C121 KJGF

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Some Basic Concepts

of Chemistry
Chemistry : General Introduction
Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of the
composition of matter and the chemical changes involved in it. In
other words, chemistry is the science of matter and its transformation.
Chemistry is an important branch of science and is often interwined
with branches of science like Physics, Biology, Geology etc. Different
manifestations of chemistry include drugs, polymers, dyes, soaps,
detergents, acids, bases, salts, metals, alloys etc. In simple words,
scope of chemistry is everywhere and everytime.
Topics to Learn on Day
The International System of Units
(SI Units)
A unit is defined as standard reference chosen to measure any physical

quantity. Different types of units to measure the same physical
quantity are used in different parts of world. In order to maintain the
uniformity in the measurements, an internationally accepted system of
units called as International system of units or SI units is established.
This system has two types of units i.e., Fundamental or basic units
and derived units.
Physical Quantity
Unit
Unit Symbol
meter
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
Temperature
kelvin
Amount of substance
mole
Electric current
ampere
Luminous intensity
candela
Cd
Plane angle*
radian
rad
Solid angle*
steradian
s
K
mol
sr
*These are two dimensionless supplementary units.
Chemistry : General Introduction

The International System of Units
(SI units)
Precision and Accuracy
Significant Figures
Concept of Element, Atom and Molecule
Laws of Chemical Combination
Daltons Atomic Theory
Atomic Weight, Molecular Weight and
Equivalent Weight
Mole Concept
Per cent Composition, Empirical
Formula and Molecular Formula
Chemical Stoichiometry
SI Base Units
Length
The units which are derived from fundamental SI units are called
derived units.
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Encounter with NEET Chemistry

Some Derived Units
Physical Quantity
Unit
square meter
m2
Volume
cubic meter
m3
Density
kilogram per cubic meter
Molar mass
kilogram per mole
Molar concentration
mole per cubic meter
Prefix
Symbol
kg mol
mol m
Symbol
10
deci
10
centi
10
milli
mega
10
micro
kilo
10
10
peta
tera
109
giga
106
103
2
hecto
deca
da
10
10
nano
10
12
pico
10
15
femto
Precision and Accuracy

While measuring physical quantities, the data must be
precise and accurate. A measurement is said to be precise
when the values of different measurements are close to
each other and hence closer to their average value. It means
precision refers to closeness of set of values obtained from
identical measurements of quantity. At the same time, a
measurement is accurate when the average values of
different measurements are close to the correct value. It
means accuracy refers to the closeness of a single
measurement to its true value.
Significant Figures (SF)

The total number of digits in the number with last one,
having uncertain value, is called the significant figures.
Rules for Counting Significant Figures

(i) All digits are significant except zero at the beginning of
the number.
(ii) The zeros to the right of the decimal point are
significant.
Digit
SF
Rule
0.101
0.0101
3.
101.0
101.00
101
(3 SF)
kg m
Prefix
1012
Submultiple
5 .05
(4 SF)
9.04
102
(3 SF)
(least SF)
15
12 .11
( 4 SF )
904.48985
SI Prefixes
Multiple
(a) 14 .79
Symbol
Area
in Just 40 Days
(iii) In case of multiplication and/or division, the result,

may carry no more SF than the least precisely known
quantity in the calculation. e.g.,
(b)
5.28
0.156 3.00
0.0428
57.73458 = 57.7
(3 SF)
(iv) In case of addition/substraction, the result must be

expressed with the same number of decimal places as
the term carrying the smallest number of decimal
places.
22.2
1SF (least)
+ 2.22 + 0.222 = 24.642 = 24.6

2 SF
3 SF
3 SF
1 SF
(v) Exact numbers can be considered to have an unlimited

number of significant figures. Thus, for counting
significant figures for exact number, first rounding off
the exact numbers. Following rules are used for
rounding off a number
(a) If the first digit removed is less than 5, round down
by dropping it and all following digits. Thus,
5.663507 becomes 5.66 when rounded off the three
SF, because first of the dropped digits (3) is less
than 5.
(b) If the first digit removed is 6 or greater than 6,
round off by adding 1 to the digit on the left. Thus,
5.663507 becomes 5.7 when rounded off to two SF.
(c) If the first digit removed is 5 and there are more
non-zero digits following round up, round off by
adding 1 to the digit on the left. Thus; 5.663507
becomes 5.664 when rounded off to four SF.
(d) If the digit removed is 5 and there is no digit after,
then add one to the preceeding digit if it is odd,
otherwise write as such if it is even. Thus, 4.7475
becomes 4.748 when rounded off to four SF (odd
digit before 5) and 4.7465 becomes 4.746 when
rounded off to four SF (even digit before 5).
Concept of Element, Atom and

