eNodeB Operation & Maintenance Basics

Prepared by:
Samsung
Approved by:
RJIL

Detailed Schedule
Day

Course

Topics
LTE Network Architecture

Day 1

LTE Concepts O&M

LTE Air Interface

eNodeB Call Processing
Samsung eNodeB Overview

Day 2

Introduction to Samsung eNodeB

LSM-R Overview
LSM-R Operations Basics
eNodeB growth for PnP

Day 3

eNodeB Growth

LSM-R Operations Hands on

LSM-R Growth Hands on
Hands On

Day 4

Troubleshooting

eNodeB Growth Troubleshooting

Post Test and Feedback

Course Name: eNodeB O&M Basics

Who Should Attend

Course Objective
O&M Engineers, RAN engineers
This module will enable participants
who do not have experience on
to understand entry-level overview
Samsung platform
of Samsung eNodeB and operations
Pre-Requisite

Morning Session (11am to 1:30pm)

Introduction to LTE

Day 1

LTE Network Architecture

LTE Air Interface Basics

Lunch break

Basic understanding LTE

Afternoon Session (2:30pm to 6pm)
Samsung eNodeB Call Processing

Good to Know
Keep your mobile phone in the silent mode during the session
Facebook/Twitter etc. Not Allowed. You can be online on your office mail
Need to sign attendance sheet at the start and end of each day
At the end of each training pre and post test will be conducted

Stick to break timings

Your valuable feedback will be taken at the end to enhance training experience

Certificate will be issued to successful participant

For logistics support contact the coordinator

Agenda: Day 1
LTE Network Architecture
Cellular Architecture (2G and 3G)
LTE RAN & Core Philosophies

LTE Air Interface

Air Interface of EUTRAN

OFDMA in downlink and SC-FDMA in Uplink
FDD and TDD duplex methods
Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to 20MHz
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Introduction

Samsung eNodeB Overview

Samsung eNodeB Specs

Samsung eNodeB Key Features
Samsung eNodeB Hardware
Commissioning of Samsung eNodeB

LTE Network Architecture

LTE Architecture Philosophy

Single node e-UTRAN
IP Cloud

Packet based while supporting real

time conversational traffic
Minimize number of interfaces

EPC

Minimizes single points of failure

Supports end-to-end QOS

eUTRAN

Supports QOS differentiation

between control, user and O&M
traffic

Flat architecture
Supports interworking with a variety
of wireless networks

LTE Network
IP Cloud
Gi
SGi
OFCS

Gy
Gx

Gx

Gz
PGW

OCS

PCRF

GGSN

S5
LSM-C

S11

S6a
HSS

Gn

SGW

MME

Sm

M3

S3

BMSC

SGImb
SGmb

S1-MME

S1-U

SON

M2
SGSN

S4

M1

MCE

MBMS
GW

LSM-R

WCDMA

LTE

X2

NMS

eNodeB
RRM functions

eNodeB
Uu

X2
eNodeB

E-UTRAN

Radio Bearer Control

Radio Admission Control
Connection Mobility Control
Dynamic resource allocation UL
& DL

IP header compression and

encryption of user data
Selection of MME at the time of
UE attachment
Measurements for mobility
Scheduling and transmission of
paging and broadcast

MME
S1-AP signalling

Signaling coordination for SAE Bearer Setup/Release

NAS signaling and security

Authentication, integrity Protection

Inter CN node signaling for mobility between 3GPP access networks (S3)
Location registration and Paging for Idle mode UE

Paging, TA list management, Tracking Area Updates

NE selection

PDN GW, Serving GW selection

MME selection for handovers with MME change
SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G access network

Roaming for interworking HSS (S6a interface)

Interworking for Non-3GPP network

HRPD interworking (S101 interface) :

