Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HISTORY OF
INDIA
Basis for
Periodization
The earliest traces of human existence go
back to the period between 3,00,000 and
2,00,000 BC.
A large number of primitive stone tools
found in the Soan valley and south India
suggests this.
The modern human being first appeared
around 36000 BC.
Primitive man in the Palaeolithic age which
lasted till 8000 BC used tools and
implements of rough stone.
Initially man was a food gatherer and
depended on nature for food. He learnt to
control fire which helped him to improve
his way of living.
From 8000 BC the Mesolithic age began
and continued up to 4000 BC in India.
During this time sharp and pointed tools
were used for killing fastmoving animals.
Chota Nagpur plateau, Central India and
south of the river Krishna are some of the
sites.
Neolithic settlements are not older
than 4000 BC. Man began to domesticate
animals and cultivate plants.
The wheel was an important discovery.
Towards the end of the Neolithic period
metals like copper and bronze were used.
This was the Chalcolithic phase.
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Domestication of animals:
Stock breeding was important in Indus
culture. Besides sheep and goats, dogs,
humped cattle buffalo and elephant
was certainly domesticated. The camel
was rare and horse was not known.
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Rivers in Rigveda
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BUDDHISM IN INDIA
Buddhist Councils :
The monks gathered 4 times after the
death of Buddha and the effect of these
events had their effect on Buddhism.
First Council : At Rajgriha, in 483 BC
under the chairman ship of Mehakassaapa
(King was
Buddist Literature :
Buddhist scriptures in Pali are commonly
referred to as Tripitakas, ie Threefold
Basket.
Vinaya Pitaka : Rules of discipline in
Buddhist monasteries.
Sutta
Pitaka
:
Largest,
contains
collection of Buddhas sermons.
Abhidhamma Pitaka : Explanation of the
philosophical principles of the Buddhist
religion.
JAINISM IN INDIA
Founded by Rishabhanath.
There were 24 tirthankaras (Prophetsor
Gurus), all Kshatriyas.
First was Rishabhanath (Emblem: Bull).
The
23rd
Tirthankar
Parshwanath
(Emblem: Snake) was the son of King
Ashvasena of Banaras. His main teachings
were: Noninjury, Nonlying, Nonstealing,
Nonpossession.
The 24th and the last Tirthankar was
Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion).
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History of Cheras
Their capital was Vanji (also called Kerala
country).
It owed its importance to trade with the
Romans. The Romans set up two
regiments there to protect their interests.
Fought against the Cholas about 150 AD.
Greatest king was Senguttuvan, the Red
Chera.
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Invasion of Ghazni
Mohammed :
Born in 971 AD, Mahmud Ghaznavi was
the eldest son of Subuktagin, the king of
Ghazni (in present day Afghanistan).
When Subuktagin attacked King Jaipala of
Punjab, Mahmud fought for his father in
the battlefield
Though Mahmud was the eldest son of his
father, it is said that in his last days,
Subuktagin was not happy with Mahmud.
So, when Subuktagin died in 997 AD, his
younger son Ismail became the king of
Ghazni. Ismail reigned only for a little
time. Very soon, Mahmud defeated him
and became the king.
Mahmud began a series of seventeen raids
into northwestern India at the end of the
10th century. Nonetheless, he did not
attempt to rule Indian Territory except for
Punjab, which was his gateway to India
His first expedition was directed against
the frontier towns in 1000 AD.
His sixteenth expedition was the plunder
of Somnath temple (dedicated to Shiva) in
1025 AD, situated on the sea coast of
Kathiarwar
After looting the Somnath temple, when
Mahmud was going back to Ghazni, the
Jats had attacked his army. So, to punish
the Jats, he returned and defeated them in
1026.
The Somnath Temple located in the
Kathiarwar region of Gujarat, is one of
the twelve Jyotiriings (golden lingas)
symbols of the God Shiva
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(1191).
But he defeated Prithviraj in the
Second Battle of Tarain in 1192.
Captured Delhi and Ajmer and thus
laid the foundation of Muslim Rule in
India.
