pitched roofs and rooflights
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
glazing.
forms as shown in (P). Circular hollow sections and box sections are preferred for their
MCR_ 84
Conference Bubble, Lingotto Factory Conversion,Turin, Italy. Architect: Renzo Piano Building Workshop.
Detail T4
2
11
Detail S1
5
5
Detail T3
5
4
hollow section.
MCR_ 85
Glass 04
Bolt fixed glazing : Pitched roofs and rooflights
Elevation 1:10. Internal fold
Details
1.
2.
10
5
4
Detail S2
3
5
3
5
Detail T2
MCR_ 86
timber deck.
Detail T1
10
5
10
3
Detail R
Detail Q
4
1
4
3
5
inner seal.
the building.
MCR_ 87
Glass 04
Bolt fixed glazing : Pitched roofs and rooflights
Detail P
are small.
behind.
MCR_ 88
Larger rooflights
For bigger rooflights up to around 5.0
Detail S3
3
3
dimensions.
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
MCR_ 89
Glass 05
Bolt fixed glazing :Twin wall roofs
4
3
MCR_ 90
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
8
3
MCR_ 91
Glass 05
Bolt fixed glazing :Twin wall roofs
12
12
Details
12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
2
11
12
MCR_ 92
12
12
12
12
12
12
2
12
3
3
2
3
3
12
12
12
12
2
12
12
8
2
12
2
11
MCR_ 93
Glass 05
Bolt fixed glazing :Twin wall roofs
3
3
4
MCR_ 94
11
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
2
3
8
8
9
MCR_ 95
Glass 06
Bonded glass rooflights
Section 1:25.Typical assembly
Type A
3
3
weathertight.
MCR_ 96
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Silicone bond
Mild steel support
frame
Single glazed
laminated glass panel
Silicone seal
Concrete base
Insulated metal panel
Folded metal flashing
Reinforced concrete
support frame
Detail F
6
2
4
3
Detail E
3
waterproof membrane.
MCR_ 97
Glass 06
Bonded glass rooflights
Detail G
7
4
2
3
3
2
7
Type B
Plan 1:5.
Typical assembly
beneath.
MCR_ 98
Details
1.
2.
3.
Silicone bond
Mild steel support frame
Single glazed laminated
glass panel
Silicone seal
Concrete base
Insulated metal panel
Folded metal flashing
Reinforced concrete
support frame
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
timber boards.
MCR_ 99
Glass 06
Bonded glass rooflights
Detail L
Type D
3
4
2
2
5
10
10
Detail H
Detail K
3
Detail J
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Silicone bond
Structural glass beam
Single glazed laminated
glass panel
Silicone seal
Concrete base
Insulated metal panel
aged joint.
(L).
MCR_ 100
2
5
7.
8.
ty:
MCR_ 101
Glass 07
Glazed canopies
2
6
Example A
Details
1.
6
3
1
1
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
MCR_ 102
7
8
2
7
6
6
MCR_ 103
Glass 07
Glazed canopies
7
2
2
MCR_ 104
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
6
7
2
5
1
2
5
four sides, away from the corners, the distance between clamps is the same, but this
edge of the canopy to avoid a sheet of rainwater falling onto building users passing
glazed canopies.
bolt fixings.
MCR_ 105
Glass 07
Glazed canopies
Section 1:10. Junction at top and bottom
12
12
9
13
9
13
13
Example B
9
11
10
13
struction.
MCR_ 106
15
15
14
17
Details
Section 1:25.Typical assembly
1.
Example C
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
15
18
17
10.
11.
15
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
17
ing.
MCR_ 107
3
CONCRETE
(1) Concealed membrane
System assembly
Framing profiles
Opening lights
Parapets, cills, penetrations
Corners
(2) Exposed membrane
System assembly
Framing profiles
Opening lights
Parapets, cills, penetrations
Corners
(3) Planted
System assembly
Framing profiles
Opening lights
Parapets, cills, penetrations
Corners
MCR_ 109
Concrete 01
Concealed membrane
1
5
4
2
1
2
3
Detail L
2
Detail A
5
4
7
2
1
1
3
Materials
required.
MCR_ 110
Detail B
Section 1:10. Junction of external wall and roof with slot drain
4
4
3
2
1
3
1
3
Detail C
Details
1
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Structural joints
The main advantage of concealed mem-
MCR_ 111
Concrete 01
Concealed membrane
4
4
2
1
7
2
Detail H
Detail D
1
3
10
11
2
1
1
3
rainwater outlet.
rubber-based strip.
MCR_ 112
Detail J
3
3
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Waterproof membrane
Thermal insulation
Concrete deck
Paving slabs
Smooth pebbles
Parapet coping
Rainwater outlet
Slot drain
Opening for overflow
Reinforcement at fold
if required
11.
12.
13.
14.
Detail E
4
5
2
1
1
3
struction.
