The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)

|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 8 || Pages || PP -49-55|| 2015 ||

ISSN (e): 2319 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 1805

Socio-cultural Study of the Unattended Urban Poor

(Study of the Poor in the City of Kendari)
Hasan Aedy
Faculty of Business and Economics, Halu Oleo University, Southeast Sulawesi of Indonesia.
-------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------------This study was conducted in capital city of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study objectives were to
find out factors that cause the poverty of the unattended poor in urban areas as well as to determine the most
appropriate form of intervention suiting their condition. The research method was case study with qualitative
approach through in-depth interview. Sampling was done through snowball sampling technique. The number of
sample saturated after the informant reached 10 persons. The research population was the urban poor working
as beggars, scavengers, and casual laborers. They live and earn a living in the city of Kendari. To obtain
reliable data the research used sources triangulation, time triangulation, and techniques triangulation. The
results of the study were as follows: (1) The unattended urban poor in this region are poor people, most of
whom are poor of property, poor of knowledge, poor of morals and poor of faith (religion). They are poor of
faith for not performing the command of God and performing activities prohibited by Allah instead; (2) The
unattended urban poor in this region are those who suffer structural poverty as they have no access to decent
work, receive no attention from the government and rich people nearby as well as often beyond the reach of
formal assistance structure. In addition, they accept zakah (alms-giving) or social aid as sympathy to survive;
(3) The unattended urban poor in this area are commonly coming migrants who do not possess production
factors of land unless their workforce only; (4) A few of the unattended urban poor in this region is culturally
poor since they do not want to be regulated, be lazy and disobedient and it accounts for why some of them
survive by expecting the mercy of others, even stealing and taking away the rights of others; (5) The unattended
urban poor in this region are those who are in need of both psychological and social empowerment in terms of
knowledge, mental and faith.

Keywords - Poor, Urban, Displaced, Empowered, Social, Cultural

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------Date of Submission: 21 August 2015
Date of Accepted: 28 August 2015
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

I.

INTRODUCTION

Poverty has become a development issue in many developing countries including in Indonesia. The
government and non-governmental organizations that are concerned about poverty have been trying to alleviate
poverty in many countries. However, poverty looks like a chronic disease which is very difficult to heal
completely. At one time, the number of the poor is decreased, but another time it is suddenly increased again
only due to inflation or economic crisis that hit the country. In this regard, there are a wide range of factors that
drive poverty in addition to cultural factors, such as natural factor, global factor and ideological factor. Thus
poverty is a complex matter that must be overcome through formula that could best address its causes and
involve many interdisciplinary expertises.
This study specifically raises the issue of urban poverty that is the poor whom are marginalized most and
unattended. Furthermore, this research is to find the best formula to strengthen the poor, especially those who
still have the potential to be empowered. Meanwhile those who could not be empowered will be given
assistance throughout lifetime and thereby even if they remain poor, they will not become a source of crime that
may be impacted by poverty.
Based on national data in 2014, people living in poverty make up around 10.5 percent of the Indonesian
total population. Poor individuals in the research site are still about 7 percent of the total population of 331.013
inhabitants. In other words, the number of poor people in the region of the research is over 20.000, an amount
that can be alert for the whole society if it is not handled appropriately. Therefore, this study intends to find a
pathway out of the urban poverty occurred especially to group who are extremely poor and neglected in the
capital city of Kendari.

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II.