Molecule
Element
It is a substance which can neither be broken or built from
two or more simple substances by any known physical or
chemical methods. The elements are building block of
matter. In other words, substances built of only one kind of
atoms are called elements.
Compound
It is a pure substance which contains two or more than two
elements combined together in some fixed proportion by
weight and which can be decomposed into two or more
element by a suitable method.
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Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Mixture
It is a material obtained by mixing two or more substances
(elements or compounds) in any proportion.
Atom
It is the smallest particle of an element that may or may not
exist independently. However, it is the smallest particle of
matter that takes part in a chemical reaction.
Molecule
It is the smallest particle of matter that has independent
existance. The number of atoms present in the homoatomic
molecule is called atomicity of the element.
another and to volume of products, when all measurements

are made under same conditions of temperature and
pressure.
The law is applicable to gases only.
6. Avogadros Law (Mole concept)

This law is based on Berzeilius hypothesis.
According to this law, all gases contain equal number of
particles under similar conditions of temperature and
pressure.
1 mole
atomic/ molecular weight

22.4 L at STP
= 6.02
1023 atoms /molecules/ions
Laws of Chemical Combination

Daltons Atomic Theory
There are the following six laws of chemical combination.
This theory was based on laws of chemical combinations.
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
1. Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms.
(Given by Lavoisier)
2. Atoms are extremely small, invisible, indivisible and

indestructible. In other words, atom can neither be
destroyed nor be created.
According to this law during any physical or chemical

change, total mass of reactants equals to the total mass of
products.
3. Atoms of the same element are alike in properties but

atoms of different elements are different in properties.
This law is not applicable to nuclear reactions, because in

these reactions mass is converted into energy.
4. Atoms combine in small whole numbers to form

compound atoms (molecules).
2. Law of Definite Proportions or

Constant Proportions (Given by Proust)
According to this law, a compound always has same
elements combine together in same fixed ratio by weight.
This law is not true to non-stoichiometric compounds.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions

(Given by Dalton)
According to this law, when two elements combine to form
two or more compounds, then the weight of one element
which combines with the fixed weight of other has a simple
ratio to one another.
5. Compound atoms (i.e., molecules) of a substance are

alike and posses similar properties.
Atomic Weight, Molecular Weight

and Equivalent Weight
Atomic Weight
It is a relative number not the exact weight of atom and it
tells how many times an atom is heavier than 1/12 of one
C-12 atom.
=1 Aston
4. Law of Reciprocal Proportions or

Equivalent Proportions (Given by Pichter)
According to this law, when two elements combine with
fixed weight of the third element, then it is either the same
or simple multiple ratio of weights of two elements which
combine directly with each other.
=1 Dalton
1 .66
5. Law of Combining Volumes

(Given by Gay-Lussac)
According to this law, when gases react together, they
always do so in volume which bears a simple ratio to one
Atomic mass unit(1 amu) or unified mass unit (u)
10
24
Gram atomic mass is atomic mass of element expressed

in grams.
x a y b
Average atomic mass A
x y
(where x : y is the ratio of atomic masses of isotopes
a and b).
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Molecular Weight
It is an additive property. It is calculated by adding atomic
weights of all atoms present in the molecule.
It is the parts of a substance that combines with or

displaces 1.008 parts by mass of hydrogen or 8 parts by
mass of oxygen or 35.5 parts by mass of chlorine.
(ii) Equivalent weight of acid /base
atomic weight
valency
molecular weight
basicity /acidity
(Where, basicity = no. of replaceable H

and
acidity = no. of replaceable OH )
(iii) Equivalent weight of salt

molecular weight
total positive or negative charges
(iv) Equivalent weight of oxidising agent or reducing agent
molecular weight of oxidising agent or reducing agent
no. of electrons gained / lost by one molecule
Methods for Determining Atomic Weight

(i) Atomic weight = equivalent weight
valency
(ii) Dulong and Petits method
(i) Molecular weight = 2
vapour density
r1
r2
M2
(where, r1
M1
and r2 are rate of diffusion of gases; M 1 and M2 are

molecular weights of gases).
(iii) Victor Meyer method The method is used to
determine the molecular weight of volatile organic
compounds only.
Molecular wt. of volatile organic compound
mass of volatile organic compound 22400
volume of volatile organic compound
(iv) Ebullioscopic method
Molecular weight
Kb wt.of solute 1000
wt. of solvent elevation in boiling point
where, Kb is molar elevation constant
(v) Cryoscopic method
Molecular weight
K f wt. of solute
wt.of solvent
1000
depression in freezing point
where, K f is molal depression constant
Approximate atomic weight

= 6.4 /Specific heat (in cal/g)
The exact atomic weight is calculated with the help of
valency as follows;
(a) Valency = approximate atomic weight/Eq. wt.
(b) Exact atomic weight = Eq. wt.
valency
(c) The method is used to determine atomic weight of

solids except Be B, C and Si.
(iii) Volatile chloride method This method is used to
determine the atomic weights of elements which form
volatile chlorides.
Molecular mass of the chloride
Methods for Determining Molecular