Parapet upstands
In forming parapet upstands, an essential
the joint.
MCR_ 113
Concrete 01
Concealed membrane
12
2
1
2
1
3
Detail F
13
13
4
1
3
each situation.
MCR_ 114
Rainwater outlets
The rainwater outlets shown in (H) and
of the paving.
Detail N
13
13
2
1
1
3
Details
Section 1:10. Pipe penetrations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Detail M
13
Waterproof membrane
Thermal insulation
Concrete deck
Paving slabs
Smooth pebbles
Parapet coping
Rainwater outlet
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Slot drain
Opening for overflow
Reinforcement at fold if required
Proprietary movement joint
Balustrade
Pipe or duct
Filter sheet
1
3
MCR_ 115
Concrete 02
Exposed membrane
11
1
2
Natural Unit / Studio House. Architect: Masaki Endoh and Masahiro Ikeda.
Section 1:10. Bonded method. Junction of external wall and roof slab
Section 1:10. Bonded method. Pipe penetration
10
7
1
1
2
MCR_ 116
Details
Waterproof
membrane
2. Thermal insulation
3. Concrete deck
4. Paving slabs
5. Smooth pebbles
6. Parapet coping
7. Rainwater outlet
8. Opening for
overflow
9. Balustrade
10. Pipe or duct
11. External wall
12. Rooflight
1.
12
11
1
2
2
1
11
2
Polymer-based membranes
The main advantage of the polymer-
plastics are preferred in Europe. EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) is a flexi-
and white.
MCR_ 117
Concrete 02
Exposed membrane
11
11
Sections 1:10. Bonded method. Junctions of external wall and roof slab
Section 1:10. Bonded method. Roof overflow
Details
1.
Waterproof
membrane
Thermal insulation
Concrete deck
Paving slabs
Smooth pebbles
Parapet coping
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
11
7.
8.
Rainwater outlet
Opening for
overflow
9. Balustrade
10. Pipe or duct
11. External wall
12. Rooflight
8
10
1
1
2
11
3
the substrate.
tion.
PVC membranes
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) roof mem-
MCR_ 118
Section 1:10.
Ballusted method. Rainwater outlet
Section 1:10.
Ballusted method. Eaves
Section 1:10.
Ballusted method. Junction with rooflight
1
2
2
4
2
3
11
3
5
4
11
1
2
3
3
Sections 1:10. Ballusted method. Junctions of external wall and roof slab
Section 1:10. Ballusted method. Pipe penetration
10
5
11
1
2
4
1
2
11
below.
Membranes can also be secured by
MCR_ 119
Concrete 02
Exposed membrane
6
1
11
12
Natural Unit / Studio House. Architect: Masaki Endoh and Masahiro Ikeda.
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3
3
Waterproof membrane
Thermal insulation
Concrete deck
Paving slabs
Smooth pebbles
Parapet coping
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Rainwater outlet
Opening for overflow
Balustrade
Pipe or duct
External wall
Rooflight
10
11
11
1
1
2
used.
used.
MCR_ 120
11
11
Section 1:10. Mechanical fastening method. Junctions of external wall and roof slab
Section 1:10. Mechanical fastening method. Pipe penetration
10
Section 1:5.
Mechanically fastened pressure plate fixing
Section 1:5.
Mechanically fastened point fixing
Ballasted roofs
Concealed membranes which are ballasted use a top layer to weigh down the
membrane and insulation rather than use
1
2
MCR_ 121
Concrete 03
Planted
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Light vegetation
8.
Heavy vegetation
Soil / growing medium 9.
10.
Filter sheet
11.
Drainage layer
Waterproofing layer
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Concrete deck
Smooth gravel
Coping
12.
13.
14.
15.
Detail A
Pipe / duct
Supply pipe
Rainwater outlet
Wall cladding
Detail E
10
3
1
10
5
3
4
4
7
7
15
15
1
10
14
10
3
5
10
7
3
7
9
of grass.
MCR_ 122
3
4
4
7
7
6
3
5
3
5
7
8
MCR_ 123
Concrete 03
Planted
2
10
2
3
10
5
6
4
7
7
8
9
9
Detail B
12
2
2
10
10
3
3
4
4
6
6
7
7
8
Soil depth
secured.
MCR_ 124
2
10
2
3
10
5
6
15
7
8
9
Detail F
Detail C
2
10
14
Details
1.
2.
10
3.
10
4.
5.
6.
7.
3
4
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Overflows
Irrigated heavy planted roofs are usually
Roof junctions
At upstands and eaves the same princi-
Light
vegetation
Heavy
vegetation
Soil / growing
medium
Filter sheet
Drainage layer
Waterproofing
layer
Thermal
insulation
Vapour barrier
Concrete deck
Smooth gravel
Coping
Pipe / duct
Supply pipe
Rainwater
outlet
Wall cladding
merged in water.
