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Choose the lowest value when faced with a choice when valuing stock.
I.e. Net realisable value (selling price less any costs incurred in getting goods
into a saleable condition) or historical cost this ensures profits are not over stated.
REALISATION concept
This states that revenue should not be recognised until the exchange of
goods or services has taken place, or in other words, until it has been
realised. This could be when goods are sold on a sale or return basis.
Only when a business knows that goods sold are not going to be returned
should it record the sales revenue.
For example. A Newspaper Shop received its papers (which are all on sale
or return) from all the different suppliers (e.g. The Times) each morning.
The Times will not recognise these as sales until the end of the day when they are certain that no
goods will be returned. Only then will they be sure that the revenue has been realised.
Business entity concept
This states that the financial affairs of a business should be completely separate from the owner.
The business is a separate entity. Therefore, personal transactions should not be confused with
business transactions. Difficulties arise when, for example, a van is used all week for a business,
but used at the weekend by the owner for personal use. The costs must then be divided between the
business and the owner.
Legally, a sole trader and partnership have no separate entity from the owner, as the owner has
unlimited liability and is responsible for the businesses debts, whereas a limited company has
limited liability, so the owner is not responsible for the debts of the business. However, for
accounting purposes we say that a business and its owner should always be treated as separate
entities.
Complete Question 1 on page 50 of Jones
Objectivity Concept
Accounts should be based on verifiable evidence,
rather than personal opinion. They should be objective rather than subjective. Therefore, if an
accountant was valuing the purchase of property, they should use the value on the invoice rather
than their own personal opinion. Obviously, everybody has different opinions so we must use the
invoice, and keep to the facts.
Conflicts between accounting concepts
There are occasions when the concepts conflict. Under these
circumstances, a choice has to be made as to which concept is most
important. For example, the going concern concept states that the
value of assets should be based on their historical cost. However, the
prudence concept states that the valuation should be based on the
lowest possible estimate.
Now, this would probably be the true value if the company is about to close down, and is selling off
its assets, but lets presume the business is not closing down. Accountants would generally take the
view that the going concern concept is more important than the prudence concept.
So why is it important to apply the Accounting Concepts?
Accountants can avoid confusion and inconsistency, and there is less scope for presenting
misleading information.
They stop us from overstating profits, which prevents the resources being depleted by
excessive drawings or dividends, which might jeopardise the future of the business.
Helps to make comparisons between one year and the next (inter year comparisons).
Helps users of accounts (e.g. potential shareholders) to make comparisons between
different businesses easily. This helps them with any decisions they have to make (such as
deciding to invest or not).
Should make window dressing more difficult (i.e. it should prevent people changing the
calculation of depreciation each year which would distort the profits)