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SIGNIFICANT DATES ASSIGNMENT #1

By
JAMES CROWSON
Associate in Arts
Meridian Community College
Meridian, MS
1995
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
The University of Oklahoma
Norman, OK
1998
Master of Public Administration
The University of Oklahoma
Norman, OK
2010

Submitted to the Faculty of the


Development of Aviation and Space Flight
of the Oklahoma State University
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for
the Degree of
DOCTOR OF EDUCATION
September 9, 2013

SIGNIFICANT DATES ASSIGNMENT #1


Yuri Gargarin Orbits Earth Three Times: 12 April 1961
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The name of this mission was Vostok
1, aka, Sputnik 11. The mission represented the Soviet Unions race against the United
States to be the first country to launch a human being into space, cosmonaut Yuri A.
Gargarin.
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not? Yes, the event was successful. The Soviets
launched Gargarin 25 days prior to the first U.S. suborbital flight carrying naval officer
and astronaut Alan Shepard (NASA, 1961-012A).
3. What was the timeline of this event?
Launch:

April 12, 1961, 06:07 UTC

Landing:

April 12, 1961, 07:55 UTC

All data provided in this timeline provided by the European Space Agency (n.d.).
LAUNCH
06:07 UTC
Launch occurs from the Baikonur Cosmodrome Site No.1. Korolev radioed, "Preliminary
stage..... intermediate..... main..... LIFT OFF! We wish you a good flight. Everything is
all right." Gagarin replied, "Poyekhali! (Off we go!)."
06:09 UTC (T+ 119 s)
Two minutes into the flight and the four strap-on booster sections of the Vostok rocket
have used up the last of their propellant, they shut down and drop away from the core
vehicle.
06:10 UTC (T+ 156 s)
The payload shroud covering Vostok 1 is released, this uncovers the window at Gagarin's
feet with the optical orientation device Vzor.
06:12 UTC (T+ 300 s)
Five minutes into the flight and the Vostok rocket core stage has used up its propellant,
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shuts down and falls away from the Vostok 1 spacecraft and final rocket stage. The final
rocket stage ignites to continue the journey to orbit.
06:13 UTC
The rocket is still firing, pushing Vostok 1 toward orbit. Gagarin reports, "...the flight is
continuing well. I can see the Earth. The visibility is good. I almost see everything.
There's a certain amount of space under cumulus cloud cover. I continue the flight,
everything is good."
06:14 UTC
The rocket continues to fire, starting to pass over central Russia now. Gagarin reports,
"Everything is working very well. All systems are working. Let's keep going!"
06:15 UTC
Three minutes into the burn of the final rocket stage and Gagarin reports, "Zarya-1,
Zarya-1, I can't hear you very well. I feel fine. I'm in good spirits. I'm continuing the
flight..." Vostok 1 is moving further downrange from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. He is
reporting back to Zarya-1 (the Baikonur ground station) and must be starting to move out
of radio range of that station.
ORBIT FLIGHT
06:17 UTC
The Vostok rocket final stage shuts down, ten seconds later the spacecraft separates and
Vostok 1 reaches orbit. (T+ 676 s) Gagarin reports, "The craft is operating normally. I
can see Earth in the view port of the Vzor. Everything is proceeding as planned".
Vostok 1 passes over Soviet Union and moves on over Siberia.
06:21 UTC
Vostok 1 passes over the Kamchatka peninsula and out over the North Pacific Ocean.
Gagarin calls, "...the lights are on on the descent mode monitor. I'm feeling fine, and I'm
in good spirits. Cockpit parameters: pressure 1; humidity 65; temperature 20; pressure
in the compartment 1; first automatic 155; second automatic 155; pressure in the retrorocket system 320 atmospheres..."
06:25 UTC
As Vostok 1 begins its diagonal crossing of the Pacific Ocean from Kamchatka
peninsula to the southern tip of South America, Gagarin asks, "What can you tell me
about the flight? What can you tell me?" He is requesting information about his orbital
parameters. The ground station at Khabarovsk reports back, "There are no instructions
from No. 20 (Sergei Korolev), and the flight is proceeding normally." They are telling
Gagarin that they don't have his orbital parameters yet because the spacecraft has been
in orbit for only six minutes, but the spacecraft systems are performing well.
06:31 UTC
Gagarin transmits to the Khabarovsk ground station, "I feel splendid, very well, very
well, very well. Give me some results on the flight!". Vostok 1 is nearing the VHF radio
horizon for Khabarovsk and they respond, "Repeat. I can't hear you very well". Gagarin
transmits again, "I feel very good. Give me your data on the flight!" Vostok 1 passes out
of VHF range of the Khabarovsk ground station and contact is lost.
06:37 UTC
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Vostok 1 continues on its journey as the Sun sets over the North Pacific. Gagarin
crosses into night, northwest of the Hawaiian Islands. Out of VHF range with ground
stations, communications must now take place via HF radio.
06:46 UTC
Khabarovsk ground station sends the message "KK" via telegraph (on HF radio to
Vostok 1). This message means, "Report the monitoring of commands." They were
asking Gagarin to report when the spacecraft automated descent system had received its
instructions from the ground control. Gagarin reported back at 06:48 UTC.
06:48 UTC
Vostok 1 crosses the equator at about 170 West, traveling in a south east direction and
begins crossing the South Pacific. Gagarin transmits over HF radio, "I am transmitting
the regular report message: 9 hours 48 minutes (Moscow Time), the flight is proceeding
successfully. Spusk-1 is operating normally. The mobile index of the descent mode
monitor is moving. Pressure in the cockpit is 1; humidity 65; temperature 20; pressure
in the compartment 1.2 ... Manual 150; First automatic 155; second automatic 155; retro
rocket system tanks 320 atmospheres. I feel fine..."
06:49 UTC
Gagarin reports he is on the night side of Earth.
06:51 UTC
Gagarin reports the Sun-seeking attitude control system had been switched on. The Sunseeking attitude control system is used to orient Vostok 1 for retrofire. The automated
orientation system consisted of two redundant systems: an automatic/solar orientation
system and a manual/visual orientation system. Either system could operate the two
redundant cold nitrogen gas thruster systems, each with 10 kg (22 lb) of gas.
06:53 UTC
The Khabarovsk ground station sends Gagarin the following message via HF radio, "By
order of No.33 (General Nikolai Kamanin) the transmitters have been switched on, and
we are transmitting this: the flight is proceeding as planned and the orbit is as
calculated." They are telling Gagarin that Vostok 1 is in a stable orbit. He acknowledges
the message.
06:57 UTC
Vostok 1 is over the South Pacific between New Zealand and Chile when Gagarin sends
this message, "...I'm continuing the flight, and I'm over America. I transmitted the
telegraph signal 'ON'.
07:00 UTC
Vostok 1 crosses the Strait of Magellan at the tip of South America. News of the Vostok
1 mission is broadcast on Radio Moscow.
07:04 UTC
Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, similar to the one sent at 06:48. The message
is not received by ground stations.
07:09 UTC
Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, the message is not received by ground
stations.
07:10 UTC
Passing over the South Atlantic, the Sun rises and Vostok 1 is in daylight again. Vostok
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1 is 15 minutes from retrofire.


