In 2

First Edition
GATE
Instrumentation Engineering
Engineering Mathematics
Vol 2 of 5
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
NODIA & COMPANY
GATE Instrumentation Engineering Vol 2, 1e

Engineering Mathematics
RK Kanodia and Ashish Murolia
Copyright By NODIA & COMPANY
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To Our Parents
Preface to the Series

For almost a decade, we have been receiving tremendous responses from GATE aspirants for our earlier books:
GATE Multiple Choice Questions, GATE Guide, and the GATE Cloud series. Our first book, GATE Multiple
Choice Questions (MCQ), was a compilation of objective questions and solutions for all subjects of GATE
Electronics & Communication Engineering in one book. The idea behind the book was that Gate aspirants who
had just completed or about to finish their last semester to achieve his or her B.E/B.Tech need only to practice
answering questions to crack GATE. The solutions in the book were presented in such a manner that a student
needs to know fundamental concepts to understand them. We assumed that students have learned enough of
the fundamentals by his or her graduation. The book was a great success, but still there were a large ratio of
aspirants who needed more preparatory materials beyond just problems and solutions. This large ratio mainly
included average students.
Later, we perceived that many aspirants couldnt develop a good problem solving approach in their B.E/B.Tech.
Some of them lacked the fundamentals of a subject and had difficulty understanding simple solutions. Now,
we have an idea to enhance our content and present two separate books for each subject: one for theory, which
contains brief theory, problem solving methods, fundamental concepts, and points-to-remember. The second book
is about problems, including a vast collection of problems with descriptive and step-by-step solutions that can
be understood by an average student. This was the origin of GATE Guide (the theory book) and GATE Cloud
(the problem bank) series: two books for each subject. GATE Guide and GATE Cloud were published in three
subjects only.
Thereafter we received an immense number of emails from our readers looking for a complete study package
for all subjects and a book that combines both GATE Guide and GATE Cloud. This encouraged us to present
GATE Study Package (a set of 10 books: one for each subject) for GATE Electronic and Communication
Engineering. Each book in this package is adequate for the purpose of qualifying GATE for an average student.
Each book contains brief theory, fundamental concepts, problem solving methodology, summary of formulae,
and a solved question bank. The question bank has three exercises for each chapter: 1) Theoretical MCQs, 2)
Numerical MCQs, and 3) Numerical Type Questions (based on the new GATE pattern). Solutions are presented
in a descriptive and step-by-step manner, which are easy to understand for all aspirants.
We believe that each book of GATE Study Package helps a student learn fundamental concepts and develop
problem solving skills for a subject, which are key essentials to crack GATE. Although we have put a vigorous
effort in preparing this book, some errors may have crept in. We shall appreciate and greatly acknowledge all
constructive comments, criticisms, and suggestions from the users of this book. You may write to us at rajkumar.
kanodia@gmail.com and ashish.murolia@gmail.com.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Contents
Chapter 1
Matrix Algebra
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2
Multiplication of Matrices
1.3 Transpose of a Matrix
1.4
Determinant of a Matrix
1.5
Rank of Matrix
1.6
Adjoint of a Matrix
1.7
Inverse of a Matrix
1.7.1
Elementary Transformations
1.7.2
Inverse of Matrix by Elementary Transformations
1.8
ECHELON FORM
1.9
NORMAL FORM
Exercise
Solutions
20
4
4
Chapter 2 Systems of Linear Equations

2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Vector 39
2.2.1
Equality of Vectors
39
2.2.2
Null Vector or Zero Vector
2.2.3
A Vector as a Linear Combination of a Set of Vectors
2.2.4
Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors
2.3 System of Linear Equations
39
42
Solutions
51
chapter 3
40
40
2.4 Solution of a system of linear equations

Exercise
40
40
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2
Eigenvalues and Eigen vector
3.3
Determination of eigenvalues and eigenvectors 66
3.4
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
3.4.1
65
66
Computation of the Inverse Using Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
67
3.5
Reduction of a matrix to diagonal form
3.6 Similarity OF Matrices

Exercise
69
Solutions
80
67
68
chapter 4 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability

4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Limit of a Function
4.3
99
4.2.1
Left Handed Limit
99
4.2.2
Right Handed Limit
99
4.2.3
Existence of Limit at Point
4.2.4
L hospitals Rule 100
Continuity of a Function
4.3.1
100
Continuity in an interval 100
4.4 Differentiability
Exercise
102
Solutions
115
chapter 5
100
101
Maxima and Minima
5.1 Introduction 139