MCR_ 125
Concrete 03
Planted
16
17
18
16
17
18
18
16
2
5
9
17
17
17
6
7
Example G
Rainwater outlets
The filter layer is dressed up around the
way cable. Balustrades are provided for building users in conditions with low parapets.
Vegetation barriers are provided at roof
Balcony planters
Planting troughs with automatic irrigation
ter.
MCR_ 126
Example H
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Light vegetation
Heavy vegetation
Soil / growing medium
Filter sheet
Drainage layer
Waterproofing layer
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Concrete deck
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Smooth gravel
Coping
Pipe / duct
Supply pipe
Rainwater outlet
Wall cladding
GRP planter
Glazed external wall
Glass balustrade
Example J
2
16
18
18
2
16
17
17
7
6
MCR_ 127
4
TIMBER
(1) Flat roof 1: Mastic asphalt coverings
Warm and cold roofs
The material
Warm roof build-up
Solar protection
Upstands
Eaves and verges
Penetrations
Gutters and rainwater outlets
(2) Flat roof 2: Bitumen-based sheet membranes
The material
Roof build-up
Solar protection
Fixing methods
Parapet upstands
Junction with tiled roof
Eaves and verges
(3) Pitched roof : Tiles
Plain tiles
Interlocking tiles
Ventilation
Eaves
Ridges
Verges
Hips and valleys
Abutments
(4) Pitched roof : Slates
Roof folds
Vents
Monopitch ridges
Dormer windows
Abutments
(5) Pitched roof : Metal
Standing seam cold roofs
Eaves and valley gutters
Ridges and abutments
Penetrations
Metal tiled roofs
MCR_ 129
Timber 01
Flat roof : Mastic asphalt coverings
9
12
12
1
3
3
4
10
12
11
1
1
13
3
12
4
6
6
2
The material
Asphalt is manufactured from bitumen
MCR_ 130
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Mastic asphalt
Plywood sheet or timber boards
Separating layer
Rigid thermal insulation
Freestanding timber upstand
Vapour barrier
Softwood joists
Dry lining/drywall internal finish
Metal flashing
Fascia board
External wall
Expanded metal lathing
Rainwater outlet
9
9
12
11
4
6
12
1
5
3
4
4
6
8
8
MCR_ 131
Timber 01
Flat roof : Mastic asphalt coverings
9
12
1
5
1
3
4
6
2
2
9
11
3
4
6
1
9
3
4
6
2
1
3
3
12
13
6
2
10
7
11
fibre underlay.
Thermal insulation is usually provided to
rials used.
MCR_ 132
12
5
3
6
2
9
11
7
12
1
3
4
6
2
8
12
1
Details
3
11
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Mastic asphalt
Plywood sheet or timber boards
Separating layer
Rigid thermal insulation
Freestanding timber upstand
Vapour barrier
Softwood joists
Dry lining/drywall internal finish
Metal flashing
Fascia board
External wall
Expanded metal lathing
Rainwater outlet
Upstands
At upstands, where the asphalt is usually
Solar protection
MCR_ 133
Timber 01
Flat roof : Mastic asphalt coverings
1
3
9
4
1
12
1
2
1
3
4
4
6
2
4
6
6
2
2
7
1
12
3
4
4
6
2
7
10
11
of the asphalt is turned into a chase, or horizontal groove, between blockwork courses,
or is formed by a groove being cast into a
MCR_ 134
9
11
12
11
4
1
1
3
4
3
4
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Mastic asphalt
Plywood sheet or timber boards
Separating layer
Rigid thermal insulation
Freestanding timber upstand
Vapour barrier
Softwood joists
Dry lining/drywall internal finish
Metal flashing
Fascia board
External wall
Expanded metal lathing
Rainwater outlet
Penetrations
MCR_ 135
Timber 02
Flat roof : Bitumen-based sheet membranes
9
7
10
3
2
6
12
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8
10
3
4
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Bitumen-based sheet
Plywood sheet
Rigid thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Softwood joists
Dry lining/drywall
internal finish
Metal flashing
Timber upstand
External wall
Angle fillet
Proprietary skirt flashing
Rainwater outlet
Paving bonded to
bitumen-based sheet
3
4
lightweight deck.
deck types.
The material
MCR_ 136
Detail A
7
3
1
10
10
3
3
4
12
3
2
9
6
Roof build-up
Where plywood is used to form the
MCR_ 137
Timber 02
Flat roof : Bitumen-based sheet membranes
7
10
3
4
5
9
12
1
3
Detail B
1
6
Detail C
1
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Bitumen-based sheet
Plywood sheet
Rigid thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Softwood joists
Dry lining/drywall
internal finish
Metal flashing
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Timber upstand
External wall
Angle fillet
Proprietary skirt flashing
Rainwater outlet
Paving bonded to
bitumen-based sheet
3
4
2
Solar protection
Resistance to UV radiation is provided by
Fixing methods
Bitumen-based membranes are fixed
scale applications.
work.