07:13 UTC
Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, similar to the one sent at 06:48. Moscow picks
up this partial message from Gagarin, "I read you well. The flight is going..."
07:18 UTC
Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, the message is not received by ground
stations.
07:23 UTC
Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, the message is not received by ground
stations. The automatic system brings Vostok 1 into alignment for retrofire about one
hour into the flight.
RE-ENTRY AND LANDING
07:25 UTC
The spacecraft's automatic systems bring it into the required attitude (orientation) for
the reentry engine firing, and shortly afterwards, the engine firing occurs. This takes
place over the west coast of Africa, near Angola, about 8000 km from the desired
landing point. The liquid-fueled retrorockets fire for about 42 seconds. Ten seconds
after retrofire, commands aree sent to separate the Vostok service module from the
reentry module, but the Vostok equipment module unexpectedly remains attached to the
reentry module by a bundle of wires.
Around 07:35 UTC
The two halves of the spacecraft begin reentry and go through strong gyrations as
Vostok 1 crosses over Egypt. At this point the wires break, the two modules separate,
and the descent module settles into the proper reentry attitude. Gagarin telegraphs
"Everything is OK" despite continuing gyrations. He later reports that he did not want to
'make a noise' because he had (correctly) reasoned that the gyrations did not pose a
danger to the mission (and were apparently caused by the spherical shape of the reentry
module). As Gagarin continues his descent, he experiences about 8g during reentry but
remains conscious.
07:55 UTC
Vostok 1 is still 7 km from the ground when the hatch of the spacecraft is released, and
two seconds later Gagarin uses the ejection seat to leave the capsule. At 2.5 km altitude,
the main parachute is deployed from the Vostok spacecraft.
08:05 UTC
Gagarin lands using his own parachute, which opened almost immediately after ejecting
from the spacecraft ten minutes earlier. Both he and the spacecraft landed 26 km south
west of Engels, in the Saratov region at 51 North, 45 East. Two schoolgirls witness
the Vostok 1 capsule landing and describe the scene: "It was a huge ball, about two or
three metres high. It fell, then it bounced and then it fell again. There was a huge hole
where it hit the first time." A farmer and her daughter observe the strange scene of a
figure in a bright orange suit with a large white helmet landing near them by parachute.
Gagarin later recalled, "When they saw me in my spacesuit and the parachute dragging
alongside as I walked, they started to back away in fear. I told them, 'Don't be afraid, I
am a Soviet like you, who has descended from space and I must find a telephone to call
Moscow!'"
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4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? Another
significant NASA event occurred on March 30, 1961. NASA civilian pilot Joseph A
Walker takes X-15 169,600' (51,690 m) (HistoryOrb, n.d.). This period overall was one
of the most contentious periods between the US and the USSR, other than the Cuban
Missile Crisis. Just 4 days after Gargarin goes into space, on April 17, the US fails in its
attempt to oust Cuban regime leader Fidel Castro using expatriates. It was a national
disgrace for the US.
5. What were the major events occurring on that day? Interestingly, during President
Kennedys new conference, a reporter asked about the presidents thoughts about the
Soviets achievements.
Reporters Question: Could you give us your views, sir, about the Soviet
achievement of putting a man in orbit and what it would mean to our space
program, as such? The presidents answer: Well, it is a most impressive
scientific accomplishment, and also I think that we, all of us as members
of the race, have the greatest admiration for the Russian who participated
in this extraordinary feat. I have already sent congratulations to Mr.
Khrushchev, and I send congratulations to the man who was involved. I
indicated that the task force, which we set up on space way back last
January, January 12th, indicated that because of the Soviet progress in the
field of boosters, where they have been ahead of us, that we expected that
they would be first in space, in orbiting a man in space. Of course, that has
taken place. We are carrying out our program and we expect to--hope to
make progress in this area this year ourselves (Peters & Woolley, 2013).
6. How did the Soviets putting a man in space affect the United States space program? The
American intelligence network had been aware of the impending launch by the Soviets
(Hall & Shayler, 2001, p. xxx). The subsequent spaceflight by Shepard could not be sped
up though. The Americans would lose this race. This was a big blow to the American
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space program. It overshadowed all NASA space activities so much so that it in part
explains the reason that President Kennedy presented his vision and commitment to
putting a man on the moon before the end of the 1960s.
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
Alan Shepard and the Freedom 7 Mission in Sub-orbital Flight: 6 May 1961
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of the event was to put
the first human into space. The overall purpose was to beat the Soviet Union; however,
this did not occur because they did it first less than one-month prior (NASA/Kennedy
Space Center, 2002).
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not? Yes. While the race to win to put the first
human into space was lost, an American launched into space nonetheless
(NASA/Kennedy Space Center, 2002).
3. What was the timeline of this event? Here are significant events during the mission
according to Hammack & Heberlig (1961).
Countdown:

May 5, 8:30pm;

Liftoff:

May 6, 9:34am;

Drogue deployment: T+09:38;


Apogee:

T+05:00;

Splashdown: T+15:30;
Rescue:

T+15:30.