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Philosophy of Poverty

The world with its all phenomena is created in pairs. There are earth and sky, day and night, moon and star
as natural phenomena. There are also destitution and welfare, success and failure, rich and poor and so on as
social phenomena. The secret concealed in such a circumstance is definitely not something contemptible and
useless. Everything has wisdom and virtue to the mankind of the entire world. One of the problems includes
within undesired condition by human in general is poverty. In a broad sense poor means insufficiency, it may be
in terms of knowledge, energy and possession. Therefore, there are poor in science, poor in effort and poor in
properties. If all the three are not owned by someone, then it is a perfect poverty. However, it is commonly
found in the universe that God has provided sustenance for human to carry on living. Such a symptom does not
only occur to human being, but also to other creatures (Hasan Aedy, 2011).
The potential for life is a gift from God that should be understood by humans and the life itself is natural
phenomenon that relates to social phenomenon in all lines the human go through. One of the lines mostly gone
through by human is that of poverty. Lots of human are forcibly placed within poverty line, or even below. Poor
in knowledge, poor in possession and poor in power are an interrelated set of three. It could be that poor in
possession is a result of poor in knowledge, or poor in power. In contrast, poor in knowledge could be a result of
poor in possessions and poor in power. Therefore to reduce poverty, there should be an accurate investigation
first or a direct examination in the field to see what drives or the root of poverty that afflict human. Based on the
results of the expert studies on poverty throughout the history, Hasan Aedy (2014) summarizes at least five
different points of view among one another as follows:
1. Functional point of view, this viewpoint comes from theory of evolution which states that the main cause of
underdevelopment is the habit or tradition (traditionalism). So it is human itself who occupies a key position in the case of backwardness or poverty. Although this view originates from F. Hegel's thought, but the
most famous figure developing this view is A. Comte (1798-1857), a famous French sociologist who suggests formula to change the mindset of the traditional society. Thus, the capability of the changer (change
agent) is essentially required to perform social engineering as accurately as possible.
2. Modernism point of view, this viewpoint stems from functional thought, which according to sociological
jargon is known as paradigm of modernization. According to this view, backwardness or poverty occurs
due to the malfunction of the internal components, which is resulted from human stupidity, low level of
education, poor culture and poor quality of health. According to this view is the people themselves who
cause poverty, not because of external factors. Therefore, the recipe to deal with poverty is to improve the
adverse conditions they experience by means of enhancing quality of human resources through education
and appropriate illumination by which they are introduced to the advancement of the outside world in the
hope that they are not shackled by stupidity. While McLelland, in his psychological view, notices poverty
as a highly individual factor namely the poor as a result of the inability of an individual in actualizing the
entrepreneurial spirit that exists or the individual itself does not have the entrepreneurial spirit and thus he is
poor.
3. Optimistic point of view, optimistic viewpoint is a perspective to see the world as a field of struggle and
fight to improve the fate. This view holds that poverty is not a twist of fate. Therefore poverty can be overcome and eradicated from earth. The noteworthy is what the background of the poverty is. It is not uncommon that within the struggle of human life there is a close relationship among each other although the relationship could be beneficial or detrimental. Hence poverty caused by human mistake both individually and
collectively can definitely alleviated by means of correcting that mistake. This is the optimistic view that
willingly sacrifices mind, effort and money no matter how much, to improve the life of people who are
trapped by poverty. This view has encouraged many countries around the world to eradicate poverty suffered by the mankind.
4. Fatalistic point of view, this viewpoint is a perspective which states that poverty is destiny or twist of fate
that must be passed by a part of some people as a social phenomenon that cannot be avoided. This view is
based on the natural phenomenon created by the Creator in pairs. On the natural phenomena there are day
and night, earth and sky, mountain and valley and so on. All the phenomena created by the Creator is not
vain or without purpose, but for the sake of human itself. Similarly, on social phenomena in which the poor
living around the rich is not something strange and useless, but has a very significant meaning for human
life to complement each other in meeting the needs of each. The rich people have financial capability as
they possess brilliant brain and or professional skills that can provide them a much higher income compared
to those around. Even so, the rich however, do not have plenty of time and energy to perform manual labor
or dirty. For this reason, the rich people need the poor people to supplement or help carry out tasks that are