5.2 Monotonocity 139
5.3
Maxima and Minima
Exercise
140
Solutions
147
chapter 6
139
Mean Value Theorem

6.2
Rolles Theorem
163
6.3 Lagranges Mean Value Theorem 163

6.4
Cauchys Mean Values Theorem
Exercise
164
Solutions
168
chapter 7
163
Partial Derivatives

7.2
Partial Derivatives
7.2.1
175
Partial Derivatives of Higher Orders
7.3 Total Differentiation

7.4
Change of Variables 176
176
175
7.5
Differentiation of implicit Function
7.6
Eulers Theorem
Exercise
177
Solutions
182
chapter 8
176
176
Definite Integral

8.2
Definite Integral
8.3
Important Formula for definite integral
8.4
Double Integral
Exercise
193
Solutions
202
chapter 9
191
192
192
Directional Derivatives

9.2
Differential Elements in Coordinate Systems
9.3
Differential Calculus
223
223
9.4 Gradient of a Scalar 224

9.5
Divergence of a Vector
9.6
Curl of a Vector
9.7
Characterization of a vector field
225
9.8 Laplacian Operator
225
9.9
226
Integral Theorems
9.9.1
Divergence theorem
9.9.2
Stokes Theorem 226
9.9.3
Greens Theorem 226
9.9.4
Helmholtzs Theorem
Exercise
227
Solutions
234
224
225
226
226
chapter 10 First Order Differential Equations

10.2
Differential Equation
247
10.2.1 Ordinary Differential Equation 247

10.2.2 Order of a Differential Equation
248
10.2.3 Degree of a Differential Equation
248
10.3 Differential equation of FIRST ORDER and first degree 248

10.4 Solution of a differential Equation
10.5 VARIABLES SEPARABLE form 249
249
10.5.1 Equations Reducible to Variable Separable Form

10.6 HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
250
250
10.6.1 Equations Reducible to Homogeneous Form 251

10.7 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
252
10.7.1 Equations Reducible to Linear Form 253

10.8 BERNOULLIS EQUATION 253
10.9 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
254
10.9.1 Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Exactness

10.9.2 Solution of an Exact Differential Equation
254
254
10.9.3 Equations Reducible to Exact Form: Integrating Factors

10.9.4 Integrating Factors Obtained by Inspection 255
Exercise
257
Solutions
266
Chapter 11 Higher Order Differential Equations

11.2 Linear differential equation
283
11.2.1 Operator 283

11.2.2 General Solution of Linear Differential Equation
11.3 Determination of complementary function
283
284
11.4 Particular integral 285
11.4.1 Determination of Particular Integral
285
11.5 Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation
287
11.6 Euler Equation 288

Exercise
289
Solutions
300
Chapter 12 Initial and boundary Value Problems

12.2 Initial Value Problems
317
12.3 Boundary-Value Problem
317
Exercise
319
Solutions
325
Chapter 13 Partial Differential Equation

13.2 Partial Differential Equation
337
13.2.1 Partial Derivatives of First Order
337
13.2.2 Partial Derivatives of Higher Order
338
255
13.3 Homogeneous functions

13.4
Eulers theorem
339
339
13.5 Composite functions
340
13.6 Errors and approximations

Exercise
342
Solutions
347
341
Chapter 14 Analytic Functions

14.2 Basic Terminologies in complex function
14.3 Functions of complex variable
358
14.4 Limit of a complex function
358
14.5 Continuity of a complex function
357
359
14.6 Differentiability of a complex function
359
14.6.1 Cauchy-Riemann Equation: Necessary Condition for Differentiability of a Complex

Function 360
14.6.2 Sufficient Condition for Differentiability of a Complex Function
14.7 Analytic Function
362
14.7.1 Required Condition for a Function to be Analytic

14.8 Harmonic function
363
14.8.1 Methods for Determining Harmonic Conjugate

14.8.2 Milne-Thomson Method
364
14.8.3 Exact Differential Method
366
14.9 Singular Points

Exercise
367
Solutions
380
362
363
366
Chapter 15 Cauchys Integral Theorem

15.2 Line integral of a complex function
15.2.1 Evaluation of the Line Integrals

15.3 cauchys theorem
405
405
406
15.3.1 Cauchys Theorem for Multiple Connected Region 407

15.4 Cauchys Integral Formula
408
15.4.1 Cauchys Integral Formula for Derivatives

Exercise
410
Solutions
420
Chapter 16 Taylors and Laurent Series

409
361
16.2 Taylors series
439
16.3 Maclaurins Series
440
16.4
441
laurents series
16.5 Residues 443
16.5.1 The Residue Theorem
443
16.5.2 Evaluation of Definite Integral