- Signaling for HRPD network and Optimized Handover

Serving Gateway
Interfacing E-UTRAN for bearer
Local Mobility anchor point for inter- eNodeB Handover
Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility (terminating S4 and relaying the
traffic between 2G/3G system and PDN GW) Packet routing & forwarding
Paging to ECM-Idle mode UE for incoming call
Accounting for inter-operator changing
UL/DL transport level packet marking e.g. setting the DiffServ Code Point,
based on the QCI of the associated EPS bearer
Lawful Interception

PDN Gateway
Interfacing external PDN
Mobility anchor point between Non-3GPP and 3GPP
Packet routing & forwarding
UE IP address allocation
Per-user based packet filtering (i.e. deep packet inspection)
Packet screening (firewall functionality)
PCEF (Policy and Charging Enforcement Function) function

UL/DL bearer binding and UL bearer binding verification

Service level charging, gate control, rate enforcement
PCRF interworking and Policy / Charging control

DL rate enforcement based on APN-AMBR, MBR

UL/DL transport level packet marking e.g. setting the DiffServ Code Point, based on the
QCI of the associated EPS bearer
Accounting for inter-operator charging

HSS & PCRF

HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

User id, numbering, addressing information storage

User security information generation

mutual authentication and encryption for between UE and network

User location information storage

User profile information storage

PCRF (Policy and charging rule function)

Sending QoS and charging rule to P-GW(PCEF) for SDF (Service Data Flow) and IPCAN Session

P-GW (PCEF) performed QoS and Charging functions according to PCC rule

eMBMS Elements
MCE (MBMS Coordination Entity)
The MBMS Coordination Entity (MCE) is a logical node that is responsible for
allocating time and frequency resources. The MCE acts as an MBMS scheduler
which allocates radio resources, performs session admission control and
manages MBMS services.
MBMS GW
The MBMS GW is a logical entity whose main function is to deliver MBMS
packets to each eNodeB transmitting the service. It uses IP multicast to deliver
the downlink packets.
Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC)
The BM-SC is responsible for authentication, content authorization, billing and
configuration of the data flow through the core network. It acts as a proxy
content server.

Samsung Smart Scheduler

Uses general purpose hardware
platform IBM Blade Center HT
Chassis and HS23 Blade server
LSM

SC1

Implemented in software by
General Purpose Processor
(GPP)
Minimizes inter-cell interference

X2
SC1

Improves cell-edge throughput

Centralized management for
multiple eNBs

E-UTRAN

10 blades per server support

total 2880 cells

Interfaces
X2 Interface

Between eNodeB.
It supports the exchange of signaling info between eNBs most commonly for Handover
Also supports forwarding of user PDUs

S1-MME Interface

S1-MME for exchange of signaling messages between the eNB and the MME

S1-U Interface

S1-U for the transport of user datagram's between the eNB and the Serving Gateway (S-GW)
Supports Inter eNodeB path switching during handover

S3 Interface

Interface between SGSN and MME

Enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access
Manages Network mobility in idle and/or active

Interfaces
S4 Interface

Interface between SGSN and Serving SAE Gateway

It provides control and mobility support between GPRS Core & 3GPP
Anchor function of Serving GW
Alternate plane tunnel in case of no Direct Tunnel

S5 Interface

Interface between S-GW and P-GW

User plane tunneling and tunnel management
It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility or connections to a non-collocated
PDN GW

S6a Interface

Interface between HSS and MME

Enables transfer of subscription and authentication data

Interface
S8 Interface

Interface between Serving GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN.
Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving GW in the
VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN

S10 Interface

Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information transfer

S11 Interface

Reference point between MME and Serving GW

Gx Interface

It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging
Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW

SGi Interface

It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet data
network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra
operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point
corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.

LTE Protocol Stack User Plane

Interface between UE and eNB
User Plane - consists of PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY layers, responsible
for transmitting user data (e.g. IP packets) received from the higher
layer. All protocols in the user plane are terminated in the eNB.