Weight
(ii) Graham's diffusion method
Equivalent Weight
(i) Equivalent weight of element
in Just 40 Days
Methods for Determining Equivalent

Weight
(i) Eq.wt. = strength /normality
(ii) Hydrogen displacement method
Eq.wt. of metal
Atomic weight of gas
1.008
(iii) Oxide formation method

Eq.wt. of metal
vapour density
(iv) Specific heat method This method is used to

determine the atomic weights of gases only.
mass of metal
mass of hydrogen displaced
mass of metal
mass of oxygen combined
8.0
(iv) Chloride formation method

Eq.wt. of metal
mass of metal
mass of chlorine combined
= molecular weight of gas/Atomicity
4
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(v) Electrolytic method
Empirical Formula
Eq. wt. = wt. deposited by 1F (= 96500 C)
W1
W2
It is the simplest whole number ratio of all the elements

present in one molecule of the substance.
E1
E2
Molecular Formula
(where, W1 and W2 are weights of metal displaced,

E 1 and E2 are equivalent weights)
(vi) Metal displacement method
Mass of metal added
Mass of metal displaced
Eq. wt. of metal added

Eq. wt. of metal displaced
It is the actual number of all the atoms of different

elements present in one molecule of the substance.
From per cent composition, the empirical formula and then
molecular formula is derived as follows
Element
% of each atomic
element mass
(vii) Double decomposition method For a chemical

reaction
AB
XY
wt. of compound AB
wt. of compound AY
AY
simplest
ratio
mol
Molecular formula
BX
Eq. wt. of A Eq. wt. of B

Eq. wt. of AY
where,
(viii) Silver salt method The method is used to determine the

equivalent weight of organic acids only
108 wt. of silver salt
Eq. wt. of organic acid =
wt. of silver metal
107
(empirical formula) n
molecular weight
empirical formula weight
1 mole of water 22400 cc (because water is liquid not

gas)
Loschmidt number Number of molecules in 1 cm 3 of
gas at STP
2.688
10 19.
Chemical Stoichiometry
Mole Concept
(i) A mole is defined as the number equal to the number of
carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon-12 i.e.,
6.023 1023 .
1023 atoms/molecules/ions
1 mole
6.023
1 mole
atomic/molecular wt. in g
Number of moles
mol ratio
%
=
atomic
mass
22.4 L at STP
number of particles
6.023 1023
(ii) The number 6.023 1023 was not determined by

Avogadro but is called Avogadros number to honour
the contribution of this great chemist in chemistry.
Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of reactants and

products in a chemical reaction. e.g.,
2KClO3
2KCl + 3O2
For stoichiometric calculations, we would read this

equation as 2 moles of KClO 3 decomposes to form
2 moles of KCl and 3 moles of O2 .
Limiting Reagent
It is the reactant which is present in least quantity and is
consumed completely during the reaction. The amount of
product formed depends on the limiting reagent.
Calculations Based on Stoichiometry
Per cent Composition, Empirical

Formula and Molecular Formula
Per cent Composition of a Compound
It is expressed by identifying the elements present and
giving the mass per cent of each element.
Per cent composition of an element
mass of that element
100 (in 1 mol)
total mass of compound
The calculations based on stoichiometry are of following

types
(i) mass-mass relationship
(ii) mass-volume relationship
(iii) volume-volume relationship
The various steps employed in these calculations are
(i) write a balanced equation
(ii) write molar relationship based on equation
(iii) convert to desired parameters and apply unitary
method to calculate.
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in Just 40 Days
Stoichiometry of Reaction in Solutions

Strength of solution is generally expressed in terms of
molarity, normality, molality etc.
(i) Molarity It is the number of moles of solute present in
one litre of solution.
Molarity (M)
moles of solute
volume of solution in litre
Molarity equation : M1V1
M2V2
(ii) Normality It is the number of gram equivalents of

solute present in one litre of solution.
gram equivalents of solute
Normality (N )
volume of solution in litre
Normality equation
N 1V1
Molality (m)
number of moles of solute

mass of solvent (kg)
(iv) Mole fraction It is the ratio of number of moles of one

component to the total number of moles of all
components in the solution.
nA
nB
xA
; xB
; nA nB 1
nA nB
nA nB
(v) Parts per million, ppm (A)
mass of A 106
( A)
total mass of solution
N 2V2
(iii) Molality It is the number of moles of solute present in