Exercise
444
Solutions
453
443
Chapter 17 Probability
17.2 Sample space
17.3 Event
469
469
17.3.1 Algebra of Events
470
17.3.2 Types of Events
470
17.4 Definition of Probability
471
17.4.1 Classical Definition
471
17.4.2 Statistical Definition
472
17.4.3 Axiomatic Definition
472
17.5 Properties of Probability 472
17.5.1 Addition Theorem for Probability

17.5.2 Conditional Probability
472
473
17.5.3 Multiplication Theorem for Probability

17.5.4 Odds for an Event
473
473
17.6 Bayes Theorem 474

Exercise
476
Solutions
491
Chapter 18 Random Variable

18.2 Random Variable
515
18.2.1 Discrete Random Variable
516
18.2.2 Continuous Random Variable
516
18.3 Expected VAlue
517
18.3.1 Expectation Theorems
517
18.4 Moments of Random Variables and Variance
18.4.1 Moments about the Origin

18.4.2 Central Moments
18.4.3 Variance
518
518
18.5 Binomial Distribution
519
518
518
18.5.1 Mean of the Binomial distribution
519
18.5.2 Variance of the Binomial distribution 519

18.5.3 Fitting of Binomial Distribution
18.6 Poisson Distribution
520
521
18.6.1 Mean of Poisson Distribution
521
18.6.2 Variance of Poisson Distribution
521
18.6.3 Fitting of Poisson Distribution
522
18.7 Normal Distribution
522
18.7.1 Mean and Variance of Normal Distribution

Exercise
526
Solutions
533
523
Chapter 19 Statistics
19.2 Mean
543
19.3 Median
544
19.4 Mode
545
19.5 Mean Deviation
545
19.6 Variance and Standard Deviation

Exercise
547
Solutions
550
546
Chapter 20 Correlation and Regression Analysis

20.2 Correlation
555
20.3 Measure of Correlation
555
20.3.1 Scatter or Dot Diagrams
555
20.3.2 Karl Pearsons Coefficient of Correlation
556
20.3.3 Computation of Correlation Coefficient
557
20.4 Rank correlation

20.5 Regression
558
559
20.5.1 Lines of Regression
559
20.5.2 Angle between Two Lines of Regression

Exercise
562
Solutions
565
560
Chapter 21 Solutions of non-linear Algebraic Equations

21.2 Successive Bisection Method
569
21.3 False Position Method (Regula-falsi method)
569
21.4 Newton - Raphson Method (Tangent method)
570
Exercise 21
571
Solutions 21
579
Chapter 22 Integration by Trapezoidal and Simpsons Rule

22.2 Numerical Differentiation
597
22.2.1 Numerical Differentiation Using Newtons Forward Formula
597
22.2.2 Numerical Differentiation Using Newtons Backward Formula
598
22.2.3 Numerical Differentiation Using Central Difference Formula
599
22.3 Maxima and Minima of a tabulated function

22.4 Numerical Integration
600
22.4.1 Newton-Cotes Quadrature Formula

22.4.2 Trapezoidal Rule
601
22.4.4 Simpsons Three-Eighth Rule
602
604
Solutions
608
600
601
22.4.3 Simpsons One-third Rule

Exercise
599
Chapter 23 Single and Multi Step Methods for Differential Equations

23.2 Picards Method
617
23.3 Eulers Method
618
23.3.1 Modified Eulers Method

23.4 Runge-Kutta Methods
618
619
23.4.1 Runge-Kutta First Order Method
619
23.4.2 Runge-Kutta Second Order Method
619
23.4.3 Runge-Kutta Third Order Method
619
23.4.4 Runge-Kutta Fourth Order Method
620
23.5 Milnes Predictor and Corrector Method

23.6 Taylors Series Method
Exercise
623
Solutions
628
621
***********
620
CHAPTER 1
Matrix Algebra
1.1
Introduction
This chapter, concerned with the matrix algebra, includes the following
topics:
Multiplication of matrix
Transpose of matrix
Determinant of matrix
Rank of matrix
Adjoint of matrix
Inverse of matrix: elementary transformation, determination of inverse
using elementary transformation
Echelon form and normal form of matrix; procedure for reduction of
normal form.
1.2
Multiplication of Matrices
If A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will be defined

only when number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B .
If
A = 6aij@m # n
and
B = 6bjk @n # p
then their product,