MCR_ 138
7
7
10
4
3
5
5
6
Detail D
1
1
10
3
4
4
2
Parapet upstands
Upstands in bitumen-based sheets are
MCR_ 139
Timber 02
Flat roof : Bitumen-based sheet membranes
7
11
1
1
3
10
4
2
2
5
12
1
1
3
10
2
5
expected.
MCR_ 140
5
1
1
3
10
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bitumen-based sheet
Plywood sheet
Rigid thermal insulation 7.
8.
Vapour barrier
9.
Softwood joists
Dry lining/drywall
internal finish
Metal flashing
Timber upstand
External wall
13
1
4
3
4
2
2
5
5
6
and rooflight.
external envelope.
full seal.
MCR_ 141
Timber 03
Pitched roof :Tiles
7
8
7
1
5
10
9
3
9
10
13
11
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
Detail B
Detail E
12
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
13
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Plain tile
Interlocking tile
Softwood battens
Softwood
counter battens
Roofing felt
Gutter
Softwood rafter
Vapour permeable
membrane
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Softwood joist
Metal flashing
Ventilator
Fascia board
External wall
Ridge capping
16
2
5
7
15
MCR_ 142
Plain tiles
Plain tiles are made in a variety of sizes,
Detail F
8
4
9
6
12
10
15
12
3
8
14
13
2
12
3
7
10
10
15
achieved.
over one another to avoid rainwater penetration by draining water that penetrates the
outer tile onto the middle of the tile
Interlocking tiles
Interlocking tiles in both clay and con-
need for three tiles to always lap one another, as is required for plain tiles. As tiles lap
MCR_ 143
Timber 03
Pitched roof :Tiles
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
15
12
1
5
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
9
7
10
Detail P
5.
6.
7.
8.
Plain tile
Interlocking tile
Softwood battens
Softwood
counter battens
Roofing felt
Gutter
Softwood rafter
Vapour permeable
membrane
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Softwood joist
Metal flashing
Ventilator
Fascia board
External wall
Ridge capping
10
15
Detail N
15
Detail Q
12
15
10
12
2
13
9
4
3
4
8
10
10
sized tiles.
Ventilation
Like flat roofs, pitched roofs are formed
MCR_ 144
Detail C
16
2
3
1
1
9
10
12
15
1
7
7
8
12
15
Detail H
1
3
12
2
7
15
9
3
10
configuration.
Eaves
MCR_ 145
Timber 03
Pitched roof :Tiles
16
2
2
8
3
1
8
3
6
12
7
10
Detail A
10
DetailG
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
16
5.
6.
7.
8.
16
2
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
8
3
10
10
7
Plain tile
Interlocking tile
Softwood battens
Softwood
counter battens
Roofing felt
Gutter
Softwood rafter
Vapour permeable
membrane
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Softwood joist
Metal flashing
Ventilator
Fascia board
External wall
Ridge capping
Verges
Verges, or gable ends, are closed with a
Ridges
Where a sealed ridge is required, ridge
MCR_ 146
Detail K
Detail M
5
5
7
7
1
5
5
7
6
12
Detail J
2
3
8
7
12
7
14
10
15
areas.
Abutments
Where a tiled roof meets a vertical wall
at the ridge, a proprietary ventilator is set
onto the top tile, as (N), which is clipped
MCR_ 147
Timber 04
Pitched roof : Slates
Section 1:10.Valleys
1
7
1
2
11
9
11
1
4
2
11
5
Detail B
Detail A
Section 1:10.Valleys
1
5
6
11
11
4
5
11
MCR_ 148
Details
1.
2.
3.
Slate
Softwood battens
Softwood counter
battens
Roofing felt
Gutter
Softwood rafter
Vapour permeable
membrane
4.
5.
6.
7.
15
1
10
8
2
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Softwood joist
Metal flashing
Ventilator
Fascia board
External wall
Ridge capping
Flexible pipe
4
14
12
13
14
Detail C
12
1
4
16
roofs.
way as in (A).
Roof folds
Changes of roof pitch that form a fold
Vents
Monopitch ridges
MCR_ 149
Timber 04
Pitched roof : Slates
15
2
12
12
1
1
4
6
6
7
8
Section 1:10.Ventilators
15
Detail D
Sections 1:10.Verges
1
11
11
13
4
6
6
14
14
4
14
6
11
8
9
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Slate
Softwood battens
Softwood counter
battens
Roofing felt
Gutter
Softwood rafter
Vapour permeable
membrane
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Softwood joist
Metal flashing
Ventilator
Fascia board
External wall
Ridge capping
Flexible pipe
MCR_ 150
6
11
5
14
Detail J
15
14
12
11
4
8
6
2
6
4
12
15
6
7
15
15
12
11
4
7
2
1
10
8
9
12
6
6
11
11
5
13
14
12
13
14
MCR_ 151
Timber 04
Pitched roof : Slates
14
11
11
2
13
6
6
14
Section 1:10.Verge
Section 1:10. Abutment
Detail H
Detail K
14
14
11
8
11
12
9
12
1
6
4
Dormer windows
Abutments
Abutments at the side of a pitched roof,
MCR_ 152
seal.