1 kg of solvent.
dditional P o in ts
1.
1
NA
1 u 1 Avogram 1Aston 1 Dalton

1.6606
10
24
2. At STP, 1 mole of a gas
22 400 cm3 (gram molar volume)
3. Law of definite proportions do not hold good for non-stoichiometric compounds e.g., Wusitite
Fe 0.95O.
4. Laws of definite proportions of multiple proportions and of reciprocal proportions do not hold good
when same compound is obtained by using different isotopes of the same element e.g., H2O and
D2O.
5. Both atomic mass and molecular mass are just ratio and hence have no unit.
6. One mole of electrons weights 0.55 mg.
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Warm up
Exercise
(Target NEET)
1.
35
17 Cl
and 37
17 Cl are two isotopes of chlorine. If average
atomic mass is 35.5 then ratio of these two isotopes is
(a) 35 : 37
(c) 3 : 1
(b) 1 : 3
(d) 2 : 1
2. Mass of one atom of X is 2.66 10

equal to
23
g, then its 32 g is
(c)
2.66 10
6.02 10 23
mol
(d) None of the above
3. If the equivalent weight of an element is 32, then the per

centage of oxygen in its oxide is
4. A sample of CaCO 3 is 50% pure. On heating 1.12 L of

CO 2 (at STP) is obtained. Residue left (assuming
non-volatile impurity) is
(b) 3.8 g
(d) 8.9 g
5. What volume of a solution of hydrochloric acid

containing 73g of acid per litre would sufficient for exact
neutralisation of sodium hydroxide obtained by allowing
0.46 g of metallic sodium to act upon water?
(Cl 35 .5, Na = 23.0, O = 16)
(a) 10 mL
(c) 30 mL
(b) 20 mL
(d) 40 mL
(b) neutral
(d) None of these
(b) A3 B
(c) AB3
(a) 6
(b) 12
(a) 100 g
(c) 108 g
(c) 18
(d) 49
(b) 1008 g
(d) 1050 g
12. Equal volumes of 0.1 M AgNO 3 and 0.2 M NaCl are

mixed. The concentration of NO 3 ions in the mixture will
be
(a) 0.1 M
(c) 0.2 M
(b) 0.05 M
(d) 0.15 M
13. The isotopic abundance of C-12 and C-14 is 98% and

2% respectively. What would be the number of C-14
isotope in 12 g carbon sample?
10 22
(c) 5 .88 10 23
7. An element A (at. wt. 75) and B (at. wt. 25) combine to

form a compound. The compound contains 75% A by
weight. The formula of the compound will be
(a) A2 B
10. The vapour density of a volatile chloride of a metal is

95 and the specific heat of the metal is 0.13 cal/g. The
equivalent weight of the metal will be approximately
(a) 1.032
6. 100 mL each of 0.5 N NaOH, N/5 HCl and N/10 H2SO 4

are mixed together. The resulting solution will be
(a) acidic
(c) alkaline
(b) 40.6%
(d) 50%
11. Amount of calcium oxide required, when it reacts with

852 g of P4O 10 is
(b) 40
(d) 20
(a) 7.8 g
(c) 2.8 g
(b) 20
(d) None of these
(a) 30.6%
(c) 20.6%
23
(a) 16
(c) 32
(a) 40
(c) 80
9. 0.5 g of fuming H2SO 4 (oleum) is diluted with water. This

solution is completely neutralised by 26.7 mL of 0.4 N
NaOH. The percentage of free SO 3 in the sample is
10 23 mol
32
(b)
mol
2.66 10 23 6.023 10 23
(a) 32 2.66
32
8. One mole of chlorine combines with certain weight of a

metal giving 111 g of its chloride. The same amount of
metal can displace 2 g of hydrogen from an acid. The
atomic weight of the metal is
(d) AB
(b) 3.01 10 23
(d) 6.02
10 23
14. Polyethylene can be produced from calcium carbide

according to the following sequence of reactions.
n(HC
CaC 2 H 2O
CH) nH 2
CaO HC CH
( CH 2 CH 2
)n
The mass of polyethylene, which can be produced from

20.0 kg of CaC 2 is
(a) 6.75 kg
(c) 8.75 kg
(b) 7.75 kg
(d) 9.75 kg
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15. An aqueous solution of 6.3 g of oxalic acid dihydrate is

made up to 250 mL. The volume of 0.1 N NaOH required
to completely neutralised 10 mL of this solution is
(a) 40 mL
(c) 10 mL
(b) 20 mL
(d) 4 mL
16. The weight of one molecule of a compound, C 60H122 is

(a) 1.3 10 20 g
(c) 1.9924 10 24 g
(b) 5.01 10 21 g
(d) 1.4 10 21 g
17. 0.45 g acid of molecular weight 90 was neutralise by

20 mL of 0.5 N KOH. The basicity of acid is
(a) 2
(c) 1
(b) 4
(d) 3
18. The equivalent weight of phosphoric acid (H3PO 4 ) in the

reaction,
(a) 59
NaOH H 3PO 4
(b) 49
NaH 2PO 4
(c) 25
H 2O is
(d) 98
19. The density of air is 0.001293 g/cc at STP. Its vapour

density is
(a) 0.001293
(c) 14.49
(b) 8.2786
(d) 6.2706
20. In a compound C, H and N are present in 9 : 1 : 3.5 by

weight. If molecular weight of compound is 108, the
molecular formula of compound is
(a) C 2H 6N 2
(c) C 6H 8N 2
(b) C 3H 4N
(d) C 9H12N 3
21. 1.520 g of hydroxide of a metal on ignition gave 0.995 g