4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? Three
weeks prior, the USSR was the first to put a man into space on April 12, 1961 named
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Yuri Gagarin. Within the next several weeks after the mission, research occurred on the
vehicle and a decision rendered that it would redeploy for subsequent missions. What
were the major events occurring on that day? Shepherd entered the craft at 5:15am but
did not launch until 9:34am. The reason is there were a couple of delays that lasted about
2.5 hours. One delay was to make sure weather was perfect for photos. The other reason
was due to computer issues at Goddard (NASA/Kennedy Space Center, 2002).
5. Describe the launch-vehicle (Mercury-Redstone). Were there any modifications done to
the original vehicle? Yes. Modifications to the booster were accomplished. These
assemblies were modified: engine, tank section, instrument compartment, control and
abort systems, and instrumentation (NASA/Kennedy Space Center, 2002).
a. Were there any ground tests, if so what were the results, and where any
changes made. There were more than 200 ground tests (NASA/John Space
Center, n.d.). For example, multiple tests of the A-7 engine revealed
problems with fuel injectors. This was remedied and eliminated as a further
problem area.
b. What were the results from its flight, and were any changes made after the
flight? No system malfunctions occurred during the May 6 flight. There
were minor issues with vibration, but these too were corrected to ready the
vehicle for future flights (Kuettner & Bertram, n.d.).
6. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting
about this event.

John Glenn and the Friendship 7 Mission: Three Orbits: 20 February 1962
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of this mission was
NASAs first attempt to place a man into space to orbit the earth and observe and measure
responses to the space environment (NASA, 2013).
2. Was the even successful? Why or Why not? Yes, the mission was successful. According
to NASA, Mission Successful. First American in orbit. Total time weightless 4 hours
48min 27sec (NASA/Kennedy Space Center, 2002).
3. What was the timeline of this event? There were prior launch attempts, the first attempt
was on Jan. 27, 1962, but was stopped due to bad weather. Liftoff occurred on Feb. 20, at
8:47am CST or 14:47 UDT. The NASA/Kennedy Space Center (2002) website on the
Friendship 7 mission shows this timeline:
Liftoff:

00:00:00;

Tower jettison:

T+00:02:33;

Orbital Operations:

T+00:05:30-04:30:00;

Drogue Chute Deployment: T+04:39:38;


Splashdown:

T+04:55:30;

Rescue:

T+05:55:30.

4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event?
Launch was delayed from Jan. 16, to Jan. 20, to Jan. 27, Feb. 1, and finally Feb. 20.
During these delays, repairs were made to the vessel.
5. What were the major events occurring on that day? In terms of problems during the
flight, NASAs Friendship 7 MA-6 site says that there were two problems. First, there was
an issue with the yaw attitude control jet. There was also a problem with a faulty switch
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in the heat shield circuit. During reentry, however, the retropack was not jettisoned but
retained as a safety measure to hold the heat shield in place in the event it had loosened
(NASA/Kennedy Space Center, 2002).
6. Describe the training process, what were the requirements, characteristics of the job, the
chronology of the training program? It was a 3-year training program starting in 1958.
Candidates had to meet 7 requirements: be test pilots, a qualified jet pilot, less than 40
years old, shorter than 511, have a B.S.E. degree, and have logged at least 1,500 hours
of flight time. As to chronology, the training regime started shortly after candidate
selection in March 1959 and lasted through the very hours prior to liftoff in Feb. 1962.
Every situation was a rehearsal for the flight so that as far as possible, the same demands
upon the body and mind of Glenn were simulated (Douglas, 2009).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event. Additional summation of the mercury program is available at the University of
Oregon space lectures website: http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/space/lectures/lec08.html.
Ed White, the First American to Step Outside a Spacecraft: 3 June 1965
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of this mission was to
evaluate the effects of prolonged spaceflight, demonstrate performance of the spacecraft,
and evaluate procedures for crew rest and work cycles. It was the first multi-day
spaceflight. A secondary mission was to successfully have White exit the vessel and free
float in space, aka, EVA or extra vehicular activity. The third objective was to attempt the
first in-space rendezvous by flying in formation with the discharged Titan II launch
vehicle (NASA/Kennedy Space Center).

2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not. Yes, the mission was successful because the
mission objectives were achieved with the exception of the rendezvous with Titan II. For
example, White exited the vessel, free floated while tethered in space and returned after
20 minutes (NASA/Kennedy Space Center). This was a monumental achievement for
NASA.
3. What was the timeline of this event?
Launch: June 3, 1965, 10:15:59.562 a.m.
Return Landing: June 7, 1965.
4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? The media
reported that NASA was claiming that White may not be the first American astronaut to
walk in space because the decision was being considered up until just a day or two before
the day of launch (NASA/Kennedy Space Center).
5. What were the major events occurring on that day? During this mission, White
successfully exited the spacecraft while attached to a tether and was the first American to
walk in space (NASA/Kennedy Space Center).
6. What were some of the obstacles that Gemini IV faced while in space? How were they
dealt with and what were the outcomes. All objectives were achieved except computercontrolled reentry in the demonstration and evaluation of spacecraft systems objectives
was not because of inadvertent alteration of computer memory. Also, the secondary
objective was partially successful because separation and rendezvous was not attempted
due to fuel consumption (NASA/Kennedy Space Center).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
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The Apollo 1 Fire: 27 January 1967