AB = C = 6cik@m # p
will be matrix of order m # p , where

cik =
/ aij bjk
j=1
Properties of matrix multiplication
If A, B and C are three matrices such that their product is defined, then
1. Generally not commutative; AB ! BA
2. Associative law; (AB) C = A (BC)
3. Distributive law; A (B + C) = AB + AC
4. Cancellation law is not applicable, i.e. if AB = AC , it does not mean
that B = C .
5. If AB = 0 , it does not mean that A = 0 or B = 0 .
6. (AB)T = (BA)T
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Page 2
Chap 1
1.3
Transpose of a Matrix
The matrix obtained form a given matrix A by changing its rows into
columns or columns int rows is called Transpose of matrix A and is denoted
by AT . From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is m # n , then
order of AT is n # m .
Matrix Algebra
Properties of Transpose of matrix
Consider the two matrices A and B

1. (AT )T = A
2. (A ! B)T = AT ! BT
3. (AB)T = BT AT
4. (kA)T = k (A)T
5. (A1 A2 A 3 ...An 1 An)T = A Tn A Tn 1 ...A T3 A T2 A T1
1.4
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Determinant of a Matrix
The determinant of square matrix A is defined as

a11 a12 a13
A = a21 a22 a23

a31 a32 a33
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Properties of determinant of matrix
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Consider the two matrices A and B .

1. A exists + A is a square matrix
2. AB = A B
.
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3. AT = A
4. kA = kn A , if A is a square matrix of order n .

5. If A and B are square matrices of same order then AB = BA .
6. If A is a skew symmetric matrix of odd order then A = 0 .
7. If A = diag (a1, a2,...., an) then A = a1, a2 ...an .
8. A n = An , n ! N .
9. If A = 0 , then matrix is called singular.
Singular Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be singular if A = 0 and non-singular if
A ! 0.
1.5
Rank of Matrix
The number, r with the following two properties is called the rank of the
matrix
1. There is at least one non-zero minor of order r .
2. Every minor of order (r + 1) is zero.
This definition of the rank does uniquely fix the same for, as a consequence
of the condition (2), every minor of order (r + 2), being the sum of multiples
of minors of order (r + 1), will be zero. In fact, every minor of order greater
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than r will be zero as a consequence of the condition (2).

The given following two simple results follow immediately from the definition
1. There exists a non-zero minor or order r & the rank is $ r .
2. All minors of order (r + 1) are zero & the rank is # r .
In each of the two cases above, we assume r to satisfy only one of two
properties (1) or (2) of the rank. The rank of matrix A represented by
symbol r (A).
Page 3
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
Nullity of a Matrix
If A is a square matrix of a order n, then n - r (A) is called the nullity of
the matrix A and is denoted by N (A). Thus a non-singular square matrix of
order n has rank equal to n and the nullity of such a matrix is equal to zero.
1.6
Adjoint of a Matrix
If every element of a square matrix A be replaced by its cofactor in A ,

then the transpose of the matrix so obtained is called the Adjoint of matrix
A and it is denoted by adj A. Thus, if A = 6aij @ be a square matrix and Fij
be the cofactor of aij in A , then adj A + 6Fij @T .
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Properties of adjoint matrix
If A, B are square matrices of order n ad In is corresponding unit matrix,

then
1. A (adj A) = A In = (adj A)A
2. adj A = A n 1
3. adj (adj A) = A n 2 A
4. adj (adj A) = A (n 1)
5. adj (AT ) = (adj A)T

6. adj (AB) = (adj B)(adj A)
7. adj (Am) = (adj A) m, m ! N

8. adj (kA) = kn 1 (adj A), k ! R
1.7
Inverse of a Matrix
If A and B are two matrices such that AB = I = BA, then B is called the
inverse of A and it is denoted by A-1 . Thus,

A-1 = B + AB = I = BA
To find inverse matrix of a given matrix A we use following formula
adj A

A-1 =
A
Thus A-1 exists if A ! 0 and matrix A is called invertible.
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Page 4
Chap 1
Properties of inverse matrix
Let A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then
1. (AT ) 1 = (A1)T
2. (AB) 1 = B1 A1
3. (Ak ) 1 = (A1) k , k ! N
4. adj (A1) = (adj A) 1
5. A1 = 1 = A 1
A
Matrix Algebra
6. If A = diag (a1, a2,..., an), then A1 = diag (a 1-1, a 2-1, ..., a n-1)
7. AB = AC & B = C , if A ! 0
1.7.1
Elementary Transformations
Any one of the following operations on a matrix is called an elementary
transformation (or E -operation).
i. n
1. Interchange of two rows or two columns
(1) The interchange of i th and j th rows is denoted by Ri ) R j