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also important for the life of the rich, and the rich are in partnership with the poor to meet their needs
through the provision of adequate income for a life. This is what is meant by social phenomena that pairs
not collide. Such a view tends to let the poverty run naturally, not to be eradicated completely.
5. Convergence of optimistic and fatalistic point of view, another viewpoint is a view that is a combination or
synthesis of optimistic and fatalistic outlook. This view is neither entirely optimistic nor fatalistic though.
According to this view poverty is an adverse condition experienced by human in life that must be taken seriously by all parties, including the poor themselves since the poverty that people experience should be
solved with existing capabilities. If an individual has made a maximum effort, but has not managed to overcome his poverty a hundred percent, then his poverty must be accepted as twist of fate. Such poverty is not
a lot. The individuals with such poverty encounter barriers to have them repaired to repair on their own.
They could be those who are physically or mentally weak, disabled and powerless. Also, they could be
among those who do not care about economic interest (worldly). They seek out sustenance simply to survive. They are the remaining poor who are the pair of the rich people as part of an inevitable social phenomenon that will give wisdom for human life.
2.2 Theory and conventional causes of poverty
Cultural poverty
This kind of poverty stems from culture of poor owned by a group of people who are still statictraditional. The main figure who had studied the cultural poverty is Oscar Lewis (1966 in Jamaluddin, 1995).
Lewis stated that poverty is a culture that occurs because of the economy suffering (economic deprivation)
which lasts longer. Such mental attitudes as unwilling to work, lazy, apathetic, fatalistic and pampered by the
grace of nature are parts of the culture of poor.
Furthermore Ancok (1995) added that people who grow up in a culture of poverty have personality traits
such as feeling themselves useless, being fully desperate, feeling inferior, and becoming heavily dependent upon
others. In addition, such people do not have a strong personality (ego strength), are less able to control
themselves, easily impulsive and highly oriented in the present without thinking about the future. All these traits
make the poor difficult to plan for the future.
Structural poverty
This kind of poverty is directly related to the behavior of people both government and non-government
agencies, and individuals and groups including all the rules and law products made by human that perpetuating
poverty. Actions which either oppress and exploit the poor for personal interest or fulfill the greed of those
possessing power, assets and intelligence are among attitudes that preserve poverty. Similarly, the rules and
laws that do not favor the poor people is a fetter for them to remain poor. This is where the role of government
and all state agencies representing the state make rules and policies that benefit the poor with honest
implementation in the field.
Sayogio (1993 in Mubyarto, 1995) who argued about the inequality mentioned that in broad outline
inequality is mostly driven by two main things: (1) market failure and (2) Political failure. Market failure is
directly related to inability of market to access the poor because of their low purchasing power due to low wages
and other income they receive as part of the exploitation of people who are more dominant in terms of power
and wealth. While political failure directly related to the political will and government policies that fail to raise
the dignity of the poor. In line with the above-mentioned opinion, Heru Nugroho (1995), raised about the
dimensions of poverty that poverty is not simply to do with economic issues but is multi-dimensional since in
fact it is also related to non-economic issues (socio-cultural and political).
Natural poverty
It is poverty that occurs due to natural disasters or disability, either physical or mental disability.
Disability may be because of an accident or natural disaster, but can also occur without any known reason, for
instance congenital disorder or disease. Commonly the poor resulted from disaster raises serious concerns of
government and community, especially when it happens massively. Rather contrast, the poor because of
disability or physical barriers has not received peoples attention.
From all levels of poverty that fall into this category, poverty due to physical or mental disability is the
hardest to resolve. There is virtually no way for those who are weak mentally to be independent. Thus, they are
indeed the ones who are targeted by charity such as zakat (alms-giving), infaq, and sadaqah which are
permanent (Aedy, 2011). Related to the causes of poverty, Chambers (2003) describes that poverty especially in
rural areas has five characteristics; they are material poverty, physical weakness, isolation and remoteness,
vulnerability, and powerlessness. The most noteworthy is vulnerability and powerlessness. Vulnerability
according to Chamber is inability to deal with emergency situations, such as crop failure or sudden illness