1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of this mission was to be
the first manned lunar landing program with a launch date of February 21, 1967 (NASA
Headquarters PAO, 2013).
2. Was the even successful? Why or Why not. No, the event was not successful of an onboard cabin fire and the death of all three crewmembers (NASA Headquarters, PAO,
2013).
3. What was the timeline of this event? The fire occurred within the 012 command module
during testing on the launch pad on January 27, 1967. The launch date was scheduled for
February 21, 1967 but was cancelled as a result of the tragedy (NASA Headquarters
PAO, n.d.).
4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? On January
19, 1967, tests of the command module 012 revealed numerous failures in the
communications cable assembly caused by broken wiring, bent pins, and connector
malfunctions (NASA Headquarters PAO, n.d.).
5. What were the major events occurring on that day? Fire in command module 012 and the
deaths of three astronauts, Lt Col Virgil Grissom, Lt Col Edward White II, and LCDR
Roger Chaffee (NASA Headquarters PAO, 2013).
6. What were the results of this tragedy and how did the Apollo project overcome it? The
Apollo 204 Review Board investigated the accident to determine the cause of the fire.
The results of the investigation were used to make changes to design and engineering
modifications, test planning, test discipline, manufacturing, and quality control. Overall,

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as a result more emphasis to overall safety was increased (NASA Headquarters PAO,
n.d.).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
Apollo XI: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the moon: 20 July 1969
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of the Apollo 11 mission
was to land men on the lunar surface and to return them safely to Earth (NASA Human
Space Flight Office, 2009) (NASA Headquarters PAO, 2012).
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not. Yes, the mission was successful. It is
considered the most successful spaceflight in history. With the success of Apollo 11, the
national objective to land men on the Moon and return them safely to Earth had been
accomplished (NASA Human Space Flight Office, 2009).
3. What was the timeline of this event? According to NASAs Human Space Flight Office
(2009) and the KSC External Relations and Business Development Directorate (2003),
the timeline includes this schedule:
Launch date: July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 UTC from Kennedy Space Center in Florida;
Splashdown: July 24, 1969, 16:50:35 UTC in the Pacific Ocean.
4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? On July 1,
Charles Philip Arthur George, husband of Queen Elizabeth, invested as Prince of Wales.
On July 8, US troop withdrawals begin from Vietnam. Here are a few events occurring
after the spacewalk. On August 4, Willie Stargell is the first baseball player to knock a
homerun ball out of Dodger stadium. On August 5, Mariner 7 flies past Planet Mars
(HistoryOrb, n.d.). By August 10, after 21 days of quarantine, the three astronauts were
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finally issued a clean bill of health and able to exit the quarantine facility (HistoryOrb,
n.d.).
5. What were the major events occurring on that day? The main event of this mission was to
land Aldrin and Armstrong on the surface of the moon. They exited the Lunar Module
Eagle from the Command Module Columbia on July 20, 1969. They landing target was
adjusted manually by Armstrong because the computer guidance system was attempting
to place them into rocky surface area near the West crater. Once touchdown occurred,
Armstrong said, Houston, tranquility base here. The Eagle has landed. Then they exited
the lunar module and conducted surface investigations. Then Armstrong said, Thats one
small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. From there, they collected rock samples
and moon dust. Before reentering the lunar module, they planted an American flag, which
fell over as a result of the engine exhaust from their ascent from the moon. Also, they left
behind many earth artifacts such as an informational disk, scientific instruments, a
plaque, Soviet medals, an Apollo I patch, and a gold replica olive branch. They rejoined
with Collins and the Columbia module and splashed down in the Pacific on July 24
(NASA Headquarters PAO, 2012).
6. What were the scientific interests in the moon and how has our exploration of the moon
aided us technologically? The scientific interests to go to the moon were to discover if
there was any type of life form on the moon. As a result of the visit, life on earth has
changed dramatically. In terms of technological advancements alone, there have been
many. During the height of the Apollo program NASA was committed to the
commercialization of space (Bilstein, 1989, p. 145) also known as the spinoff
concept (p. 144), which meant seeking direct application of space technology and
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techniques to commercial industry needs. Here are some examples that the Apollo
program improved upon: biomedical information, physiological monitoring, exotic
alloys, insulation materials, solar energy, heat transfer, runway surfaces, improvements in
structural analysis, production engineering, etc. (p. 144).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
Pioneer 11 Launched: 5 April 1973
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this mission? The purpose of the Pioneer 11
mission was to investigate the asteroid belt and planets Jupiter and Saturn (NASA Jet
Propulsion Laboratory & California Institute of Technology, n.d.).
2. Was the mission successful? Why or Why not. Yes, the mission is considered successful.
Pioneer 11, along with its predecessor Pioneer 10, were the first space vehicles to ever
visit Jupiter and Saturn, and beyond (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory & California
Institute of Technology, n.d.).
3. What was the timeline of this event? The launch date was April 5, 1973 at 02:11 UTC.
The end of the mission is considered to be September 29, 1995, because communications
with the vehicle were lost due to its distance from the earth (NASA Space Science Data
Center, 1995).
4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the launch event?
About a month before on March 2, "Black September" terrorists occupy Saudi Embassy
in Khartoum; on March 29, and US troops leave Vietnam, 9 yrs after Tonkin Resolution
(HistoryOrb, n.d.). On April 14, acting FBI director L Patrick Gray resigns after

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admitting he destroyed evidence in the Watergate scandal; and on April 19, USSR
performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR (HistoryOrb, n.d.).
5. What were the major events occurring during this mission? The major events for this
mission were successful passage through the asteroid belt and passing Jupiter and Saturn.
According to Bilstein (1989), Pioneer 11 passed within 26,000 miles and successfully
transmitted data back to earth (pp. 95-96).
6. Why was Pioneer 11 such a great accomplishment and what did we learn from its
accomplishments? On December 3, 1974, the vehicle passed Jupiter, and on September 1,
1979, it flew past Saturn. The last contact with Pioneer 11 was November 24, 1995
(NASA Solar System Exploration, 2012).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
Docking of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: 21 July 1975
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? According to a NASA website, The
flight of Apollo-Soyuz, in July 1975, the mission was the final flight of the Apollo
program in which crews from different nations docked in space. There were three US
Apollo 18 crewmembers and two Russian Soyuz 19 crewmembers (NASA, 2004).
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not. Yes, the event was successful. It was
considered a huge success by both countries (NASA, 2004).
3. What was the timeline of this event? The mission only lasted nine days from July 15-24
although planning and negotiations between the US and the USSR began in 1970
(NASA, 2004).