of oxide. The equivalent weight of metal is
(a) 1.52
(c) 190
(b) 0.995
(d) 9
22. The number of moles of KMnO 4 that will be needed to

react with one mole of sulphite ion in acidic solution is
(a) 3/5
(c) 2/5
(b) 4/5
(d) 1
23. Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H2SO 4 by

mass and has a density of 1.80 g mL 1. Volume of acid
required to make one litre of 0.1 M H2SO 4 solution is
(a) 11.10 mL
(c) 22.20 mL
(b) 16.65 mL
(d) 5.55 mL
24. An aqueous solution of glucose is 10% in strength. The

volume in which 1g mole of it is dissolved will be
(a) 18 L
(c) 0.9 L
(b) 92 L
(d) 1.8 L
25. A mixture contains O 2 and N2 in the ratio of 1 : 4 by

weight. The ratio of their number of moles is
(a) 1 : 8
(c) 3 : 16
(b) 1 : 4
(d) 7 : 32
26. The mass of carbon anode consumed (given only CO 2)

in production of 270 kg of aluminium metal from bauxite
by the Hall process is
(atomic mass of Al 27)
in Just 40 Days
(a) 180 kg
(c) 540 kg
(b) 270 kg
(d) 90 kg
27. If 30 mL of H2 and 20 mL of O 2 reacts to form water, what

is left at the end of the reaction?
(a) 10 mL of H 2
(c) 10 mL of O 2
(b) 5 mL of H 2
(d) 5 mL of O 2
28. The maximum number of molecules is present in

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
15 L of H 2 gas at STP
5 L of N 2 gas at STP
0.5 g of H 2 gas
10 g of O 2 gas
Directions
(Q. No. 29 and 30) In the following question more

than one of the answers may be correct. Select the correct
answers and mark it according to the codes.
Codes
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(c) 2 and 4 are correct
(b) 1 and 2 are correct

(d) 1 and 3 are correct
29. Number of atoms in 560 g of Fe is (Given : atomic mass

of Fe 56 g mol 1)
1. twice that of 70g N
3. half that of 72g C
2. half that of 20 g H
4. twice that of 40 g N
30. Match the following Column I and Column II and choose

the correct code given below.
Column I
Excess O 2
A.
6gC
B.
56 g CO
C.
10.6 g Na 2CO 3
D.
100 g CaCO 3
Combustion
Excess O 2
Combustion
Excess HCl
Column II
1. 44.8 L CO 2
2. 22.4 L CO 2
3. 11.2 L CO 2
4. 2.24 L CO 2
Codes
A B C D
(a) 1 4 3 2
(b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 3 1 4 2
(d) 4 2 3 1
Directions (Q. Nos. 31 to 35) Each of these questions contains

two statements : Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions
also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct
answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c), (d) given
below
(a) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a correct
explanation for Assertion.
(b) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is not a correct
explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, Reason is true.
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31. Assertion Equivalent weight of ozone in the change
O3
O 2 is 8.
3
Reason 1 mole of O 3 on decomposition gives moles of
2
O 2.
39. Gram molecular volume of oxygen at STP is [AFMC 2011]

(a) 3200 cm 3
(c) 22400 cm 3
40. The weight of iron which will be converted into its oxide
(Fe 3O 4 ) by the action of 18 g of steam on it will be
32. Assertion The molality of the solution does not change

with change in temperature.
Reason The molality of the solution is expressed in units
of moles per 1000 g of solvent.
33. Assertion A solution which contains one gram equivalent

of solute per litre of solution is known as molar solution.
mol. wt. of solute
Reason Normality molarity
eq. wt. of solute
34. Assertion Normality and molarity can be calculated from
each other.
Reason Normality is equal to the product of molarity
an n.
(b) 5600 cm 3
(d) 11200 cm 3
(at. wt. of Fe
56)
[AIIMS 2011]
(a) 168 g
(c) 42 g
(b) 84 g
(d) 21 g
41. The number of atoms in 0.1 mole of a triatomic gas is

(N A 6.02 1023 mol 1)
[CBSE-AIPMT 2010]
(a) 6.026 10 22
(b) 1.806 10 23
(c) 3.600 10 23
(d) 1.800 10 22
42. If 1 mL of water contains 20 drops then number of

molecules in a drop of water is
[AFMC 2010]
(a) 6.023 10 23 molecules
35. Assertion Equal moles of different substances contain

same number of constituent particles.
(b) 1.376 10 26 molecules
Reason Equal weights of different substances contain

the same number of constituent particles. [AIIMS 2011]
(d) 4.346 10 20 molecules
36. 2.76 g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated yield

a residue weighing
[AFMC 2012]
(a) 2.16 g
(c) 2.64 g
(c) 1.344 1018 molecules
43. In an experiment, 4 g of M2O x oxide was reduced to 2.8 g

of the metal. If the atomic mass of the metal is 56 g
mol 1, the number of O atoms in the oxide is [AFMC 2010]
(a) 1
(c) 3
(b) 2.48 g
(d) 2.32 g
37. The decomposition of a certain mass of CaCO 3 gave

