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APPLICATION OF
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
CE451A
AnalysisandDesignof
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
CE451A
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
CE451A
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
CE451A
16-10-2014
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Morerecently,soilreinforcementhasbeenusedintheconstructionanddesignof
foundations,retainingwalls,embankmentslopes,andotherstructures.Such
reinforcementiscomparabletothatofconcretestructures.
WallisactedonbyeithertheRankine orCoulombactiveearthwedge.
Reinforcementmaterialsusedtoreinforcethebackfillofretainingwallsare
generallyreferredtoasmechanicallystabilizedretainingwalls.
Dependingonthetypeofconstruction,thereinforcementsmaybegalvanized
metalstrips,geotextiles,geogrids,orgeocomposites.
p ,g
,g g , g
p
Thebeneficialeffectsofsoilreinforcementderivefrom:
thesoilsincreasedtensileresistance(couldbeduetointernalconfinement
/apparentcohesion/enhancedfrictionangle)and
theshearresistancedevelopedfromthefrictionatthesoilreinforcement
interfaces.
CE451A
DesignPhilosophy
Fullscaletestshaveverifiedthattheearthforcedevelopedfromthe
activeearthwedgeatanydepthziscarriedbyreinforcingstriptension.
Striptensionisdevelopedinthezoneoutsidetheactiveearthwedgefrom
tension is developed in the zone outside the active earth wedge from
Strip
thefrictionangle betweenreinforcement(strip/geosyntheticmaterial)
andsoilandtheverticalearthpressurezonthereinforcement.
Withnolateralearthpressurelefttobecarriedbythewallfacingsthey
canbequitethinandflexiblewiththeprincipalfunctionsoferosion
controlandappearance.
CE451A
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Generalconceptofmechanicallystabilisedreinforcedwallis
Ti=Pa cos (sotheearthforceagainstthewall/facingunitsiszero).
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Factorsconsideredwhiledesigningreinforcedearthwall
Backfillsoil:
Backfillsoilisusuallyspecifiedtobefreedraininggranularsoilthus,the
effectofporewaterdevelopmentincohesivesoils,which,inturn,reduces
theshearstrengthofthesoil,isavoided.
Recentresearchindicatesthatwecanusecohesivesoilifaporous
geotextile is used for reinforcement to allow backfill drainage.Thisallows
geotextileisusedforreinforcementtoallowbackfill
drainage This allows
onetousethedrainedfrictionangle'tocalculatefrictionbetweenthe
soilandreinforcement.
Forcohesivematerials,eitheruseanarrowverticalbackfacezoneof
granularmaterialor,alternatively,usestripsofapermeablegeotextile
forverticaldrainage.
CE451A
CE451A
16-10-2014
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Factorsconsideredwhiledesigningreinforcedearthwall
Factorsconsideredwhiledesigningreinforcedearthwall
Surcharge:
Surchargesareallowedonthebackfill.Theserequireanalysistoascertain
whethertheyarepermanent(suchasaroadway)ortemporaryandits
location.
Forexample:
Temporarysurchargeswithinthereinforcementzonewillincreasethe
lateral pressure which in turn increases the tension in the
lateralpressure,whichinturnincreasesthetensioninthe
reinforcementsbutdoesnotcontributetoreinforcementstability.
Surcharge:
Inmostcasesthelateralpressurefroma
backfillsurchargecanbeestimatedusing
theTheoryofElasticityequation
(Boussinesq equation)forvertical
pressure,butitmaybesufficiently
accuratetousethe2:1(2on1)method
h
(
)
h d
adjustedforplanestraincondition.
Permanentsurchargeswithinthereinforcementzonewillincreasethe
lateralpressureandtensioninthereinforcementsandwillcontribute
additionalverticalpressureforthereinforcementfriction.
Boussinesq
equationfor
pointload
2:1method
LabaandKennedy
Temporaryorpermanentsurchargesoutsidethereinforcementzone
contributealateralpressure,whichtendstooverturnthewall.
CE451A
CE451A
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Factorsconsideredwhiledesigningreinforcedearthwall
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Factorsconsideredwhiledesigningreinforcedearthwall
TrialWedge:
TestswithexperimentalwallsindicatethattheRankine wedge(ofangle
=45 +/2)adequatelydefinesthe"soilwedge."
Thisangleshouldberoutinelycheckedusingthetrialwedgemethodfor
largebackfill angles.