Application

LTE-Uu

S1-U

S5/S8

IP

IP
Relay

PDCP
RLC

MAC
L1
UE

Relay

GTP-U

PDCP

GTP-U

GTP-U GTP-U

RLC

UDP-IP

UDP-IP

UDP-IP

UDP-IP

L2

L2

L2

L2

L2

L1

L1

L1

L1

L1

eNB

S-GW

LTE Protocol Stack Control Plane

Control Plane - consists of NAS, RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY layers. Located
above the wireless protocol, the NAS layer is responsible for UE authentication
between the UE and MME, security control, and paging/mobility management
of UEs in LTE idle mode, all protocols except the NAS signal are terminated in
the eNB.
LTE-Uu

S1-MME

NAS

NAS

Relay

S1 - AP

RRC
RRC

S1 - AP

PDCP

SCTP

RLC

RLC

IP

IP

MAC

MAC

L2

L2

L1

L1

L1

L1

PDCP

UE

SCTP

Protocol Stack
Interface between eNB and EPC : A physical connection between the eNB and EPC
is established through the FE and GE, and the interface standards should satisfy the
interface between the LTE S1-U and S1-MME. The user plane uses the GTP-User
(GTP-U) above the IP, and the control plane uses the SCTP above the IP.

User Plane
PDUs

User Plane
PDUs

GTP-U

GTP-U

UDP

S1-AP

S1-AP

UDP

SCTP

SCTP

IP

IP

IP

IP

MAC

MAC

MAC

MAC

PHY

PHY

PHY

PHY

eNB

S1-U

S-GW

eNB

S1-MME

MME

Interface between eNodeB

Interface between eNodeB
A physical connection between the eNBs is established through the FE and GE, and
the interface standards should satisfy the LTE X2 interface. The user plane protocol
stacks between the eNBs are shown below
User
Plane PDU

User
Plane PDU

GTP-U

GTP-U

UDP

X2-AP

X2-AP

UDP

SCTP

SCTP

IP

IP

IP

IP

L2

L2

L2

L2

L1

L1

L1

L1

eNB

eNB

eNB

X2-U

X2-C

eNB

Interface between eNB and LSM

A physical connection between the eNB and LSM is established through the FE
and GE, and the interface standards should satisfy the FTP/SNMP interface.
The interface protocol stacks between the eNB and LSM are shown below

FTP

SNMP

FTP

SNMP

TCP

UDP

TCP

UDP

IP

IP

L2

L2

L!

L1

eNB

FTP/SNMP

LSM

Transport Network Hierarchy

AG3

AG2

AG2

AG1

AG1

AG1

CSR

eNB

A pair of AG3 routers per site

AG3

AG1

Up to 16 pairs of AG2 routers

Dual-homing with AG3 routers
Up to 10 AG1 rings
Up to 4 AG1 routers in a ring
Dual-homed ring with AG2 routers

CSR
CSR

CSR

eNB
AG2 node

eNB
eNB

CSR and eNB

Up to 4 CSR rings
Up to 5 (fiber) or 4 (MW or fiber + MV)
eNBs per ring
Dual-homed with AG1 routers

R4G Network Deployment Quantification

Mumbai
Zones
( 2)

IPSM /
SMSC

IMS Apps

NW IVR

MNP GW

OCS

Self Care

OSS

Content
Mgmt

NP GW

LIM - BE

West (Mumbai)

Regions
(4)

Delhi
IMS Apps

IPSM / SMSC

eSMLC /
GMLC

OCS

South (Chennai)

OCS

eSMLC / GMLC

East (Kolkata)

North (Delhi)

HSS

DNS/ENU
M

HSS

DNS/ENU
M

HSS

DNS/ENU
M

HSS

DNS/ENU
M

DRA

MGCF

DRA

MGCF

DRA

MGCF

DRA

MGCF

PCRF

IMS Core

PCRF

IMS Core

PCRF

IMS Core

PCRF

IMS Core

Ld Bal.

NPDB

Ld Bal.

NPDB

Ld Bal.