3
11.2 dm of CO 2 gas at STP. The mass of KOH required

to completely neutralise the gas is
(a) 56 g
(c) 42 g
[AIIMS 2012]
(b) 28 g
(d) 20 g
38. What is the equivalent weight of SnCl2 in the following

reaction, SnCl2 Cl 2
SnCl4?
[AFMC 2011]
(a) 95
(b) 45
(c) 60
(b) 2
(d) 4
44. 0.037 g of an alcohol, R OH was added to C 2H5MgI

and the gas evolved measured 11.2 cc at STP. The
molecular mass of R OH will be
[AIIMS 2010]
(a) 47
(c) 77
(b) 79
(d) 74
45. The equivalent weight of H3PO 2, when it

disproportionates into PH3 and H3PO 3 is
[AIIMS 2010]
(a) 82
(c) 41
(d) 30
(b) 61.5
(d) 20.5
Answers
1.
11.
21.
31.
41.
(c)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
2.
12.
22.
32.
42.
(b)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c)
3.
13.
23.
33.
43.
(d)
(a)
(d)
(d)
(c)
4.
14.
24.
34.
44.
(a)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(d)
5.
15.
25.
35.
45.
(a)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
6.
16.
26.
36.
(c)
(d)
(d)
(a)
7.
17.
27.
37.
(d)
(a)
(d)
(b)
8.
18.
28.
38.
(a)
(d)
(a)
(a)
9
9.
19.
29.
39.
(c)
(c)
(b)
(b)
10.
20.
30.
40.
(b)
(c)
(c)
(c)

Composite
Hints & Solutions

x
1. Average atomic mass A
a
x
35 x1
x1
355
.
x1
y2
37 y2
y2
2.66
10
g-atom of A
8.
23
Weight of Cl 2
10 23 g mol
6.02
23
6.02 10 23
that of oxygen
8g
Thus, one equivalent of oxide
32 8 40 g
8 100
Percentage of oxygen in oxide
20%
40
4.
CaCO 3 (s)
CaO(s)
1 mol = 56 g
0.05 mol = 2.8 g
1 mol = 100 g
0.05 mol = 5 g pure
9. Meq of H2SO 4 Meq of SO 3 Meq of NaOH

0.5 a
49
5g impurity,
a
% of SO 3
5.0 g
7.8 g
5.
HCl + NaOH
Meq of Na
6.
73
V and N (HCl)
36.5
35.5
n
Eq. wt. of metal
11.
Meq of HCl
0.46
73
1000
V
23
36.5
100
6.4
0.13
Let the metal chloride be MCl n .
49.23 n
Meq of NaOH
meq N
0.103
0.103
0.5
At. wt. of metal
1
NaOH + H 2
2
NaCl + H 2O
Na + H 2O
1000 26.7 0.4
6CaO
6(40
16)
(336)
+
4
3.9 4
49.23
12.3
4
P4O10
2Ca 3 (PO 4 )2
31 10
284
16
Q 284 g P4O10 required CaO 336 g

336 852
852 g P4O10 required CaO
284
12. Milimoles of AgNO 3
0.1 V
Meq of NaOH
milimoles of NaCl
milimoles of NO 3
0.2 V
0.1 V
Meq of HCl
Meq of H 2SO 4
Total meq of acid
1
5
100
1
10
20
50
20
100 10
10 30
50 30
20
Thus, resulting solution is alkaline in nature.
1008 g
volume of mixture V V 2 V
0.1 V
[NO 3 ]
0.05
2V
13. Weight of C-14 isotope in 12 g sample
Total meq of base (NaOH) 50

Meq of NaOH left
49.23
190
10 mL
100 0.5
20.6%
10. Mol. wt. of metal chloride 95 2 190
CaO(s) left 2.8 g

Impurity
a
80 / 2
1000
CO 2 (g )
22.4 L at STP
1.12 L at STP
Impure CaCO 3 taken 10 g (5g pure CaCO 3

as CaCO 3 is 50% pure)
Total residue
20
E g metal will displace 1g H 2 and since, 2 g H 2 is displaced

by same amount. Thus, 2E g of metal are used. Therefore, 2E
( 2 20 40) is atomic weight of metal.
3. Equivalent weight of element 32 g

and
111 71 40 g
Equivalent of Cl Equivalent of metal

71 40
35.5 E
32
2.66 10
1 : 1, Hence, formula of
111 g
Weight of metal
atomic mass
Thus, number of moles in 32 g
71 g
Weight of chloride
23
Ratio of g-atoms of A and B

compound is AB.
3:1
2. Mass of one atom 2 .66 10
75
75
25
g-atom of B
25
7.
3
1
x1 : y2
Mass of N0 atoms
y
y
Number of C-14 isotope
2 12
100
2 12 6.02 10 23
100 14
1.032 10 22 atom
10

