Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Student Number
Class
Subject
: Hamid Darmadi
: F2201141022
:B
: Grammar for EFL Students
A. Introduction
English Grammar is one of linguistic needs for studying English. Especially
for many EFL students, English grammar was known in semantic way. (Feng, Z: 86)
This article illustrates the point to study English grammar in syntactical way. This
article aims to distinguish sentence, clause, phrase, word and morpheme in the scope
of rank scale of linguistic units. It is also to analyze its syntactical function through
narrative text. Narrative text was chosen because it is interesting to read such text.
Hopefully, this study examines our better understanding of what constitutes in English
Grammar.
want to simplify its meaning in this study that syntax is the rules to specify the
arrangement of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
In grammatical hierarchy (rank scale) refer to Downing and Locke, morphemes
are the smallest units (of grammar) and the sentences are the highest in rank.
Morphemes combine to form words, words combine to form groups, groups combine to
form clauses, and clauses combine to form sentences. In other words, a sentence
consists of clauses, which consist of groups, groups consist of words and words are
formed by the combination of morphemes. Each unit consists of units of low rank
which are next down the scale, a unit provides the constituents of the unit next above.
1. Type of Sentences:
A sentence is an independent linguistic form, not included by virtue of any
grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form. Sentence, the highest
unit in the grammatical hierarchy, may also be defined in orthographic terms,
that is, as anything which is contained between a capital letter and a full stop.
The sentence types were as follow:
The term simple refers to the fact that the sentence contains only one
finite verb. In other words a simple sentence consists of a single clause,
the main clause, with no subordinate clause. A simple sentence has only one
subject and one predicate.
b. A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences linked by
the coordinating conjunctions: and, but, so, either, or, neither, nor, then and
yet.
For examples:
He ran out and he fell over the suit case.
She arrived at nine, went up to her room and did not come down until now.
c. A complex sentence consists of one simple sentence and one or more
subordinate clauses.
For example:
She became queen when her father died because she was the eldest
child
In each complex sentence we have at least one main clause and at least one
subordinate clause. A subordinate clause is a group of words that has a subject
part and a predicate part, but it cannot stand alone. It does not express a complete
thought. It is always combined with an independent clause. (Wren & Martin,
English Grammar & Composition: ).
The following types of subordinate clauses are:
a. A noun clause is group of words containing a finite verb and
functioning like a noun.
For example:
He said that he was tired.
What you said was not true.
"Do you hear the sound of the coins?" asks the King to Pak Razak. | "Yes, I do,"
answers Pak Razak. | "Then, the farmer has just paid you. | He pays your delicious
aroma with the sound of his money," explains the King. | Pak Razak is silent. | He
knows the King is right. | The King just gave him a lesson. | He then apologizes to the
farmer. |
(Taken from: http://indonesianfolklore.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Kalimantan)
D. Grammatical analysis
a. Hello everybody, come and visit my restaurant.
b.
Clause :
-
Hello everybody,
Come ; verb
Visit ; verb
My ; possessive pronoun
Restaurant ; noun
Phrases :
Words :
I have delicious food for you," Pak Razak is standing in front of his
restaurant.
Clause :
-
Phrases :
Words :
-
I ; personal pronoun
Delicious ; adjective
Food ; noun
For ; preposition
Is ; auxiliary verb
Standing ; verb
In front of ; preposition
Restaurant ; noun
c.
Clause :
-
He is inviting people
He ; personal pronoun
Is ; auxiliary verb
Inviting ; verb
People ; noun
Eat ; verb
At ; preposition
Place ; noun
Phrases :
Words :
e.
A ; indefinite article
Moment ; noun
A ; indefinite article
Comes ; verb
Phrases :
Words :
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
f.
Clause :
He ; personal pronoun
Is ; auxiliary verb
Standing ; verb
In front of ; preposition
Restaurant ; noun
Clause :
-
g.
Phrases :
-
He ; personal pronoun
Smells ; verb
Aroma ; noun
Of ; preposition
Delicious ; adjective
Food ; noun
Words :
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Yummy ; interjection
Says ; verb
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
-
Doing ; verb
i.