Detail G
14
1
8
1
14
Detail E
1
2
3
13
11
8
2
14
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Slate
Softwood battens
Softwood counter
battens
Roofing felt
Gutter
Softwood rafter
Vapour permeable
membrane
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Softwood joist
Metal flashing
Ventilator
Fascia board
External wall
Ridge capping
Flexible pipe
11
12
6
9
MCR_ 153
Timber 05
Pitched roof : Metal
13
1
1
4
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
External wall
Metal sheet fixing bracket
Soffit board
Metal supports
Ridge piece
Metal flashing
Parapet flashing
1
9
1
9
11
13
13
10
Detail A
Detail B
12
1
9
2
3
MCR_ 154
Section 1:10.Verge
13
13
1
9
1
4
10
4
11
3
3
4
2
3
13
1
9
8
11
4
2
3
sealed.
ing level.
MCR_ 155
Timber 05
Pitched roof : Metal
14
1
13
9
11
13
6
7
4
5
2
3
3
Section 1:10.Verge
Detail C
Detail D
Detail E
13
13
5
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11
4
Details : Standing
seam roof
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1
9
11
4
Penetrations
Penetrations are formed in a way which
ter penetration.
MCR_ 156
15
16
25
19
17
21
20
22
27
15
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Softwood joist
Metal flashing
Soffit board
Fascia board
External wall
Ridge piece
Ventilator
17
24
20
16
19
18
22
21
27
27
24
15
17
18
24
19
20
22
MCR_ 157
Timber 05
Pitched roof : Metal
15
16
19
20
17
26
21
22
House,Wye River, Australia. Architect: Bellemo & Cat.
27
16
20
21
22
17
Details:Tiled roof
15. Metal tiles
16. Softwood battens
17. Vapour permeable
membrane
18. Gutter
19. Softwood rafter
20. Ventilation void
19
18
27
15
17
15
20
24
19
21
22
18
29
15
25
17
16
20
27
MCR_ 158
19
21
22
Section 1:10.Verge
15
16
17
21
19
Thermal insulation
Vapour barrier
Softwood joist
Metal flashing
Soffit board
Fascia board
External wall
Ridge piece
Ventilator
27
24
15
16
19
17
21
20
22
29
29
15
17
16
19
20
23
21
22
Section 1:10.Verge
15
17
19
26
19
21
22
25
27
MCR_ 159
5
PLASTIC
(1) GRP rooflights
Eaves and upstands
Verges
Abutments
Sliding roof panels
(2) GRP panels and shells
Smaller panels and shells
Larger panels and shells
MCR_ 161
Plastic 01
GRP rooflights
2
9
2
5
1
10
3
2
1
3
3
1
2
9
3
MCR_ 162
Detail A
Detail F
3
1
4
10
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
7
6
MCR_ 163
Plastic 01
GRP rooflights
7
9
3
Detail D
4
5
Details
Detail E
1.
Translucent and
insulated GRP roof
panel
2. Thermally broken
aluminium framing
3. Inside
4. Outside
5. Pressure plate
6. Adjacent masonry/
concrete wall
7. Folded metal cover
strip
8. EPDM strip
9. Supporting structure
10. Concrete upstand
9
1
3
2
9
10
absorption of water.
MCR_ 164
Detail C
Detail B
4
5
1
2
2
4
1
3
1
2
4
2
2
1
1
9
3
Detail G
4
5
1
2
10
MCR_ 165
Plastic 01
GRP rooflights
Detail L
1
5
3
Section 1:5.Verge.
Detail J
5
7
10
7
3
1
1
1
4
Key plan.
Small facetted pitched rooflight layout
4
5
Verges
barrier.
panel. In (H) the sloping panel extends slightly forward of the vertical panels to give a thin
Abutments
MCR_ 166
1
2
4
3
10
Section 1:5.Verge.
Detail H
Details
1.
2.
7
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Outside
Pressure plate
Adjacent masonry/concrete wall
Folded metal cover strip
EPDM strip
Supporting structure
Concrete upstand
9
1
2
9
10
MCR_ 167
Plastic 02
GRP panels and shells
5
5
1
3
3
1
1
3
1
1
beneath.
MCR_ 168
Detail B
2
3
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
MCR_ 169
Plastic 02
GRP panels and shells
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
finish.
MCR_ 170
10
4
1
MCR_ 171
Plastic 02
GRP panels and shells
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
as (H).