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4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? The major
events occurring within approximately two weeks before the mission include on July 1,
Muhammad Ali beats Joe Bugner in 15 rounds for the heavyweight boxing title; On July
5, Arthur Ashe beats Jimmy Connors to win the title of Mens Wimbledon
Championship. The major events within approximately two weeks after this mission
include on July 29, President Gerald Ford became the first US president to visit Nazi
concentration camp Auschwitz; on July 30, Teamsters president Jimmy Hoffa disappears
in suburban Detroit (HistoryOrb, n.d.).
5. What were the major events occurring during the docking event? In order for the docking
to occur successfully, a primary consideration was to pressurize the two vessels equally.
Once the normal differences in pressurization were correct, the crews spent two days
docked and experiments conducted and crews exchanged. As to the major events
occurring during the mission, what are they? Mission events follow: July 15th, launch;
16th, the chase; 17th, rendezvous; 18th, transfers; 19th, exercises; 20th, independent
activities; 21st, crews bid farewell, Soyuz splashdown; 22nd 23rd, Apollo experiments;
and 24th, Apollo splashdown (Ezell, E C; Ezell, L N; NASA History Office, 1978).
6. Based on the guided reading and your own research, explain the scientific, social, and
political aspect of the event. The mission involved creating a cooperative spaceflight in
planning since 1970 between the Russians and Americans. It was much more than a
spaceflight (NASA, 2004). It was a token of goodwill between two superpower countries
that were divided politically and militarily. By 1973, the July 1975 was negotiated and
agreed to as the launch date. According to Bilstein (1989), Apollo-Soyuz was a validation
of the dtente between the two countries (pp. 107-108).
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7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
Viking 1 Touched Down: 20 July 1976
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of the mission was to
successfully soft-land a robot space vehicle on another planet. Earths moon is an
exception because it is not a planet (NASA Space Science Data Center, n.d.).
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not. Yes, the event was successful. The
spacecraft, originally designed to function for 90 days, continued collecting scientific
data for more than six years. In that time, most of mankind knew about Mars was
rewritten. The mission ended in 1982, but the Viking data proved timeless (Angelo,
2009).
3. What was the timeline of this event? From the time Viking 1 was launched it took 304
days to touch down on Planet Mars.
Launch date: August 20, 1975
Orbital-Lander separation: July 20, 1976, 08:51 UTD
Mars Landing: July 20, 1976, 11:53:06 UTD (NASA Space Science Data Center, n.d.).
The lander communicated data until November 13, 1982, when communications were
lost. The orbiters continued imaging and other scientific operations from orbit while the
landers deployed instruments on the surface (NASA, n.d.).
4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? On July 6,
Soyuz 21 carries 2 cosmonauts to Salyut 5 space station. Approximately two weeks after
Viking 1 was launched, Viking 2 was launched on September 9, 1975 (NASA Space
Science Data Center, n.d.).
17

5. What were the major events occurring on that day? Immediately after touchdown, the
lander's camera took its first picture and relayed the historic image back to Earth. That
first picture was of the lander's foot -- to see how far it had sunk into the Martian surface.
"And we couldn't have asked for anything better," said Martin. "That picture was really
worth a thousand words (NASA Space Science Data Center, n.d.)."
6. What were the reasons for exploring Mars? The principal reason for the Viking mission
was to look for evidence of life on Mars (NASA Space Science Data Center, n.d.).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
Viking 2 Touched Down: 3 September 1976
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of the mission was to
successfully soft-land a robot space vehicle on another planet. Earths moon is an
exception because it is not a planet (NASA Space Science Data Center, n.d.).
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not. Yes, the event was successful. The
spacecraft, originally designed to function for 90 days, continued collecting scientific
data for more than six years. In that time, most of mankind knew about Mars was
rewritten. The mission ended in 1982, but the Viking data proved timeless (Angelo,
2009).
3. What was the timeline of this event? From the time Viking 2 was launched it took 333
days to touch down on Planet Mars.
Launch date: September 9, 1975
Orbital-Lander separation: September 3, 1976, 19:39:59 UTD

18

Mars Landing: September 3, 1976, 22:58:20 UTD (NASA Space Science Data Center,
n.d.). The lander provided data until April 11, 1980, when it turned off because the
batteries died. The orbiters continued imaging and other scientific operations from orbit
while the landers deployed instruments on the surface (NASA Space Science Data
Center, n.d.).
4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? On August
18, USSR's Luna 24 soft-lands on Moon. On September 18, Chinas communist dictator
Mao Zedong's funeral took place in Beijing.
5. What were the major events occurring on that day? No major world or US news events
on this day.
6. What were the areas of scientific interest and the objectives for this project? The principal
reason for the Viking mission was to look for evidence of life on Mars (NASA, n.d.).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
Landsat 7 Launch: 15 April 1999
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of this mission was to
launch Landsat 7 a multispectral sensing orbiter that completely images the earth every
16 days (Angelo, 2009). The Landsat Program provides repetitive acquisition of highresolution multispectral data of the Earths surface on a global basis. Also, Landsat 7 is
the latest in a long history of land remote sensing spacecraft, spanning 40 years of
multispectral imaging of the Earths surface, starting with the launch of Landsat 1 in
1972. In particular, the ETM+ continues the database of Earth imagery begun in 1982 by

19

the Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper, providing the same spectral bands for consistent change
detection (NASA Landsat Science, 2013).
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not. Yes, the launch event was successful. It was
launched from a Boeing Delta II expendable launch vehicle originating from Vandenberg
Air Force Base in California (Angelo, 2009).
3. What was the timeline of this event? Beginning to ending.
Launch date:

April 15, 1999.