NPDB

Ld Bal.

NPDB

AAA /
PS

TAS/OTM

AAA /
PS

TAS/OTM

AAA /
PS

TAS/OTM

AAA /
PS

TAS/OTM

SAE GW

Circles
( 22)

MME

BMSC

MCE

IBR

L2 SW

MGW

EPC

NIMS

eMBMS GW

LIM FE

Legend

NW
NPIVRGW

Content Mgmt

LSM R/C

EPC
( 18)

MNP GW

L4/L7
SBC

RAN Scheduler

IMS

EPC++

Wi-Fi

Supporting

DPI

NIMS
MRF
eNodeB

OSS/BSS

RAN

Zonal & Regional Level Nodes will work in Active- Active (Load sharing) mode

WAG

Summary
LTE architecture is completely packet-based
Single node RAN
Flat architecture EPC
eNodeB performs all the RRM functions
MME performs all control plane core functions
S-GW is the local mobility anchor. Facilitates inter-3GPP handovers
P-GW assigns IP address and applies policy and QoS

Quiz
Radio resources are allocated by
eNodeB
S-GW
_____ establishes a connection between the UE and EPC
S-GW
P-GW
MME
During handover DL data is buffered at
S-GW
MME
P-GW

LTE RAN Technologies

LTE Key Parameters

Frequency Range

Channel Bandwidth,
1Resource Block
(RB) = 180KHz

UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands

1.4MHz

3MHz

5MHz

10MHz

15MHz

20MHz

6 RBs

15RBs

25RBs

50RBs

75RBs

100RBs

Modulation
scheme

Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (optional for handset)

Multiple Access

Downlink: OFDMA
Uplink: SC-FDMA

MIMO

Transmit diversity, Cyclic delay diversity (Max. 4 antenna at Base station &
handset)
Spatial multiplexing, Multiuser MIMO

Peak Data rate

Downlink: 150Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz)

300Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz)
Uplink: 75Mbps (20MHz)

Cyclic Prefix
Cyclic Prefix (CP) is transmitted in the guard time interval
OFDMA symbol duration including CP is approximate 71.4 s.
Long duration when compared with 3.69s for GSM and 0.26s for WCDMA

Symbol length without CP: 66.67s (1/15kHz)

1
Time Domain
T

SYM

2
3

Tg

BOL

time
2
time
3
time
4
time

Cyclic Prefix Details

Copies the last part of a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time and attach it in front
of the symbol
CP Types
Normal CP: for small cells or with short multipath delay spread
Extended CP: designed for use with large cells or those with long delay profiles

Total symbol time T(s)

Guard Time T(g)

Note: CP represents an overhead

resulting in symbol rate reduction.

Last part of the symbol

CP
T(g)

Useful symbol time

T(b)

CP ratio = T(g)/T(b)

t is used as Cyclic Prefix

(CP)

OFDMA
Flexible resource allocation
Robustness against multipath
Total Bandwidth

The peak (centre

frequency) of one
subcarrier
intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
15 kHz in LTE: fixed

OFDM Transmission Basics

Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers
The throughput is the sum of the data rates of subcarriers

Power
01

10

11

01

Bandwidth

01
10
S/P

11
01

OFDMA
Symbol

Serial to
Parallel

Frequency

LTE Time-Frequency Grid

Sub-carrier 12

Fast time-domain scheduling

Frequency

Radio resources on a timefrequency grid

Sub-carrier 1
Symbol 0

Symbol 6

Time

Resource Block 180 KHz x 0.5 ms

Each RB = 12 x 7 = 84 REs

FFT in OFDM
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) allows to
move between time and frequency domain representation
OFDM signals are generated using the IFFT

Fourier
Transform

Inverse
Fourier
Transform

OFDMA Operation
Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual
users as shown below