Composite
11

14.
40
H 2O
nCaC 2
2
HC
CH
Molecular formula (Empirical formula) n
Polymerisation
(C 3H 4N)2
12 = 64
(CH 2
(12
64 n kg CaC 2 gives
28 n kg polyethylene
28 n 20
20 kg CaC 2 gives
8.74 kg
64n
CH 2 )n
12
28 n
1)n
C 6H 8N 2
Whydroxide
21.
Emetal
0.995
E 8
22. 2MnO 4
10 0.1 V
V
OH
1.520
E 17
15. Meq of oxalic acid Meq of NaOH

6.3 1000
63 250
Woxide
E metal E O
5 SO 23
6H
16. Molecular weight of C 60H122
12 60
Weight of one molecule of compound
1 122
842
6.023 10 23
21
23.
wt.
Normality
0.45 20 0.5
E
1000
40 g
1 g eq
45
90
45
24. 10% glucose solution means 10 g
dRT
p
Hence, 1 mole of glucose will present in

0.1 180
1.8 L
10
1 4
25. Ratio of moles of O 2 and N2
:
7 : 32
32 28
1.293 0.0821 273

1
2 vd
28.98
14.49
2
vd
Element
Ratio
(by weight)
Atomic
weight
12
3.5
14
Empirical formula
Molecular weight
26.
2 Al 2O 3 + 3C
3
Mol Ratio
Simplest
Mol Ratio
9
0.75
12
1
1.00
1
3.5
0.25
14
0.75
0.25
1.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
3
4
27.
3 12
108
Molecular weight
Empirical formula weight
4 1
14 54
2H 2 + O 2
2 mol
4Al + 3CO 2
12
36
27
108
Q 108 kg of Al required C 36 kg
36 270
270 kg of Al required C
108
2 vol
30 mL
C 3H 4N
and empirical formula weight
10
moles are present in
180
100 cc i.e., 0.1 L
28.98g mol
0.2 1000
0.2 1000
36
5.55 mL
NaH 2PO 4 + H 2O
Q Molecular mass
108
54
36 N
N2V2
98 g
1 g eq
Molecular mass
Q n
N1V1
36 V
19. Density 0.001293 g /cc or 1.293 g /L
20.
density
eq. wt.
98 1.8 10
49
17. Gram equivalents of acid gram equivalents of KOH
18. NaOH + H3PO 4
3H 2O
2
moles of MnO 4
5
10
1 mole of sulphite ion react with
842
1.4 10
Basicity
5SO 24
Q 5 moles of sulphite ion react with 2 moles of MnO 4
40 mL
E
molecular wt.
eqivalent wt.
2 Mn 2
90 kg
2H 2O
2 mol
1 mol
1 vol
2 vol
15 mL
30 mL
Therefore, oxygen is in excess and amount of oxygen left

20 15 5 mL
28. (a) In 15 L of H2 gas, the number of molecules

6.023 10 23
22.4
15
4.033 10 23
11

Composite
12

(b) In 5 L of N 2 gas, the number of molecules
6.023 10
22.4
23
(D)
40
CaCO 3
CaO + CO 2
12 3 16
100 g
22.4 L
100 g calcium carbonate on decomposition gives

22.4 L CO 2
1.344 10 23
31.
(c) In 0.5 g of H 2 gas, the number of molecules

6.023 10 23
2
in Just 40 Days
2O 3
0.5
3O 2
2 mol O 3
3 mol O 2
3
M
6
EO 3
1.505 10 23
(d) In 10 g of O 2 gas, the number of molecules
6.023 10 23
32
1.882
10
48
6
23
Hence, maximum molecules are present in 15 L of H 2 at STP.
29. Number of atoms
mass
atomic mass
N0
32. Molality does not depend upon volume of the solution as

molarity or normality. So, it does not depend upon
temperature.
solution is known as molar solution (M).
Normality
(where n
mol. wt. of solute

eq. wt. of solute
mol. wt. of solute/ eq. wt. of solute)
35. Equal moles of different substances contain same number

of constituent particles but equal weights of different
substances do not contain the same number of constituent
particles.
2 number of atoms in 70 g N
1
number of atoms in 20 g H.
2
12 g
molarity
34. Normality molarity n
Number of atoms in 560 g Fe
36. 2Ag 2CO 3

2
276 g
4Ag
4
+ 2CO 2 + O 2
108 g
Q 2 276 g of Ag 2CO 3 gives
Excess O 2
CO 2
Combustion
1 g of Ag 2CO 3 gives
22.4 L
Q 12 g carbon on combustion gives
22.4 L CO 2
2(12
16)
Excess O 2
37.
2CO 2
Combustion
2
Na 2CO 3
23 12
=160 g
16
2NaCl
4 108 2.76
2 276
16 1
56 g
+ CO 2
22.4 dm 3
Q 22.4 dm 3CO 2 required KOH
56 g carbon monoxide on combustion gives

