1

Kinetic Particle Theory

Kinetic particle theory states that:

1. Particles too small to be seen directly
2. Spaces exist between particles of matter; and the amt of space
between particles differ in S,L,G states.
3. Particles of matter are in constant random motion, and move at
different speeds
Shape

Compression

Solid
Fixed shape

Liquid
No fixed shape

Gas
No fixed shape

(Particles of solid
held together by
very strong
forces of
attraction. They
cannot move
about freely, and
only have
enough energy
to vibrate about
their fixed
positions)

(Forces of
attraction
between
particles of liquid
< in solid.
Particles of liquid
not held in fixed
positions, they
are arranged in a
disorderly
manner and can
move freely by
sliding over one
another)
Not
compressible

(Particles of gas
have a lot of
energy and are
not held in fixed
positions. They
can move rapidly
in any direction)

Not
compressible
(particles are
already v close)

Volume

Fixed volume

(particles are still

quite close to
one another)
Fixed volume

Non
compressible
since particles v
close, thus fixed
volume

Particles of liquid
still quite close,
thus non
compressible and
fixed volume

Compressible
(particles are v
far apart)

No fixed
volume
Particles of gas v
far apart can
be forced to
move closer
no fixed volume

Changes of State
Take in Heat

Give out Heat

(Melting , Boiling)
(Freezing)
Straight line portion of the graph (be it upward sloping/ downward sloping)
Heat energy taken in/ given out but NO TEMPERATURE CHANGE
Why?
o Melting
Temp remains constant as heat energy taken in to overcome
forces of attraction between solid particles to become liquid
state
o Boiling
Temp remains constant during boiling as heat energy is
absorbed to break all the forces holding particles of liquid
together (to get into gaseous state)
o Freezing
Temp remains constant during freezing as heat energy released
as particles slow down to take up fixed & orderly positions in
solid (Kinetic energy proportional to temperature)
*Pure substance:
o Melting point = freezing point
o Boiling point = condensation point
Answering qns on behavior of particles at _1__ temp to _2___ temp:
- State the state of particles at (initial) temp
- Describe motion + arrangement of particles at (initial) temp
- Describe new state
- Describe motion + arrangement at (final) temp
- Describe motion and arrangement of new state

Evaporation VS Boiling
Evaporation
Process by which liquid changes to a
gas at temperature < boiling point
Occurs only at surface of liquid
Occurs slowly

Boiling
Process by which liquid changes to
gas at BOILING POINT
Occurs throughout the liquid
Occurs rapidly

Condensation/ Sublimation
Condensation:
-

Gas to liquid
Useful process to condense gas to liquid for easy storage and transport
since liquid smaller volume

Sublimation:
-

Solid to gas DIRECTLY without passing through liquid state (melting)

Eg: carbon dioxide (dry ice) , iodine
Reverse of sublimation = condensation

Boiling/Evaporati

Separation and Purification

Pure substance:
-

a single substance not mixed with anything else

FIXED melting & boiling points
Shows only 1 spot on chromatogram

Impure Substance:
-

Substance mixed w impurities

Melt and boil OVER A RANGE OF TEMPERATURES

Purity Test
Melting
Melting point determination
(for
point
solids)
Boiling Point determination (for
liquids)
Chromatography

Boiling
Impurities
melting point

Impurities boiling point

Impurities results in > 1 spot

on chromatogram (1 intense
spot + several faint spots)

Point

Separation methods
Filtration

Definition

Filtration is used to
separate insoluble solid

What is it used for?

When is it used?
a. Separate insoluble solid
from liquid
b. Mixture of 2 solids after
adding a suitable type of
solvent to dissolve one of
the soluble solid, and the
other one remains
insoluble.
*To see which solvent suitable
either add solutions to react
away one of them/can act as
solvent to dissolve

Crystallizati
on

Simple
Distillation

Crystallization is used
for obtaining pure solid
sample from its solution.

Separate pure solvent

(liquid) from solution

Boiling stones for smooth

boiling
Bulb of thermometer near
side arm so that can accurately
measure the boiling point of
substance that is being distilled.
Fractional
Separate
mixture of
( While pure substance
distilling
distillation
miscible
over, thermometer
showsliquids with
WIDELY
constant temperature = differing
boiling boiling
point) beads in points
Glass
fractionating
Water flows
against
gravity
column
to provide
large
surfaceso
as to for
increase
time on
area
vapourcontact
to condense
betweenofhot
Vapour
liquids
vapour
withand
lower
coldb.p
water over
distil
flowing
first,
through
higher
the b.p
condenser
vapour
condense along
fractionating column and reenter round bottom flask.
Sublimation Solid to vapour
DIRECTLY
(Never undergo liquid
state)

a. Mainly used for

substances that have

water of crystallization
and those that
decompose easily when
heated strongly
*Crystallization occurs because
solubility decrease as
temperature decreases, thus
need to let it cool down to allow
crystals to form
a. When you only want 1
particular liquid from a
mixture of solution

a. When want > 1 liquid

from mixture of liquids

Eg. Iodine, dry ice, anhydrous

iron (III) chloride, anhydrous
aluminum chloride, ammonium
chloride

Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

Element is a PURE substance that cannot be broken down into 2 or more

simpler substance by chemical processes
Fixed mp/bp
Anything found at periodic table = element
Anything not found at periodic table = not element
Atoms are smallest particles of an element that have the chemical
properties of that element
Monoatomic elements (all noble gases)
Diatomic elements (Group 7 elements eg. Oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine
etc)
Polyatomic elements ( 3 or more atoms)

COMPOUNDS
Compounds pure substance
containing 2 or more elements that
are chemically combined in a fixed
ratio

MIXTURES
Mixtures are made up of 2 or more
substance NOT chemically combined
together

*** Specific differences between compounds and mixtures refer to TB page

60

Atomic Structure

Noble gases (Group 0 elements) inert, unreactive

Individual/monoatomic atoms
Unreactive because already have stable electronic configuration

Covalent Bonding
Electrons SHARED
Between atoms of NON-METALS
Result of the attraction between
nuclei of 2 atoms and pair of
shared electron

Ionic Bonding
Electrons TRANSFERRED
Between ions of METALS