User 1
Transmitted Sub-Carriers

User 2
User 3

Total Channel Bandwidth

Modulation
mapping e.g.
QPSK
symbols

S/P

Transmitter

IFFT

CP

CP
Remov
e

FFT

P/S

Modulation
mapping e.g.
QPSK
symbols

Receiver

OFDMA PAPR Ratio

The transmitted power is the sum of
the powers of all the subcarriers.
The higher the peaks, the greater
the range of power levels.
Not best suited for use with mobile
(battery-powered) devices

Comparison SC-FDMA v/s OFDMA

OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers
SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers
Can reduce the PAPR between 69dB compared to OFDMA

01

10

11

01

01

01

10

11

01 10 11 01

01

10
S/P

11

FFT

01

OFDMA
Symbol

OFDMA

SC-FDMA
Symbol

SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA & OFDMA Time-Frequency View

LTE FDD and TDD Modes

Bandwidth

up to 20MHz

up to 20MHz

Uplink

Bandwidth
up to 20MHz
Uplink

Downlink
Guard Period

Bandwidth

f
Duplex Frequency

Downlink

LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Sub frames FDD mode

The basic EUTRAN Radio Frame is 10 ms long.
The EUTRAN Radio Frame is divided into 20 slots, each one 0.5 ms long.
Always two slots together form a subframe. The subframe (1 ms) is the
smallest time unit the scheduler assigns to physical channels.
In case of TDD there is a time offset between uplink and downlink
transmission.
1 radio frame (Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms)
1 slot (Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms)

#0

#1

#2

#3

1 subframe (1 ms)

Frame structure type 1

#18

#19

LTE Frame Details

Frame (10ms)
10 Sub-frames (1ms) per frame
2 slots (0.5ms) per sub-frame
7 OFDM symbols per slot

Frame (10msec)
0.5 msec

0.5 msec

..

Slot 0

Slot 1

Slot 18

Sub frame 0

.
OFDM SYMBOL 0
CP0=5.2uSec

..
Slot 19

Sub frame 9
.

Single Sub Frame (1 ms)

OFDM SYMBOL 13
- CP1 TO CP13 =4.7uSec

LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Sub frames TDD mode

LTE Frame Structure Type 2: Applicable to TDD
Every subframe will have two slots of 0.5ms as in FDD Frame

TDD Frame 10ms , 10 subframes 1ms each

0

Special Subframes 1 & 6

DwPTS

UpPTS
Gp

DwPTS

UpPTS
Gp

Frame structure type 2

LTE Radio Frames, Slots and Sub frames TDD mode

LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration (UL & DL capacity)
Asymmetric UL/DL Capacity Allocation
Single sub-frame for UL and 8times sub-frame for DL per 10ms frame
UE is informed about UL/DL configuration via SIB-1, which is broadcast via Broadcast
Channel (BCH)

Subframe Number

UL/DL
Configuration

Downlink-To-Uplink
Switch-Point Periodicity

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

5 ms
5 ms
5 ms
10 ms
10 ms
10 ms
5 ms

D
D
D
D
D
D
D

S
S
S
S
S
S
S

U
U
U
U
U
U
U

U
U
D
U
U
D
U

U
D
D
U
D
D
U

D
D
D
D
D
D
D

S
S
S
D
D
D
S

U
U
U
D
D
D
U

U
U
D
D
D
D
U

U
D
D
D
D
D
D

Summary
OFDMA allows flexible resource allocation
OFDMA maps one modulation symbol on a subcarrier and transmits multiple
subcarriers in parallel
A Cyclic Prefix is added to an OFDMA symbol for protection against ISI
OFDMA is implemented using FFT
Due to high PAPR issues, LTE uplink uses SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA transmits in series, mapping each modulation symbol on all the
allocated subcarriers

Quiz
Give two advantages of OFDMA
Flexible bandwidth allocation
Robustness against multipath
SC-FDMA sends ____ modulation (e.g. QPSK) symbol(s) on ____ subcarrier(s)
1, N
N, N
1/N, N
FFT is a must in implementing OFDMA
True
False