MCR_ 172
Detail F
10
10
6
2
3
2
1
1
4
1
Detail H
10
2
10
Detail K
4
1
3
3
7
shells.
finishes.
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
MCR_ 173
6
FABRIC
(1) ETFE cushions
Cushions
Air supply
The material
Fabrication
Durability
Performance in fire
(2) Single membrane : Cone-shaped roof
Fabric roof principles
Fabric types
Comparison of types
Thermal insulation
Acoustics
Durability
Performance in fire
Condensation
(3) Single membrane : Barrel-shaped roof
Membrane roof fabrication
Membrane roof edges
Suspension points
Membrane folds
MCR_ 175
Fabric 01
ETFE cushions
2
2
4
3
7
5
5
Cushions
MCR_ 176
Detail F
4
3
Details
5. Supporting structure
6. Plastic air supply tube
7. Main air supply tube
8. Insulated metal lined gutter
9. Metal flashing
10. ETFE cushion with
contours shown for clarity
1.
2.
ETFE cushion
Extruded aluminium
clamping plate
3. Extruded aluminium
retaining profile
4. Plastic edge bead to
fabric membrane
Plan 1:10. Junction of clamping plates
Detail C
1
3
5
6
1
5
7
ETFE membrane.
Air supply
Air is supplied to cushions from rubber
buildings.The humidity level of the air is usually controlled to avoid the possibility of con-
MCR_ 177
Fabric 01
ETFE cushions
3
8
3
5
5
Detail B
2
9
3
Detail A
1
2
1
2
of the cushion.
MCR_ 178
The material
ETFE (ethylene-tetra-flouro-ethylene) is
a polymer similar to PTFE (marketed as
on visual criteria. In order to provide translucent areas of roof (or faade) using the
same material, a white coloured translucent
Detail D
10
10
6
5
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ETFE cushion
Extruded aluminium clamping plate
Extruded aluminium retaining profile
Plastic edge bead to fabric membrane
Supporting structure
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
5
5
material.
shading provided.
Fabrication
ETFE cushions are usually fabricated in
MCR_ 179
Fabric 01
ETFE cushions
1
1
2
2
2
9
5
10
Details
Detail E
1.
2.
ETFE cushion
Extruded aluminium clamping
plate
3. Extruded aluminium retaining
profile
4. Plastic edge
bead to fabric
membrane
5. Supporting
structure
6. Plastic air supply
tube
7. Main air supply
tube
8. Insulated metal
lined gutter
9. Metal flashing
10. ETFE cushion
with contours
shown for clarity
9
3
restraint.
Durability
The toughness of ETFE sheet is com-
MCR_ 180
10
10
9
Arteplage, Neuchatel, Switzerland. Architect: Groupe Multipac.
pollution in urban areas. Its low level of surface friction ensures that cushions do not
hold dirt and dust easily, making cushion
Performance in fire
A major concern in the use of polymer
MCR_ 181
Fabric 02
Single membrane : Cone-shaped roof
11
1
1
1
2
Plaza de toros, Madrid, Spain.
Architect: Schlaich Bergermann und Partner / Ayuntamiento de Madrid
Details
4.
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2
2
2
2
MCR_ 182
Elevation 1:400.
Cone-shaped fabric roof
1
1
2
2
in the material.
Fabric types
The two most common fabrics used are
MCR_ 183
Fabric 02
Single membrane : Cone-shaped roof
Section 1:50. Clamping ring with fabric cover
12
6
11
12
sen.
MCR_ 184
6
5
5
1
1
1
8
5
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
assembly
6. Stainless steel cable
7. Stainless steel connector
8. Membrane skirt
9. Gutter formed by membrane
skirt
10. Mild steel ring support
11. Fabric cover to close ring
5
5
8
8
5
5
Comparison of types
Both PVC/polyester and PTFE/glass fibre
Thermal insulation
A single layer membrane fabric roof in
MCR_ 185
Fabric 02
Single membrane 1: Cone-shaped roof
6
Detail G
1
5
Detail F
Detail E
5
5
6
10 years.
to around 3.0 W/m K. Double layer mema severely reduced light transmission, the
Durability
Fabric roofs are highly susceptible to
Acoustics
Like ETFE cushions discussed in the pre-
MCR_ 186
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
11
factory.
The outer surface of fabric roofs are
cleaned with soft brushes that wash the
Performance in fire
The performance of a membrane during
Condensation
Where condensation is likely to occur
MCR_ 187
Fabric 03
Single membrane : Barrel-shaped roof
12
11
11
12
2
12
11
roof membrane.
types.
seams.
MCR_ 188
10
Details
Detail A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
8
1
10
2
2
2
2
MCR_ 189
Fabric 03
Single membrane : Barrel-shaped roof
Section 1:10. Edge of roof with penetration
Detail M
2
1
1
8
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
10
2
2
5
1
8
the roof.