(2) The interchange of i th and j th columns is denoted by Ci ) C j .
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2. Multiplication of (each element ) a row or column by a k.

th
(1) The multiplication of i row by k is denoted by Ri " kRi

(2) The multiplication of i th column by k is denoted by Ci " kCi
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3. Addition of k times the elements of a row (or column) to the corresponding

elements of another row (or column), k ! 0
.
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(1) The addition of k times the j th row to the i th row is denoted by

Ri " Ri + kR j .
(2) The addition of k times the j th column to the i th column is denoted by
Ci " Ci + kC j .
If a matrix B is obtained from a matrix A by one or more E -operations,
then B is said to be equivalent to A. They can be written as A + B .
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1.7.2
Inverse of Matrix by Elementary Transformations

The elementary row transformations which reduces a square matrix A to
the unit matrix, when applied to the unit matrix, gives the inverse matrix
A-1 . Let A be a non-singular square matrix. Then,

A = IA
Apply suitable E -row operations to A on the left hand side so that A
is reduced to I . Simultaneously, apply the same E -row operations to the
pre-factor I on right hand side. Let I reduce to B, so that I = BA. Postmultiplying by A-1 , we get

IA-1 = BAA1
or
A-1 = B (AA1) = BI = B
or
B = A1
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1.8
ECHELON FORM
A matrix is said to be of Echelon form if,

1. Every row of matrix A which has all its entries 0 occurs below every row
which has a non-zero entry.
2. The first non-zero entry in each non-zero is equal to one.
3. The number of zeros before the first non-zero element in a row is less
than the number of such zeros in the next row.
Page 5
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
Rank of a matrix in the Echelon form

The rank of a matrix in the echelon form is equal to the number of non-zero
rows of the given matrix. For example,
R0 2 6 1V
S
W
is 2
the rank of the matrix A = S0 0 1 2W
SS0 0 0 0WW
T
X 3#4
1.9
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NORMAL FORM
By a finite number of elementary transformations, every non-zero matrix

A of order m # n and rank r (> 0) can be reduced to one of the following
forms.
Ir O
Ir

> O O H, > O H, 8Ir OB, 8IrB
Ir denotes identity matrix of order r . Each one of these four forms is called
Normal Form or Canonical Form or Orthogonal Form.
Procedure for Reduction of Normal Form
Let A = 6aij@ be any matrix of order m # n . Then, we can reduce it to the

normal form of the matrix A by subjecting it to a number of elementary
transformation using following methodology.
Methodology: Reduction of normal form
1. We first interchange a pair of rows (or columns), if necessary, to obtain

a non-zero element in the first row and first column of the matrix A.
2. Divide the first row by this non-zero element, if it is not 1.
3. We subtract appropriate multiples of the elements of the first row
from other rows so as to obtain zeroes in the remainder of the first
column.
4. We subtract appropriate multiple of the elements of the first column
from other columns so as to obtain zeroes in the remainder of the first
row.
5. We repeat the above four steps starting with the element in the second
row and the second column.
6. Continue this process down the leading diagonal until the end of the
diagonal is reached or until all the remaining elements in the matrix
are zero.

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EXERCISE 1
Page 6
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
Match the items in column I and II.
QUE 1.1
Column I
Column II
P.
Singular matrix
1.
Determinant is not defined
Q.
Non-square matrix
2.
Determinant is always one
R.
Real symmetric
3.
Determinant is zero
S.
Orthogonal matrix
4.
Eigenvalues are always real
5.
Eigenvalues are not defined
(A) P-3, Q-1, R-4, S-2

(B) P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1
(C) P-3, Q-2, R-5, S-4
(D) P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1
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QUE 1.2
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Cayley-Hamilton Theorem states that a square matrix satisfies its own

characteristic equation. Consider a matrix
3 2
A = >
2 0H
If A be a non-zero square matrix of orders n , then
(A) the matrix A + Al is anti-symmetric, but the matrix A - Al is
symmetric
(B) the matrix A + Al is symmetric, but the matrix A - Al is antisymmetric
(C) Both A + Al and A - Al are symmetric
(D) Both A + Al and A - Al are anti-symmetric
.
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ARIHANT/286/26
QUE 1.3
ARIHANT/285/3
If A and B are two odd order skew-symmetric matrices such that AB = BA