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strikes. It can also be said that vulnerability is state of being unprepared both mentally and materially in the face
of difficult situations they experience.
2.3 Causes of poverty in perspective of Islamic economics
The error of distribution system
Islam strongly protects the property rights of individual such as laws of inheritance, but at the same time
it gives priority to the needs of people. As a proof, the word zakat is mentioned by the Lord many times in the
Qur'an after the word prayers, and also there are many hadith talking about it. Zakat is a form of social security
insurance in Islam for the need of many people (distribution system). If the distribution system is not going well
then there is inequality and poverty. A joint research conducted by Islamic Bank, University of Indonesia, and
Bogor Institute of Agriculture in 2011 can account for one form of distribution error. The data of the research
mentioned that the zakat potential in Indonesia is 217 trillion rupiah, the realization however, only 1.5 trillion
rupiah (www.bmh.or.id).
Sufism
Many Muslims were misled by Sufism and view the world as carcass which is unnecessary to be
contested since fighting over the carcass is an act of hungry animal. This understanding is obviously exhaled by
the enemies of Islam and orientals in order for Muslim to get weakened. They make up fake hadith to justify
that sustenance will surely come simply by dhikr (remembrance). In fact remembrance should be parallel with
the effort made.
Secularism
Lack of knowledge about business among Muslims that causes them left behind non-Muslims. This is the
result of secularism in Indonesia. Separation of religious practice from life affairs is a part of a system that
occurs in this country. It is often found graduates of religious schools are rich with knowledge of fiqh (Islamic
jurisprudence) but less familiar with muamalat jurisprudence (Islamic commercial and civil acts). Such a
circumstance leaves them incompetent to deal with business matter which makes them hard to get chance to
work and thus become poor. In contrast, a public school graduate is more likely to be skilled in business world
but lacking of knowledge in fiqh of prayer, fasting or hajj. They eventually spiritually split and dry and even
behave very badly.
Solely a test from Allah
Lots of people have birth defects, are physically weak, feeble-minded, paralyzed, childless, or left dead
by spouse. Some do not have parent and relatives or have tried hard but still poor. These are those who are
tested by Allah. Differences in shape, appearance, sustenance, skin color, or clever and stupid, strong and weak,
indeed are the will of Allah. In accordance with His word "And Allah has favored some of you over others in
provision (QS [16]: 71) (Gusfahmi, 2009).
According to Zen-Zen Zainal (2014), poverty in the view of Islam cannot be separated from God's
destiny or decree, so that the difference in way of viewing poverty is in accordance with the difference in
dealing with destiny or decision of Allah. Islam's view on poverty is not similar to that of Jabariah faith
adherent who believe that what happens to human is purely a decision of Allah, nor as believed by adherents of
Qadariah faith that whatever they undergo is purely their own choice which means that being poor is their own
fault. Thus, the Islamic point of view stands between the two faiths, which views poverty as a part of the
humans effort on one hand and also merely because of what Gods decision on the other hand. This viewpoint
has been in line with the word of God in the glorious Koran that explains that he who extends and restricts
provision to whom he will (refer to surah Az-zumar verse 52 and surah Ar-Raaf verse 26). Meanwhile, there are
a great deal of verses telling human to make efforts for instance in surah Al Qasash verse 77 and surah Ar-Rad
verse 11 (a result of interview with Zen-Zen Zaenal on August 22, 2014).

III. RESEARCH METHODS

The research was conducted in the city of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi province. The object of study
was the factors that cause poverty specifically the most marginalized and unattended poor throughout city of
Kendari. The research employed case study with qualitative approach using snowball sampling. So the number
of samples chosen terminated after information saturated.
To obtain the reliable and valid data, this study did triangulation as follows:
1. Source triangulation, which is approaching different source of informants
2. Time triangulation, the same informants were approached in different point of time
3. Techniques triangulation, by which the informants were approached in different ways.