MCR_ 190
Detail K
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
5
1
10
4
8
10
1
4
Detail L
1
5
5
4
8
2
1
4
building.
secured.
Suspension points
Suspension points at the top of a cone-
an inner ring and an outer ring fixed together with bolts. A second clamp is used to fix
Membrane folds
In an external fold in a roof membrane,
MCR_ 191
Fabric 03
Single membrane : Barrel-shaped roof
Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2
2
10
2
2
tolerances on site.
MCR_ 192
3
5
5
11
5
2
5
10
brane panels.
same principle can be applied where a gutter is formed at the base of a roof, as (M).
MCR_ 193
PHOTO REFERENCES
Cover photo:
Hydrapier, Haarlemmermeer.
Netherlands.
Architect: Asymptote.
Photographer: Christian Richters
9. Rainscreens
Shimosuwa Municipal Museum,
Lake Suwa, Japan.
Toyo Ito & Associates
Photographer: Courtesy of Toyo
Ito & Associates
AUTHORSHIP
Andrew Watts conceived the
book, wrote the text, drew the
illustrations on CAD and set out
the pages. Andrew Watts has 20
years' experience working as an
architect specialising in facade
detailing on international projects
with a wide range of construction
technologies. He was a project
architect for Jean Nouvel in Paris,
working on some of his most
notable buildings. Andrew Watts
has a Masters Degree from the
University of Cambridge in
Interdisciplinary Design. More
recently as a facade specialist, he
has worked on some well-known
projects around the world including Federation Square, Melbourne
and the Millennium Bridge,
London. He presented a paper on
passive and low energy design to
the PLEA Conference 2000.
Andrew Watts is currently a
facade specialist on the Bur Juman
Project in Dubai, one of the
largest facade projects in the
Middle East. He is working on a
companion volume in the Modern
Construction series. Andrew can
be contacted at awatts@newtecnic.com.
Yasmin Watts designed the book.
She undertook both the illustrations and the graphic design of
the layouts.Yasmin Watts was an
architect at the Renzo Piano
Building Workshop in Paris, where
she worked on the Cultural
Centre in New Caledonia, and the
Cit Internationale in Lyon,
France.Yasmin can be contacted
at: ywatts@newtecnic.com.
The German language edition of
this book has been translated by
Norma Kessler, who has adapted
the book for use in the German
speaking countries.
AUTHOR'S THANKS
ADDITIONAL PHOTOGRAPHS
USED IN THE INTRODUCTION
MCR_ 195
MCR_ 196
/ Ayuntamiento de Madrid
Deutsche Bauzeitung. September
2000.
Detail. January/February 2004.
Composite panels
School of Decorative Arts,
Limoges, France.
Labfac / Finn Geipel, Nicholas
Michelin
Architecture d'Aujourd'hui. April
2000.
Techniques et Architecture.
December 1994.
Defining Component-based
Design
Architectural Record.
July 2004.
DG Bank, Berlin, Germany.
Gehry
Domus. August 2001.
Architecture d'Aujourd'hui.
July/August 2001.
Emergent Architectural Forms
A+U No.396. September 2003.
Enginering Enlightenment
Architectural Review
July 2003.
Form and Materials
A+U No.412.
May 2001.
Glass Action
Architectural Review
August 2003.
Canopy
Plaza de toros, Madrid, Spain.
Schlaich Bergermann und Partner
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Natural Ellipse,Tokyo, Japan.
Masaki Endoh and Masahiro Ikeda
Architectural Review/April 2003
Architecture d'Aujourd'hui
May/June 2003.
Rainscreens
Shimosuwa Municipal Museum,
Lake Suwa, Japan.
Toyo Ito & Associates
Japan Architect. Spring 1994.
Roof Construction.
Detail 7/8. 2002.
Roofing Matters
Architecture New Zealand
July/August 2002.
Roof Structures
Detail 7/8. 2004.
Rooftop Oasis
Architecture
June 2001.
Saitama Prefectural University,
Tokyo, Japan.
Riken Yamamoto and Field Shop.
Japan Architect. Autumn 2003.
Pavilion, London.
Toyo Ito & Associates
Casabella 711. May 2003.
Japan Architect. Winter 2003.
Photovoltaic Cells
RIBA Journal
June 2002.
Skin Architecture
A+U No.385.
October 2002.
Polycarbonate rooflights
Bus Station, Lugano, Switzerland.
Mario Botta
Architectural Review. April 2003.
Slate:Tateyama Museum of
Toyama, Japan.
Arata Isozaki & Associates.
Domus. October 1996.
Profiled cladding
Atelier and House, Biwa-cho, Shiga
Prefecture, Japan.
Shuhei Endo Architect Institute
Architectural Review. August
2004.
Vegetation Systems
Architectural Record.
March 2003.