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Do ; auxiliary verb
To come ; non-finite
To ; preposition
My ; possessive pronoun
Restaurant ; noun
Or ; coordinating conjunction
Not ; negative
Asks ; verb
j. No, I don't.
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
No, I do not ;
No ; interpersonal adverb
I ; personal pronoun
Morphemes : No | I | don|t |
k. Smelling the aroma of your delicious food makes me feel full, says the farmer.
Clause :
-
Smelling ; verb
Aroma ; noun
Of ; preposition
Delicious ; adjective
Food ; noun
Makes ; verb
Me ; personal pronoun
Feel ; verb
Full ; adjective
Says ; verb
Phrases :
Words :
Clause :
Phrases :
Still ; adverb
Words :
Pay ; verb
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Smell ; verb
My ; possessive pronoun
Delicious ; adjective
Food ; noun
Is ; auxiliary verb
Angry ; adjective
n. No way!
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
No way
Morphemes : No | way |
Clauses :
Phrases :
Words :
I ; personal pronoun
p. It's impossible!
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
It is impossible
It ; personal pronoun
Is ; auxiliary verb
Impossible ; adjective
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Is ; auxiliary verb
Also ; adverb
Angry ; adjective
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Then
Then ; adverb
An ; indefinite article
Argument ; noun
Clause :
-
To calm down
Phrases :
Ask to calm down; verb phrase
Words :
-
People ; noun
Come ; verb
Ask ; verb
To ; preposition
t. They suggest Pak Razak and the farmer go to the King to solve the problem.
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Suggest ; verb
Go ; verb
To ; preposition
Problem ; noun
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Please tell me
What happened
Tell ; verb
Me ; personal pronoun
What ; adverb
Happened ; verb
Asks ; verb
v. Pak Razak and the farmer tell the King about the problem.
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Tell ; verb
About ; adverb
problem ; noun
Morphemes : Pak | Razak | and | the | farmer | tell | the | King | about | the |
problem |
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
I ; personal pronoun
Know ; verb
Solution ; noun
Clause :
Phrases :
Now
Now ; adverb
Put ; verb
Coins ; noun
Into ; preposition
Bottle ; noun
Words :
y. Do you hear the sound of the coins? asks the King to Pak Razak.
Clause :
-
Do ; auxiliary verb
Hear ; verb
Sound ; noun
Of ; preposition
Coins ; noun
Asks ; verb
To ; preposition
Phrases :
Words :
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Yes, I do
I ; personal pronoun
Do ; auxiliary verb
Answers ; verb
Clause :
-
Then,
Then ; adverb
Just ; adverb
Paid ; verb
Phrases :
Words :
bb. He pays your delicious aroma with the sound of his money, The King
explains.
Clause :
He ; personal pronoun
Pays ; verb
Delicious ; adjective
Aroma ; noun
Sound ; noun
Of ; preposition
Money ; noun
Explains ; verb
Phrases :
Words :
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
Is ; auxiliary verb
Silent ; adjective
Clause :
Phrases :
Words :
is right
He ; personal pronoun
Knows ; verb
Is ; auxiliary verb
Right ; adjective
Clause :
Phrases :
Just ; adverb
Gave ; verb
A ; indefinite article
Lesson ; noun
Words :
Clauses :
Phrases :
Words :
Then
Then ; adverb
He ; personal pronoun
Apologizes; verb
To ; preposition
E. Conclusion
REFERENCES
Aronoff, K. and Fudeman, K. (2004). What is Morphology?1st Edition. New York.
Blackwell Publishing
Downing, A. and Locke, P. (2006). English Grammar: A University Course. USA:
Routledge.
Feng, Z. (2013). Functional Grammar and Its implications for English Teaching and
Learning. An English Language Teaching Journal, Vol.6, No.10, 2013.
Greenbaum, S. (1996). The Oxford: English Grammar. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Morley, G.D. (2000) Syntax in Functional Grammar: An Introduction to
Lexicogrammar in systemic linguistics. New York: Continuum.
P.C. Wren and H. Martin. (2003). High School English Grammar and Composition.
Revised Book by N.D.V.Prasada Rao. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Ltd.