, then what is the matrix AB ?
(A) An orthogonal matrix
(B) A skew-symmetric matrix
(C) A symmetric matrix
(D) An identity matrix
QUE 1.4
If A and B are matrices of order 4 # 4 such that A = 5B and A = B

, then a is_______.
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If the rank of a ^5 # 6h matrix A is 4, then which one of the following

ARIHANT/292/117 statements is correct?
(A) A will have four linearly independent rows and four linearly independent
columns
(B) A will have four linearly independent rows and five linearly independent
columns
(C) AAT will be invertible
(D) AT A will be invertible
QUE 1.5
QUE 1.6
Matrix Algebra
If An # n is a triangular matrix then det A is

(A)
(C)
QUE 1.7
Page 7
Chap 1
i=1
n
i=1
n
i=1
i=1
% (- 1) aii (B) % aii
/ (- 1) aii (D) / aii
in
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w
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If A ! Rn # n, det A ! 0 , then A is
(A) non singular and the rows and columns of A are linearly independent.
(B) non singular and the rows A are linearly dependent.
(C) non singular and the A has one zero rows.
(D) singular
QUE 1.8
ARIHANT/286/28
QUE 1.9
QUE 1.10
ARIHANT/305/7
Square matrix A of order n over R has rank n . Which one of the following
statement is not correct?
(A) AT has rank n
(B) A has n linearly independent columns
(C) A is non-singular
(D) A is singular
R
V
S5 3 2 W
Determinant of the matrix S1 2 6 W is_____
SS3 5 10 WW
T
X
The value of the determinant
a h g
h b f
g f c
(A) abc + 2fgh af 2 bg2 ch2
(B) ab + a + c + d
(C) abc + ab bc cg
(D) a + b + c
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Page 8
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
67 19 21
The value of the determinant 39 13 14 is______
81 24 26
QUE 1.11
ARIHANT/306/9
QUE 1.12
1
If 0
2
3 2
5 6 = 26 , then the determinant of the matrix
7 8
QUE 1.13
R 0 1
S
S- 1 1
The determinant of the matrix S
0 0
S
S 1 -2
T
R
S2
S0
SS1
T
V
7 8W
5 - 6 W is____
3 2 WW
X
2 VW
3W
is______
1W
W
1W
X
0
1
0
0
i. n
Let A be an m # n matrix and B an n # m matrix. It is given that

determinant Îm + AB h = determinant În + BAh, where Ik is the k # k
identity matrix. Using the above property, the determinant of the matrix
given below is______
R
V
S2 1 1 1W
S1 2 1 1W
S1 1 2 1W
S
W
S1 1 1 2W
T
X
QUE 1.14
a
i
d
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w
w
o
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3 1 2i
H, then
Let A = >
1 2i
2
QUE 1.15
ARIHANT/306/14
3 1 2i
2 1 + 2i
H (2)
H
(1) A = >
A *= >
1 + 2i
2
2
1 2i
(3) A * = A (4)
A is hermitian matrix
Which of above statement is/are correct ?

(A) 1 and 3
(B) 1, 2 and 3
(C) 1 and 4
(D) All are correct
QUE 1.16
ARIHANT/292/110
QUE 1.17
*Shipping Free*
For which value of will the matrix given below become singular?
V
R
S 8 0W
S 4 0 2W
SS12 6 0WW
X
T
V
R
S 0 1 - 2W
If S- 1 0 3 W is a singular, then l is______
SS 2 - 2 l WW
X
T
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Discount*

QUE 1.18
Multiplication of matrices E and F is G . matrices E and G

R
V
R1 0 0V
Scos q sin q 0W
S
W

E = S sin q
cos q 0W and G = S0 1 0W
SS 0
SS0 0 1WW
0 1WW
T
X
T
X
What is the matrix F ?
Rcos q - sin q 0V
R cos q cos q
S
W
S
(A) S sin q
cos q 0W (B) S- cos q sin q
SS 0
SS
0 1WW
0
0
TR
RT cos q sin q 0XV
S sin q - cos q
S
W
(C) S- sin q cos q 0W (D) Scos q
sin q
S
SS
W
S 0
0
0 1W
0
T
T
X
QUE 1.19
1 2 3 4
Rank of matrix =
is
- 2 0 5 7G
QUE 1.20
R
V
S1 1 1 W
The rank of the matrix S1 - 1 0 W is______
SS1 1 1 WW
T
X
QUE 1.21
ARIHANT/306/8
are
Page 9
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
0VW
0W
1WW
X
0VW
0W
1WW
X
in
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w
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Given,
R
V
S1 2 3W

