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HV-System
I. INTRODUCTION
HV Circuit-Breaker
Step-Up Transformer
F1
Generator CircuitBreaker #1
F2
Generator CircuitBreaker #2
Generator #1
Generator #2
Fig. 1. Electrical layout of a combined cycle power station with two
generators connected to the HV-system by means of a three-winding step-up
transformer
120000
4000
100000
80000
3000
60000
2000
40000
1000
20000
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
-1000
-20000
-40000
-2000
-60000
-3000
-80000
-4000
-100000
-5000
-120000
Time (ms)
Arc-voltage
Current
120000
400
100000
80000
300
60000
200
40000
100
0
104
-100
20000
0
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
-20000
-40000
-200
-60000
-300
-80000
-400
-100000
-500
-120000
Time (ms)
Arc-voltage
Current
Applied voltage
at fault initiation
Unloaded
Unloaded
Delivering power with
lagging power factor
Delivering power with
lagging power factor
Delivering power with
leading power factor
Delivering power with
leading power factor
UA = 0
UA = max
UA = 0
Arcing time
(ms)
SF6
Vacuum
17.6
39.0
20.2
80.9
16.6
37.8
UA = max
19.4
79.2
UA = 0
33.6
195.0
UA = max
37.1
236.6
Fig. 13. Interruption of out-of-phase current with a vacuum GenCB (outof-phase angle 0 = 90, fault initiation at UA = max, arcing time = 206.8 ms)
Fig. 10. Interruption of out-of-phase current with a SF6 GenCB (out-ofphase angle 0 = 90, fault initiation at UA = 0, arcing time = 16.5 ms)
TABLE II
ARCING TIME IN CASE OF SYNCHRONIZATION UNDER OUT-OF-PHASE
CONDITIONS
Generator condition
prior to fault
Applied voltage
at fault initiation
Unloaded
Unloaded
UA = 0
UA = max
Arcing time
(ms)
SF6
Vacuum
16.5
18.2
18.9
206.8
Fig. 11. Interruption of out-of-phase current with a SF6 GenCB (out-ofphase angle 0 = 90, fault initiation at UA = max, arcing time = 18.9 ms)
Fig. 12. Interruption of out-of-phase current with a vacuum GenCB (outof-phase angle 0 = 90, fault initiation at UA = 0, arcing time = 18.2 ms)
Generator condition
prior to fault
Applied voltage
at fault initiation
Unloaded
Unloaded
UA = 0
UA = max
Arcing time
(ms)
SF6
Vacuum
13.5
138.4
14.9
199.4
SF6
Vacuum
200.0
150.0
100.0
VII. APPENDIX
50.0
0.0
1
10
Case
Case
Type of fault
1
2
7
8
9
10
90 out-of-phase
synchronization
90 out-of-phase
synchronization
Three-winding step-up
transformer LV-terminal
fault
Three-winding step-up
transformer LV-terminal
fault
Generator
condition prior to
fault
Unloaded
Unloaded
Delivering power
with lagging power
factor
Delivering power
with lagging power
factor
Delivering power
with leading power
factor
Delivering power
with leading power
factor
Applied
voltage at
fault
initiation
UA = 0
UA = max
UA = 0
UA = max
UA = 0
UA = max
Unloaded
UA = 0
Unloaded
UA = max
Unloaded
UA = 0
Unloaded
UA = max
Fig. 23. Circuit used to analyze the course of the current in case of a
three-phase fault occurring at the LV-terminals of a three-winding step-up
transformer
Fig. 22. Arcing times for different types of fault and different generator
circuit-breaker interrupting technologies
(1)
where
The fault current in case the generator is delivering power
with leading power factor prior to fault leads to especially
severe interrupting conditions. The solution of introducing an
intentional tripping delay might lead to severe damages to
power plant equipment with consequent long downtime for
repair: this makes the solution of intentionally delaying the
tripping not recommendable.
In case of fault occurring at the LV-terminals of a threewinding step-up transformer the arcing time is highly
depending upon the magnitude of the arc-voltage and therefore
upon the interrupting technology of the GenCB. A possible
mitigation method consists in adjusting the settings of the
protection system so that the circuit-breaker installed at the
HV-side of the transformer clears the fault current before the
intervention of the GenCB. This solution relies on a correct
operation of the HV circuit-breaker. In case of unsuccessful
interruption of the HV circuit-breaker also the GenCB having
V Z3
V
Z2 + Z3
I1 =
Z2 Z3
+ Z1
Z2 + Z3
(2)
V
=
I1
Z1 + Z 3
(3)
R2
R
s t
s t
+ sa e a 2 + sb e b +
L2
L2
R3
R
s t
s t
+ s a e a 3 + sb e b
L3
L3
(4)
'
(t )= I 01e
i1 '
(11)
where = L1/R1.
[3]
[4]
[5]
(5)
(6)
A = L2 ( L1 + L3 ) + L1L3 ;
(7 )
B = L1R3 + L3R1 + L2 ( R1 + R3 ) + R2 ( L1 + L3 );
(8)
C = R1R3 + R2 R1 + R2 R3 ;
(9)
B 2 4 AC > 0;
VIII. REFERENCES
2A
2A
[1]
[2]
where
sa =
(10)
I01, I02 and I03 represent the initial conditions of the transient
component of the fault current in the three branches of the
circuit.
In real applications the terms A, B, C are positive and assume
the same values for the branches of the circuit. Therefore also
sa and sb assume the same values for the three branches of the
circuit. As the circuit parameters cannot be negative, the
quantities B + (B2-4AC) and B (B2-4AC) are negative.
The resulting waveshape is obtained as the composition of two
decaying exponential functions. This waveshape is over-
[6]