Fail incident: May 2003, hardware component malfunction caused image degradation.
Current status: Landsat 7
4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? On March
24, Kosovo War: NATO commences air bombardment against Yugoslavia, marking the
first time NATO has attacked a sovereign country. On March 29, The Dow Jones
Industrial Average closes at 10006.78 - above the 10,000 mark for the first time ever. On
April 20, Columbine High School massacre: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold kill 13
people and injure 24 others before committing suicide at Columbine High School located
in Jefferson County, Colorado (HistoryOrb, n.d.).
5. What were the major events occurring on that day? No significant US or world events are
documented by reliable sources as occurring on April 15, 1999.
6. How long has the Landsat program been around, and what are the various applications of
the data its collected? The Landsat family of satellites began in the early 1970s. The first
satellite was Landsat 1 and was launched in July 1972 and provided a new opportunity to
see the earth from outer space. Scientists and laymen alike could benefit because NASA
provided the images worldwide. One of the most interesting applications was to improve
20

agriculture. In fact, though access to using the satellites for specific uses did not come
affordably, nevertheless, a new discipline referred to as precision agriculture sprung up
because of the remote sensing capabilities the satellites provided. Other users include
NOAA, urban planners, water resource evaluators, pollution monitoring, etc. (Angelo,
2009). Finally, the newest satellite Landsat 8 launched on February 11, 2003, and is the
newest technology providing better remote sensing capabilities than all of its
predecessors (NASA Landsat Science, 2013).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event. The data from Landsat spacecraft constitute the longest record of the Earths
continental surfaces as seen from space. It is a record unmatched in quality, detail,
coverage, and value (NASA Landsat Science, 2013). As of October 2008, all new data
provided by Landsat 7 is free to the public. As of December 2009, all archived data is
free to public.
Shuttle Columbia Accident: 1 February 2003
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event?
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not. The low-earth orbit research mission was
considered to be successful. However, upon reentry into earths atmosphere the mission
is considered a disaster. No, it represents a very dark day in both the history of NASA
and the United States.
3. What was the timeline of this event? Beginning to ending. The following timeline data is
helpful to see how the disintegration happened (NASA History Office, n.d.):
Launch date: January 16, 2003
Explosion: February 1, 2003
21

Investigation begins: February 1, 2003


Investigation report released to public: April 26, 2003
Date
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03

16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03

16-Jan-03

16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03
16-Jan-03

Elapsed Flight
Item
Time
Day
7:30:00
1 Crew transport to launch complex 39-A
Commander Rick Husband enters Columbia, first
7:53:00
1
crew member to enter
Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla enters
8:45:00
1
Columbia, last crew member to enter
9:17:00
1 Crew hatch closed and locked
10:35:00
1 Go given for Auxiliary Power Unit start
10:39:00
1 Solid Rocket Booster Ignition
Columbia encounters wind sheer; sheer "appears to
have initiated a very low frequency oscillation,
T+57sec.
1
caused by liquid oxygen sloshing inside the
External Tank", continues to SRB separation
Liquid Oxygen sloshing oscillation peaks in
T+75 sec.
1
amplitude
T+81.7
One large and two smaller pieces of foam from the
1
sec.
ET left bipod (-Y) ramp separate.
Large piece of foam from the ET left bipod (-Y)
T+81.9
1 ramp strikes Columbia around RCC panels 5
sec.
through 9 on the underside of the left wing
Columbia encounters wind sheer (less severe than
T+95 sec.
1
T+57 sec)
Columbia encounters wind sheer (less severe than
T+105 sec. 1
T+57 sec)
SRB and SSME "exhaust nozzle pitch and yaw
deflections exceed those seen previously by a
T+115 sec. 1 factor of 1.4 and 1.06 to 1.6, respectively. These
deflections were caused by lower than expected
Reusable Solid Rocket Motor performance"
T+127 sec. 1 SRB separation from ET
T+8
minutes,
1 SSME engine shut down, ET separation followed
30 sec.
Columbia in orbit; crew enters "post insertion
11:39:00
1
timeline"
Time

22

17-Jan-03

10:3011:00

23-Jan-03

1-Feb-03 8:10:00

17

1-Feb-03 8:15:30
1-Feb-03 8:44:09

17
17

1-Feb-03 8:48:39

EI+270

1-Feb-03 8:48:59

EI+290

1-Feb-03 8:49:32

EI+323

1-Feb-03 8:49:49

EI+340

1-Feb-03 8:50:19

EI+370

1-Feb-03 8:50:53

EI+404

1-Feb-03 8:51:14

EI+425

1-Feb-03 8:52:00

EI+471

1-Feb-03 8:52:16

EI+487

1-Feb-03 8:52:59
1-Feb-03 8:53:11

Columbia executes right roll maneuver [normal


event]
"Left OMS Pod Thermocouple Start of offnominal temperature trend."
"(Left Wing Lower Surface Thermocouple) Begins
off-nominal temperature increase"
Columbia enters 10 minute peak heating period
[normal event]
"(Wing Spar Panel 9 temp) Start off-nominal
trend"
Wing leading edge temperatures normally reach
2,650 degrees Fahrenheit
"Wing Leading Edge Spar Burn Through"
"LMG Brake Line temp D-On Wheel well Inboard
Sidewall (Small increase in temp-"Bit Flip Up")"

1-Feb-03 8:52:17
1-Feb-03 8:52:51

Between 10:30 and 11:00 an object drifts away


from Columbia in orbit
Mission Control emails Husband and McCool
informing them of a debris strike with a short
video clip. Mission Control indicated there was
"absolutely no concern for reentry". Husband
forwards the information to the rest of the crew.
Mission Control Cap COM notifies Columbia crew
that they are a GO for de-orbit burn
Husband and McCool execute de-orbit burn
Entry Interface Occurs over the Pacific Ocean
Left Wing Leading Edge spar sensor indicates
higher strains than normal; readings recorded on
the Modular Auxiliary Data System and were not
displayed to the crew nor telemetered to Mission
Control
"Wing LE LWR Attach Clevis RCC10" indicates
an "off nominal temperature trend"

EI+522

"(Wing Spar Panel) 9 temp Off-Scale Low"


