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tothedynamics(gain,timeconstant,deadtime)oftheprocess.
Seealso"Controllingdistributedprocesses"
Hands on
Manualfeedforwardandfeedbackcontroldependontheoperatortocontrol
theprocess.
Figure2illustratesthecasewhenthecontrolvalveisonthesteamsideoftheheater.Ifitisonthe
condensateside,asmallervalvecanbeused,butthedynamicsoftheprocesswillbeslowerandnon
symmetrical,becauseloweringthecondensatelevelismuchfasterthanbuildingitup.Ontheother
hand,thisconfigurationeliminatestheminimumcondensingpressureproblemsthatcaninterferewith
thesteamtrapoperationatlowloads.
Whilefeedbackcontrolisthemostcommonlyused,ithasseriouslimitations.Themainoneisthatit
cannotanticipateand,therefore,cannotpreventerrorsbecauseitcaninitiatecorrectiveactiononly
afteranerrorhasdeveloped.Therefore,inthecaseoftheliquidheaterprocess,ifeithertheproperties
ofthemanipulatedvariable(forexample,steampressure)ortheload(coldfluidflowortemperature)
change,feedbackcontrolwillwaituntilthesechangesupsettheoutlettemperaturebeforeinitiating
correctiveaction.
CascadeControl(redcomponentsinFigure2)cancorrectformanipulatedvariableupsets,suchas
steampressurechanges,beforetheycouldupsetthecontrolledvariable(temperature).Asshownin
Figure2,thecascadeloopconsistoftwocontrollersinseries,buthasonlyasinglesetpoint,thatofthe
primary(master)controller,theTIC.Themainvalueofhavingasecondary(slave)controller(theFIC
showninred)isthatitwillactasthefirstlineofdefenseagainststeamqualitydisturbances,preventing
theseupsetsfromenteringandupsettingtheprimarycontrolledvariable(temperature).
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