Also
defeated
Jaichandra
(Gahadval Rajput, ruler of Kannauj) at
the Battle of Chandweri in 1194 AD.
Ikhtiyar ud din Muhammad bin
Bakhtiyar Khalji, one of Ghoris
commanders, annexed
Bihar and
Bengal and destroyed Nalanda and
Vikramshila University.
Died in 1206 AD, leaving Qutab ud
Din Aibak the charge.
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Introduced
the
GaziSikandari
(Sikandars yard) of 32 digits for
measuring cultivated fields.
In 1504, he founded the city of Agra
and made it his capital.
Was a poet himself and wrote verses in
Persian under the penname of
Gulrukhi.
Repaired Qutab Minar
History of Malwa :
Malwa was annexed by Alauddin Khalji
in 1305 and remained a part of
Sultanate until its Governor; Dihawan
Khan Ghuri asserted his independence
in 1435.
It became powerful under the reign of
Hushang Shah. He beautified the city
Mandu with Jama Masjid, Hindol Mahal
and Jahaz Mahal. Next ruler, Mahmud
Khalji was defeated by Rana Kumbha.
Malwa became a part of Gujarat in
1531, and was finally annexed by the
Mughals in 1562.
History of Mewar :
Alauddin Khalji captured its capital Chittor
in 1303. But Rajput rule was soon restored
by Rana Hamir (132664).
The greatest ruler of this house was the
famous Rana Kumbha Karan (153868).
Rana Kumbha built the famous victory
tower or Vijaya Stambh at Chittor to
commemorate his victory over Mahmud
Khalji of Malwa.
His court was adorned by Mandan who
wrote many books on architecture (Parsad
Mandan, Rupa Mandan).
Another important king was Rana Sangram
Singh (150928), who defeated MahmudII
of Malwa and Ibrahim Lodhi. But he was
defeated by Babur at Khanua in 1527.
History of Sufis :
There were 3 chief orders of Sufis in
India : The Chishti, The Suharawadi and
the Silsilah of Firdausi.
Others
were
Nizamuddin
Auliya,
Nasiruddin Chiragh i Dehlvi, the
historian Barani and the poet Amir
Khusro.
It was popular in Delhi and the Doab
region.
VIJAYNAGAR KINGDOM
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Portuguese in
India
The Portuguese voyager Vasco da Gama
reached Calicut on May 17, 1498.
The first Governor of Portuguese in India
was Francisco Almeida.
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Military :
General Service Enlistment Act, 1856
Numerical Strength of Indian Soldiers
Effect of Annexation of Oudh
Unjust Treatment
Loss of British Prestige in Afghan War
Religious
Social and Religious Reforms Swami
Dayanand Saraswati, Raja Rammohan
Roy
Introduction of Railways and Telegraphs
Government Support to Missionaries
Introduction of New Laws Lord Dalhousie
Introduction of Modern Education
Economic
Exploitation of Natural Resources
Subordination of Indian Industry
Collapse of Handicrafts and Cottage
Industries
Economic Draining of India
Unemployment among People
Resumption
of
Taxfree
Lands
Confiscation
by
Lord
Dalhousie;
Introduction by Lord William Bentinck
Unemployment, Poverty, and Famine
Political
Policy of Annexation Doctrine of Lapse;
Lord Dalhousie; Annexed Satara, Jhansi,
Nagpur.
The Annexation of Oudh Lord Dalhousie
Disrespect shown to Bahadur Shah
Disrespect to Nana Sahib and Rani of
Jhansi
Disbanding the Armies of the Annexed
States
Inefficient Handling of the Situation
Corrupt and greedy British officials.
Spreading of a Rumor Belief that rulers
in India change after every 100 years
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Revolutionary Activities:
The first political murder of a European
was committed in 1897 at Poona by the
Chapekar
brothers,
Damodar
and
Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand,
President of the Plague Commission, but
Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.
In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi
revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at
Stuttgart
Congress
(of
Second
international).
In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki
threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford,
the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur.
Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt
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