"Left Inboard Elevon Lower Skin temp Off-Scale
Low"
"Hydraulic System 1LH Inboard Elevon Actr Ret
LN Temp Off-Scale Low"
23

1-Feb-03 8:53:26
1-Feb-03

EI+557

8:53:31/
34

1-Feb-03 8:53:36
8:53:44/
48
8:53:46/
1-Feb-03
50
1-Feb-03

1-Feb-03 8:53:46

"First report of debris observed leaving the orbiter"


Second report of observed debris
EI+577

8:53:54/
58
8:54:00/
1-Feb-03
04
8:54:07/
1-Feb-03
11
1-Feb-03

Fifth report of observed debris

1-Feb-03 8:54:24

EI+613

1-Feb-03 8:54:25

EI+614

8:54:33.
3/33.9

1-Feb-03

8:54:35/
37

1-Feb-03 8:55:00

Signs of debris shedding; streak noticed in


Orbiter's trail
Third report of observed debris; "Event followed
by momentary brightening of plasma trail."
Fourth report of observed debris

1-Feb-03 8:54:11

1-Feb-03

Columbia crosses California coast west of


Sacramento
"Hydraulic System 1 LOE RTN LN Temp OffScale Low"
"Hydraulic System 2 LH Return Line temp OffScale Low"

"Reversal in Rolling Movement from Negative to


Positive Slope"
Maintenance, Mechanical, and Crew Systems
(MMACS) officer informs flight director of four
hydraulic sensor readings in the left wing
indicating "off-scale low"; first time Mission
Control knows something is not normal about
reentry
Columbia crosses California into Nevada; bright
flash seconds later
"Flash #1- Orbiter envelope suddenly brightened
(duration 0.3 sec), leaving noticeable luminescent
signature in plasma trail"
Sixth report of observed debris

EI+651

wing leading edge temperatures normally reach


3,000 degrees Fahrenheit

1-Feb-03

8:55:04/
10

Seventh report of observed debris

1-Feb-03

8:55:21/
27

Eighth report of observed debris; "Event was


followed by momentary brightening of plasma
24

trail."
8:55:25/
29
8:55:26/
1-Feb-03
30
1-Feb-03 8:55:32 EI+683
8:55:36/
1-Feb-03
42
1-Feb-03

8:55:45/
1-Feb-03
49
1-Feb-03 8:55:52

EI+703

Tenth report of debris leaving the Shuttle


Columbia crosses from Nevada into Utah
Eleventh report of debris leaving the Shuttle
Twelfth report of debris leaving the Shuttle;
"Event was preceded and followed by secondary
plasma trails."
Columbia crosses from Utah into Arizona
Fourteenth report of debris leaving the Shuttle;
"Very bright debris observed leaving the Orbiter."

1-Feb-03 8:55:58
1-Feb-03

Ninth report of observed debris; "Event was


followed by multiple secondary plasma trails."

8:56:09/
13

Fifteenth report of debris leaving the orbiter

1-Feb-03 8:56:30

EI+741

Columbia initiates right to left roll reversal over


Arizona

1-Feb-03 8:56:45

EI+756

Columbia crosses from Arizona into New Mexico

1-Feb-03 8:56:55
1-Feb-03 8:57:19
1-Feb-03

8:57:19/
29

1-Feb-03 8:57:24

EI+795

1-Feb-03 8:57:24
1-Feb-03 8:58:00

EI+831

"First Roll Reversal Complete"


"Main Landing Gear LH Outboard Tire Pressure 1
(Start of off-nominal trend - "Bit Flip Up")"
Sixteenth report of debris leaving the orbiter;
"Very faint debris observed leaving just aft of the
Orbiter"
Columbia passes north of Albuquerque
"Main Landing Gear LH Outboard Tire Pressure 2
(Start of off-nominal trend - "Bit Flip Up")"
"Wing leading edge temperatures typically
decreased to 2,880 degrees Fahrenheit"

8:58:03
1-Feb-03 (+/- 10
sec)

"Start of "Sharp" Aileron Trim" increase

1-Feb-03 8:58:20

Columbia crosses from New Mexico into Texas;


sheds most westerly piece of debris discovered in
Littlefield, Texas

EI+851

25

1-Feb-03 8:58:38
1-Feb-03 8:58:48
1-Feb-03 8:58:54
1-Feb-03 8:59:06
1-Feb-03 8:59:15

EI+906

1-Feb-03

8:59:32:
EI+923
136

1-Feb-03

9:00:02/
06

1-Feb-03

9:00:17/
21

1-Feb-03 9:00:18
9:00:18/
22
9:00:19:
1-Feb-03
44
9:00:21/
1-Feb-03
25
1-Feb-03

"Main Landing Gear LH Outboard Tire Pressure 1


Off-Scale Low"
"Main Landing Gear LH Inboard Wheel Temp
Off-Scale Low; Main Landing Gear Inboard Tire
Pressure 2 Off-Scale Low"
"Main Landing Gear LH Outboard Tire Pressure 2
Off-Scale Low"
"Left Main Gear Downlock Indication (Uplock
Indicated No Change)"
MMACS reports Flight Director that pressure
readings are lost on both left main landing gear
tires
Last communication from crew cut off; last
telemetry received
"Debris A observed leaving the Orbiter - Large
debris seen falling away from the Orbiter
envelope."
"Debris B observed leaving the Orbiter"

EI+969

Videos made by observers on ground show


Columbia disintegrating.
"Debris C observed leaving the Orbiter"
"MADS Data Ends"
"Vehicle Main Body break-up"

1-Feb-03 9:16:00

Countdown to arrival clock reaches zero;


Associate Administrator for Spaceflight, Bill
Readdy, declares spaceflight contingency and
activates Recovery Control Center at KSC

1-Feb-03 9:29:00

Contingency Action Plan for Space Flight


Operations Activated

1-Feb-03 10:00:00

All Data at NASA and contractor sites impounded;


Headquarters Action Center activated

1-Feb-03 10:30:00

"NASA Mishap Response Team convened to


assess the preliminary data and focus on the
location of the crew compartment through the
26