Totalverticalstress:
Activecondition:
A
ti
diti
Thewallshouldbesufficientlyflexiblethattheactiveearthpressurewedge
formsandanysettlement/subsidencedoesnottearthefacingunitfromthe
reinforcement.
Zerostressonwallfacing:
Itisusualtoassumeallthetensionstressesareinthereinforcement
outsidetheassumedsoilwedgezone (typicallythedistancele)
CE451A
CE451A
16-10-2014
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Factorsconsideredwhiledesigningreinforcedearthwall
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
AnalysisandDesignofMechanicallyStabilisedRetainingwall
Corrosion:
Corrosionmaybeafactorwheremetalreinforcementsareused.Itis
commontoincreasethetheoreticalstripthicknesssomewhattoallowfor
possiblecorrosionwithinthedesignperiod,whichmaybeontheorderof50
to100years.
SSafetyFactors:
f t F t
TherewillbetwosafetyfactorsFSinvolved.
OneFSisusedtoreducetheultimatestrengthofthereinforcementsto
a"design"value.
TheotherFSisusedtoincreasethecomputedlengthlerequiredto
allowforanyuncertaintyinthebackfillpropertiesandsoilto
reinforcementfrictionangle .
CE451A
Designunknowns:
Choosingappropriatetensile
reinforcement,backfillandwallfacing
Verticalandhorizontalspacingof
reinforcement
Length,widthandthicknessof
reinforcementortie
CE451A
Dr. Rajesh
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Internalstability
Designprocedure
Thegeneraldesignprocedureofanymechanicallystabilizedretaining
wallcanbedividedintotwoparts:
1.Satisfyinginternalstabilityrequirements
2.Checkingtheexternalstabilityofthewall
tiebreakingor
g
tiepullout??
Theinternalstabilitychecksinvolvedeterminingtensionand
pulloutresistanceinthereinforcingelementsandascertaining
theintegrityoffacingelements.
Theexternalstabilitychecksincludechecksforoverturning,
sliding,andbearingcapacityfailure.
Typicalsoil reinforcementinteractionmechanismsinareinforcedsoilstructure
CE451A
CE451A
16-10-2014
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Internalstability
Internalstability
Additionalpassive
resistanceingeogrid
Theinternalstabilitychecksinvolvedeterminingtensionandpulloutresistance
inthereinforcingelementsandascertainingtheintegrityoffacingelements.
Thereinforcementtiesateachlevel,andthusthewalls,couldfailbyeither(a)
tiebreakingor(b)tiepullout.
Reinforcingtiesatanydepthzwillfailbypulloutifthefrictionalresistance
developedalongthesurfacesofthetiesislessthantheforcetowhichtheties
are being subjected
arebeingsubjected.
Factorofsafetyagainsttiebreaking(thicknessofreinforcement)
Thetieforceperunitlengthofthe
walldevelopedatanydepthz=T
Typicalvaluesoftan
Thefactorofsafetyagainsttie
breakingFS(B)maybedeterminedas:
CE451A
CE451A
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
Internalstability
Externalstability
Factorofsafetyagainstpullout(lengthofreinforcement)
Theeffectivelengthofthetiesalongwhichfrictionalresistanceisdevelopedmaybe
conservativelytakenasthelengththatextendsbeyondthelimitsoftheRankineactive
failurezone,whichisthezoneABC.LineBCmakesanangleof45+1/2 withhorizontal.
Themaximumfrictionforcethat
can be realized for a tie at depth z
canberealizedforatieatdepthz
Thefactorofsafetyagainsttie
pulloutatanydepthzis
FS with
respect to
Estimateleforagivenfactorofsafetyagainst
tiepullout
Totallengthoftiesatanydepthis
CE451A
CE451A
16-10-2014
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
StepsinvolvesinthedesignofMSRW(Metallicstrip)
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
StepsinvolvesinthedesignofMSRW(Metallicstrip)
(2.5to3)
CE451A
CE451A
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
StepsinvolvesinthedesignofMSRW(Metallicstrip)
CE451A
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
StepsinvolvesinthedesignofMSRW(Geotextile)
CE451A
16-10-2014
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
MechanicallyStabilizedRetainingWall
StepsinvolvesinthedesignofMSRW(Geogrid)
StepsinvolvesinthedesignofMSRW(Geotextile)
CE451A
CE451A