Solar shading
The Giovanni and Marella Agnelli
Art Gallery at Lingotto,Turin, Italy.
MCR_ 197
A
An overview of roof systems
Metals
Glass
Concrete
Timber
Plastics
Fabrics
8
10
12
13
14
14
B
Bolt fixed glazing
Generic support methods
Supporting brackets
Bolt fixings
Arrangement of bolt fixings
Glazed units
Bolt fixed glazing: Pitched roofs
and rooflights
Base of glazed roof
External and internal folds
Small glazed rooflights
Larger rooflights
Bolt fixed glazing:Twin wall roofs.
Bonded glass rooflights
Generic conical rooflight
Generic rectangular rooflight
Generic monopitch rooflight
Glass roof decks
78
79
79
80
81
82
84
85
86
87
88
90
96
96
97
99
99
C
Composite panel roofs
Single wall composite panels
Twin wall panels
Ridges
Verges
Eaves
Parapets and valley gutters
Concealed membrane
Materials
Structural joints
Parapet upstands
Balustrades and plinths
Rainwater outlets
Penetrations for pipes and ducts
46
46
48
49
49
50
50
110
110
111
113
114
114
115
MCR_ 198
ETFE Cushions
176
Cushions
Air supply
The material
Fabrication
Durability
Performance in fire
Exposed membrane
Polymer-based membranes
PVC membranes
FPO (TPO) membranes
Mechanically fixed method
Bonded fixing method
Parapets and upstands
Ballasted roofs
176
177
178
179
180
181
116
117
118
119
119
119
120
121
F
Flat roof. Mastic asphalt coverings
Warm and cold roofs
The material
Warm roof build-up
Solar protection
Upstands
Eaves and verges
Penetrations
Gutters and rainwater outlets
Flat roof. Bitumen-based
sheet membranes
The material
Roof build-up
Solar protection
Fixing methods
Parapet upstands
Junction with tiled roof
Eaves and verges
130
130
130
131
133
133
134
135
135
136
136
137
138
138
139
140
141
G
Glazed canopies
Four edge restrained canopy
Bonded glass canopies
Greenhouse glazing and
capped systems
Greenhouse glazing
Modern roof glazing
Capped systems
GRP Panels and shells
Smaller panels and shells
Larger panels and shells
GRP Rooflights
Eaves and upstands
102
105
106
66
66
69
69
168
168
171
162
164
Verges
Abutments
Sliding roof panels
166
166
167
M
Metal canopies
Bolt fixed panels
Fixed metal louvre canopies
Electrically operated louvres
Metal rainscreen roofs
Panel arrangement
Parapets
Monopitch ridges and verges
Roof geometry
Roof soffits
Metal standing seam roofs
Site-based method
Prefabricated methods
Sealed and ventilated roofs
Roof openings
Ridges and valleys
Eaves and parapets
58
61
61
63
52
53
54
55
56
57
34
34
35
37
37
38
39
P
Performance testing of roofs
Air infiltration test
Water penetration tests
Wind resistance tests
Impact resistance test
Dismantling of sample
Pitched roof: Metal
Standing seam cold roofs
Eaves and valley gutters
Ridges and abutments
Penetrations
Metal tiled roofs
Pitched roof: Slates
Roof folds
Vents
Monopitch ridges
Dormer windows
Abutments
Pitched roof:Tiles
Plain tiles
Interlocking tiles
Ventilation
Eaves
Ridges
Verges
Hips and valleys
18
18
19
19
19
19
154
155
155
155
156
156
148
149
149
149
152
152
142
142
143
144
145
146
146
147
Abutments
Planted concrete roofs
Planted roof components
Soil depth
Overflows
Roof junctions
Rainwater outlets
Balcony planters
Profiled metal sheet roofs
Profiled metal decks as substrates
Profiled metal roof sheeting
Sealed and ventilated methods
Twin skin construction
Ridges
Openings
Eaves and parapets
Ridges and valleys
INDEX
147
122
123
124
125
125
126
126
40
40
41
41
42
43
43
44
45
R
Roof-mounted facade cleaning systems 20
Davit systems
21
Monorails
23
Trolley systems
27
S
Silicone-sealed glazing and rooflights
Silicone-sealed systems
Junctions
Use of capped profiles
Rooflights
Single membrane: Barrel-shaped roof
Membrane roof fabrication
Membrane roof edges
Suspension points
Membrane folds
Single membrane: Cone-shaped roof
Fabric roof principles
Fabric types
Comparison of types
Thermal insulation
Acoustics
Durability
Performance in fire
Condensation
72
72
73
75
76
188
188
189
191
191
182
182
183
185
185
186
186
187
187
W
Working with manufacturers, fabricators
and installers
16
MCR_ 199
Andrew Watts
London, England
ISBN-10
ISBN-13
3-211-24071-3 SpringerWienNewYork
978-3-211-24071-7 SpringerWienNewYork