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While the data processing was done gradually through following phases:
1. Identification and coding, by giving a code on the information or data that corresponded to the research
needs.
2. Reduction, which is the removal of the unnecessary information
3. Grouping, where the information or data was grouped based on theme code that has been done.
4. Sorting, in which the grouped data was sorted in sequence according to a predetermined pattern of analysis.
5. Interpretation and conclusion, where the sorted data was interpreted in accordance with empirical phenomena, and afterwards conclusion was made.
6. Synthesis, it was carried out in accordance with the concepts and empirical phenomena.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This research has succeeded collecting the data or information required. Using the case study method and
qualitative approach, this study took the informants through snowball sampling. By this technique, the research
selected 10 persons as sample.
The research results achieved were as follows:
1. Revealing the condition of the urban poor group whom are marginalized most and unattended. They are not
only poor in possessions, but also poor in knowledge, poor mentally and poor in faith as well. They are generally experiencing structural poverty as they cannot access the government and the rich people nearby. They
claim to have not been involved in any empowerment program, despite their potential still exist to change
their fate.
2. Revealing the condition of the most marginalized and unattended urban poor groups, which in fact are driven
by multi-causes of poverty. For this reason, their empowerment requires more solid cooperation between the
government and all parties concerned with the poor.
3. Revealing the conditions of urban poor groups which are marginalized most and neglected that in general are
migrants coming from other parts of Indonesia, so they do not possess land factor of production as indigenous people do and it accounts for why they earn a living in urban relying only on labor factors of production
which is they themselves.
4. Revealing the condition of the most marginalized and neglected urban poor groups that they are chained with
bad habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol, begging or liking a low productive work, even stealing or
robbing other people's rights.
5. Revealing the form of attention and empowerment required by urban poor groups whom are marginalized
most and unattended by involving various parties concerned with poverty. They also require public advocacy
of non-governmental organizations that care about them.
6. Revealing the conditions of the unattended urban poor who have been living with a very low productivity or
leading a miserable existence by asking for the mercy of others or stealing by taking away others right.
They lose guidance and do not get any supervision from anybody and therefore their life is getting more and
more destitute.
7. The best solution to strengthen them is through empowerment that suit best their potential and condition,
while those who could not be empowered because of socio-cultural barriers and physical barriers should be
given charity throughout lifetime in order to prevent them from doing crime that harm people.

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Based on the analysis of this study, the researcher took conclusion as follows:
1. The most marginalized and unattended urban poor in this area are those who experience dual poverty (multi
poverty) as they are not only poor in possessions, but also poor in knowledge, poor in morals (mental), and
poor in faith.
2. The most marginalized and unattended urban poor in this region experience poverty of faith because they do
not observe God's commandments and do what is prohibited instead. In addition, in average they experience
poverty due to being very low educated and unskilled
3. The most marginalized and unattended urban poor in this region are also mentally poor mental because most
of them do not have good relationships with other people around, even some have bad habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol.

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4. The most marginalized and unattended urban poor in this area are mostly incoming migrants who do not
own land factor of production, except for their own labor. Therefore they are forced to willingly do work
with low productivity plus expect the mercy of others and commit crime such as stealing or taking the rights
of others away.
5. A vast majority of the most marginalized and unattended urban poor in this region, undergo structural poverty since most of them do not get the attention of governments and of the rich people, even they do not have
access to pay visit and extend relationship with the rich people and the ruler throughout his life. Thus they
live in urban areas without guidance and coaching suiting their needs
6. Some of the most marginalized and unattended urban poor in this area are people who are culturally poor as
they are naughty, unwanted to be regulated and even potentially to commit crime
The analysis and conclusions of this study, it is recommended as follows:
1. Since the poverty occurs to the most marginalized and unattended group of poor in the region is mostly dual
(multi poverty), then it is not enough to simply empower them economically, but it is also important to empower them mentally as well as in terms of science and knowledge and faith.
2. Since the unattended urban poor in this region cannot access or extend relationship with the rich and the ruler, then there should be non-governmental organizations advocating them to be able to express their aspirations or stay in touch with the rich and the ruler of the region.
3. Since the government's efforts to alleviate poverty over the years have mostly failed, then it is the right time
for the government to cooperate with the ulema or Islamic economic experts, to leverage sharia financial resources such as zakat, grants, donations and sadaqah in their empowerment.
4. Since the most marginalized and unattended urban poor living in this region do not own land, then it is the
time for the government to provide them with very simple, in order for them to be easily guided and empower in accordance with their potentials. Meanwhile, those who cannot be empowered because of physical and
socio-cultural barriers should be given income support for lifetime. Doing so, other people are not potentially threatened by the crime that they may commit at any time for simply meeting their basic needs, or for revenging to the rich who do not pay attention to them.

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