A = S1 4 2W
SS2 6 5WW
T
X
(1) A = 0 (2)
A =
Y 0
(3) rank Âh = 2
(4) rank Âh = 3
(A) 1, 3 and 4
(B) 1 and 3
(C) 1, 2 and 4
(D) 2 and 4
QUE 1.22
ARIHANT/306/11
R
V
S2 1 1W
Given, A = S0 3 2W is
SS2 4 3WW
T
X
(1) A = 0 (3)
A =
Y 0
(3) rank Âh = 2
(4) rank Âh = 5
(A) 1, 3 and 4
(B) 1 and 3
(C) 1, 2 and 4
(D) 2 and 4
R
V
S4 2 1 3W
QUE 1.23
Given matrix 6A@ = S6 3 4 7W, the rank of the matrix is_____
SS2 1 0 1WW
ARIHANT/292/111
T
X
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Chap 1
QUE 1.24
R2 1 3V
S
W
The rank of the matrix A = S4 7 W is 2. The value of l must be
SS1 4 5WW
T
X
QUE 1.25
R1
S
S2
The rank of matrix S
3
S
S6
T
QUE 1.26
Given,
Matrix Algebra
ARIHANT/306/10
2
4
2
8
3
3
1
7
1
0
A =
1
0
a
c
a
c
0 VW
2W
is______
3W
W
5W
X
b
d
b
d
0
1
0
1
(1) A = 0
(3) rank Âh = 2
i. n
(2) Two rows are identical

(4) rank Âh = 3
o
.c

(A) 1, 3 and 4
(B) 1 and 3
(C) 1, 2 and 3
(D) 2 and 4
QUE 1.27
a
i
d
o
n
Two matrices A and B are given below :

p q
p2 + q2 pr + qs
; B=>

A = >
H
H
r s
pr + qs r2 + s2
.
w
w
If the rank of matrix A is N , then the rank of matrix B is

(A) N/2 (B) N - 1
(C) N (D) 2N
w
QUE 1.28
ARIHANT/286/27
If x, y, z are in AP with common difference d and the rank of the matrix

R
V
S4 5 x W
S5 6 y W is 2, then the value of d and k are
SS6 k z WW
T d =X x/2 ; k is an arbitrary number
(A)
(B) d an arbitrary number; k = 7
(C) d = k ; k = 5
(D) d = x/2 ; k = 6
QUE 1.29
The rank of a 3 # 3 matrix C = AB , found by multiplying a non-zero

column matrix A of size 3 # 1 and a non-zero row matrix B of size 1 # 3 , is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
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QUE 1.30
QUE 1.31
Rx y 1V
S 1 1 W
If A = Sx2 y2 1W and the point (x1, y1),( y2, y2),( x3, y2) are collinear, then the
SSx y 1WW
3
3
T
X
rank of matrix A is
(A) less than 3
(B) 3
(C) 1
(D) 0
Page 11
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
Let A = [aij ], 1 # i, j # n with n $ 3 and aij = i.j Then the rank of A is

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) n - 1 (D) n
QUE 1.32
QUE 1.33
QUE 1.34
Let P be a matrix of order m # n , and Q be a matrix of order n # p, n ! p .

If (P) = n and (Q) = p , then rank (PQ) is
(A) n (B) p
(C) np (D) n + p
in
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x = 8x1 x2 g xnBT is an n-tuple nonzero vector. The n # n matrix

V = xxT
(A) has rank zero
(B) has rank 1
(C) is orthogonal
(D) has rank n
If x, y, z in A.P. with common difference d and the rank of the matrix

R
V
S4 5 x W
S5 6 y W is 2, then the values of d and k are respectively
SS6 k z WW
T
X
(B) 7, and x
(A) x and 7
4
4
(C) x and 5
7
QUE 1.35
(D) 5, and x
7
If the rank of a (5 # 6) matrix Q is 4, then which one of the following

statement is correct ?
(A) Q will have four linearly independent rows and four linearly independent
columns
(B) Q will have four linearly independent rows and five linearly independent
columns
T
(C) QQ will be invertible
(D) QT Q will be invertible
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Chap 1
QUE 1.36
Matrix Algebra
1 -4
The adjoint matrix of =
is
0 2G
4 2
1 0
(A) = G (B) =
0 1
4 2G
2 4
2 4
(C) = G (D) =
1 0
0 1G
QUE 1.37
x y
If A = > H, then adj(adj A) is equal to
z b
b -z
b z
(A) =
(B) =
G
-y x
y xG
(C)
QUE 1.38
QUE 1.39
1 = b y G
xb - yz - y x
If A is a
R
S4 0
(A) S0 4
SS0 0
RT
S1 0
(C) S0 1
SS0 0
T
(D) None of these
i. n
3 # 3 matrix and A = 2 then A (adj A) is equal to