44.8 L CO 2
(C)
KOH
39
22.4 L
44.8L
Excess HCl
108 g Ag
2.16 g Ag
11.2 L CO 2
2CO
4 108
g Ag
2 276
2.76 g of Ag 2CO 3 gives
22.4 6
6 g carbon on combustion will give
CO 2
12
(B)
33. A solution which contains one gram mole of solute per litre of
560
(i) Number of atoms in 560 g Fe
N0 10 N0
56
70
(ii) Number of atoms in 70 g N
N0 5N0
14
20
(iii) Number of atoms in 20 g H
N0 20 N0
1
72
(iv) Number of atoms in 72 g C
N0 6N0
12
42
(v) Number of atoms in 42 g N
N0 3N0
14
30. (A) C
2 eq O 2
KHCO 3
56 g
11.2 dm 3 CO 2 will require KOH
56 11.2
22.4
28 g
H 2O + CO 2
22.4 L
106 g sodium carbonate gives
22.4 L CO 2
22.4 10.6
10.6 g sodium carbonate will give
106
2.24 L CO 2
38. Equivalent weight of

SnCl 2
mol. wt. 119

2
2 35.5
2
190
2
95
39. Gram molecular volume of oxygen at STP is 5.6 L or

5600 cm 3 .
12

Composite
13

40.
3Fe
3
+ 4H 2O
56 g
168 g
2.8
1.2
Fe 3O 4 + 4H 2
18 g
72 g
atomic wt. of metal

eq. wt. of metal
Valency of metal
Q 72 g steam requires Fe 168 g

18 g steam requires Fe
168 18
72
10 23
0.1 6.02
56
18.67
42 g
41. Number of atoms number of moles NA
atomicity
C 2H 5MgI
C 2H 6 + RMgI
11.2 cc
Q 11.2 cc gas is evolved by alcohol
6.023 10 23
0.037 g
22400 cc gas will be evolved by alcohol

0.037
11.2
In 1 mL, the number of water molecules

23
22400
74 g
45. The reaction can be written as
Since, 1 mL contains 20 drops,

therefore, number of water molecules in 1 drop
6.023 10 23
22400 20
H 3PO 2
PH 3 + H 3PO 3
Molecular weight of H 3PO 2
1.344 1018 molecules
31
82
82
Equivalent weight
1~( 3) 1~ 3
43. Mass of oxygen in oxide 4 2.8 12

. g
mass of metal
mass of oxygen
OH
0.037
42. Q 22400 mL water contains, water molecules
Eq. wt. of metal
44. R
1.806 10 23 atoms
6.023 10
22400
8 18.67
82
4
82
2
61.5
13
48
82

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Some Basic Concepts

Topics to Learn on Day

The International System of Units

A unit is defined as standard reference chosen to measure any physical

*These are two dimensionless supplementary units.

Chemistry : General Introduction

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Encounter with NEET Chemistry

kilogram per cubic meter

kilogram per mole

mole per cubic meter

Precision and Accuracy

Significant Figures (SF)

Rules for Counting Significant Figures

(iii) In case of multiplication and/or division, the result,

(iv) In case of addition/substraction, the result must be

+ 2.22 + 0.222 = 24.642 = 24.6

(v) Exact numbers can be considered to have an unlimited

Concept of Element, Atom and

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Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

another and to volume of products, when all measurements

6. Avogadros Law (Mole concept)

atomic/ molecular weight

1023 atoms /molecules/ions

Laws of Chemical Combination

There are the following six laws of chemical combination.

This theory was based on laws of chemical combinations.

1. Law of Conservation of Mass

1. Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms.

2. Atoms are extremely small, invisible, indivisible and

According to this law during any physical or chemical

3. Atoms of the same element are alike in properties but

This law is not applicable to nuclear reactions, because in

4. Atoms combine in small whole numbers to form

2. Law of Definite Proportions or

3. Law of Multiple Proportions

5. Compound atoms (i.e., molecules) of a substance are

Atomic Weight, Molecular Weight

4. Law of Reciprocal Proportions or

5. Law of Combining Volumes

Atomic mass unit(1 amu) or unified mass unit (u)

Gram atomic mass is atomic mass of element expressed

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Encounter with NEET Chemistry

It is the parts of a substance that combines with or

(ii) Equivalent weight of acid /base

(Where, basicity = no. of replaceable H

acidity = no. of replaceable OH )

(iii) Equivalent weight of salt

Methods for Determining Atomic Weight

(ii) Dulong and Petits method

(i) Molecular weight = 2

and r2 are rate of diffusion of gases; M 1 and M2 are

depression in freezing point

where, K f is molal depression constant

Approximate atomic weight

(c) The method is used to determine atomic weight of

Methods for Determining Molecular

(i) Equivalent weight of element

Methods for Determining Equivalent

Atomic weight of gas