1-Feb-03 10:30:00

Rescue Coordination Center at Langley Air Force


Base in Virginia."; "The Rapid Response Team
was activated for deployment to Barksdale AFB in
Louisiana."
NASA Deputy Administrator begins calling
Columbia Accident Investigation Board members
currently listed on contingency plan

1-Feb-03 11:30:00

Administrator O'Keefe meets with Columbia


families

1-Feb-03 13:15:00

Administrator O'Keefe makes televised statement


expressing "deepest national regrets" for the
accident and informs public about the creation of
the Columbia Accident Investigation Board

1-Feb-03 17:00:00

1-Feb-03 18:00:00

Columbia Accident Investigation Board verbally


activated by O'Keefe at the NASA Mishap
Investigation Team teleconference
By this time "during a teleconference with the
White House Situation Room, we
[O'Keefe/NASA] briefed officials from the
Department of Homeland Security, the Federal
Emergency Management Agency, the Department
of Defense, FBI, and the FAA" about the
investigation's current status

4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? Two weeks
prior to this disaster, on January 16, is when the date Columbia launched. On January 23,
final communication between Earth and Pioneer 10 is received. On January 24, the
United States Department of Homeland Security officially begins operation (HistoryOrb,
n.d.). On February 15, an estimated eleven million people around the world take to the
streets to protest against the looming war with Iraq. On February 27, the U.N. tribunal in
The Hague, Netherlands, sentences former Bosnian Serb leader Biljana Plavsic to 11
years in prison (HistoryOrb, n.d.).
27

5. What were the major events occurring on that day? A crowded passenger train and a
freight train collided head on and burst into flames in northwestern Zimbabwe, killing 40
people and injuring about 60. The wreckage was still burning 14 hours after the collision
(BBC News, 2003). Also, seven high school students from Calgary, Alberta, Canada,
were killed when an avalanche swept over them on a school ski trip. The remaining ten
members of the ski trip survived (BBC News, 2003).
6. This was not the first tragedy NASA has incurred, how have the past tragedies shaped the
space program and how has this tragedy changed the program? Immediately after this
disaster, space shuttle operations were suspended. This was problematic because it
affected Americas participation in the International Space Station (ISS). The next space
shuttle, Discovery, was launched on July 26, 2005, and returned safely on August 9, 2005
(NASA, 2006).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
Soyuz TMA-2: Russians first launch after the Columbia explodes: 26 April 2003
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of this mission was to
launch the Soyuz TMA-2 and fly it to the ISS. It carried two astronauts, one Russian Yuri
Ivanovich Malenchenko and one American Edward Tsang Lu, for a six-month stay at the
International Space Station (ISS), performing microgravity biology experiments (NASA
Space Science Data Center, n.d.).
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not. Yes, all aspects of the mission profile were
successful.
3. What was the timeline of this event?
28

Launch date: April 26, 2003, 03:53:52 UTC


ISS docking date: April 28, 2003, 07:00 UTC.
Previous crew exit date: May 4, 2003, departed on the earlier previous spaceship Soyuz
TMA-1 that delivered them.
Soyuz TMA-2 exit date: October 27, 2003, crew remained docked in turn for their
eventual crew exchange.
4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? On April 8,
2003, the United Nations International Atomic Energy Association leader reasserts that
only the UN has the authority to mandate a search for weapons of mass destruction in
Iraq. The US refuses to respond. On May 6, 2003, a United States House of
Representatives select committee on taxation approves a measure amounting to more
than $500B to be phased in over a 10-year period (GovTrack, 2003).
5. What were the major events occurring on that day? On April 26, 2003, the wife of Nelson
Mandela was sentenced to prison for 5 years for participation in bank fraud (All Africa,
2003). Also on this day, massive explosions erupt in a Baghdad ammunition dump.
Assailants attempting to kill American soldiers triggered the event. There were 6 killed
and 6 wounded (Washington Post, 2003).
6. What is the importance of this event in regards to the relationship between the United
States and Russia? The event signaled new and important cooperation between the two
countries. Prior to the Columbia accident, many key American political questioned the
decision to allow the Russians to participate in the ISS project. Russian participation has
proven to be valuable in the years since the accident. For example, their value in
maintaining the ISS has prevented the project from tanking. Also, their participation
29

became a major incentive to keep the shuttle program going to the ISS (Russian Space
Web, n.d.).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.
Space Shuttle Discovery Mission:
NASAs first launch after the Columbia explodes: 26 July 2005
1. What was the purpose and objectives of this event? The purpose of this mission was to
implement safety improvements for space orbiters and external fuel tanks. This was the
first flight of a space shuttle since the space shuttle Columbia accident (NASA, 2005).
2. Was the event successful? Why or Why not. Yes, the event is considered successful.
3. What was the timeline of this event?
Launch date: July 26, 2005, 10:39:00 a.m. EDT;
Landing date: August 9, 2005, 5:11:22 a.m. PDT;
Mission duration: 13 days, 21 hours, 32 minutes, 48 seconds (NASA, 2005).
4. What were the major events occurring two weeks before and after the event? On July 7,
coordinated terrorist bomb blasts strike London's public transport system during the
morning rush hour killing 52 and injuring 700 (HistoryOrb). On August 12, an F1
tornado strikes Glen Cove, New York, a rare event on Long Island (HistoryOrb).
5. What were the major events occurring on that day? On July 26, Secretary of Defense
Donald Rumsfeld announces a new slogan for the United States posture against terrorism.
Instead of the global war on terrorism (GWOT) , the change was made to global
struggle against violent extremism (GSAVE) (Schmitt & Shanker, 2005).

30

6. What changes were made to the shuttle in order to prevent further accidents? Discovery
was retrofitted with a system of on-ground, on-shuttle cameras, and sensors embedded
into the shuttles wings. These systems were part of a larger system to ensure that no
details of shuttle system degradation prior to and after launch and prior to landing would
be missed again (NASA, 2005).
7. Other comments, any other information that is important, significant, or interesting about
this event.

31

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