V
R
V
0W
S2 0 0 W
0 W (B) S0 2 0 W
SS0 0 2 WW
4 WW
VX
TR1
XV
0W
S2 0 0 W
0 W (D) S0 12 0 W
SS0 0 1 WW
1 WW
2
X
T
X
a
i
d
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w
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o
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If A is a 2 # 2 non-singular square matrix, then adj(adj A) is

(A) A2 (B) A
(C) A-1
(D) None of the above
Common
Data For Q 40 to 42
If A is a 3 - rowed square matrix such that A = 3 .
QUE 1.40
QUE 1.41
QUE 1.42
*Shipping Free*
The adj(adj A) is equal to

(A) 3A
(C) 27A
(B) 9A
(D) 81A
The value of adj (ajd A) is equal to

(A) 3
(C) 27
(B) 9
(D) 81
The value of adj (adj A2) is equal to

(A) 3 4 (B) 38
(C) 316 (D) 332
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QUE 1.43
QUE 1.44
QUE 1.45
QUE 1.46
QUE 1.47
The rank of an n row square matrix A is (n - 1), then

(A) adjA ! 0
(B) adjA = 0
(C) adjA = In
(D) adjA = In 1
Page 13
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
R 1 2 2V
S
W
The adjoint of matrix A = S 2 1 2W is equal to
SS 2 2 1WW
T
X (B) 3A
(A) A
(C) 3AT (D) A t
The matrix, that has an inverse is

3 1
5
(A) = G (B) =
6 2
2
6 2
8
(C) = G (D) =
9 3
4
2
1G
2
1G
in
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w
w
w
1 2
The inverse of the matrix A = >
is
3 5H
5 2
5 -3
(A) = G (B) =
3 1
3 1G
-5 -2
5 3
(C) =
(D) = G
G
-3 -1
2 1
1 2
The inverse of the 2 # 2 matrix = G is
5 7
-7 2
7 2
(A) 1 =
(B) 1 = G
G
3 5 -1
3 5 1
7 -2
-7 -2
(C) 1 =
(D) 1 =
G
G
3 -5 1
3 -5 -1
QUE 1.48
3 4
If B is an invertible matrix whose inverse in the matrix = G, then B is
5 6
1
6 -4
3 4
(A) =
(B) > 1 H
5 6
- 5 6G
1
-3 2
3
(C) = 5 - 3 G (D) > 1
2
2
5
QUE 1.49
1
4
1
6
A B
Matrix M = >
is an orthogonal matrix. The value of B is
C 0H
(A) 1 (B) 1
2
2
(C) 1
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Chap 1
QUE 1.50
Matrix Algebra
QUE 1.51
R1 2V
S W
If A = S2 1W then A-1 is
SS1 1WW
R TV X
S2 3 W
(A) S3 1 W (B)
SS2 7 WW
RT VX
S1 4 W
(C) S3 2 W
(D)
SS2 5 WW
T X
The inverse of
R1 0 0V
S
W
matrix A = S5 2 0W is equal
SS3 1 2WW
T
XR
V
0W
S 2 0
1
(B) S- 5 1
0 W
2S
W
S- 1 - 1
2W
X
TR
V
0W
0
S 4
1
(D) S- 10 2
0 W
4S
W
S-1 -1
2W
X
T
R
S 2 0
1
(A) S- 5 2
4S
S- 1 - 1
R T
0
S 1
(C) S- 10 2
SS - 1 - 1
T
QUE 1.52
R
V
S 1 - 2W
S- 2 1 W
SS 1 2 WW
T
X
Undefined
to
V
0W
0W
2 WW
XV
0W
0W
2 WW
X
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
Ra b c V
S
W
If det A = 7, where A = Sd e f W then det(2A) -1 is_____
SSg b c WW
T
X
o
n
.
w
w
R1 0 1V
S
W
If R = S2 1 1W, the top of R-1 is
SS2 3 2WW
T
X
(A) [5, 6, 4] (B) [5, - 3, 1]
(C) [2, 0, - 1] (D) [2, - 1, 12 ]
QUE 1.53
QUE 1.54
-1 2
Let B be an invertible matrix and inverse of 7B is =
, the matrix B
4 - 7G
is
1 2
7 2
(A) > 4 71 H (B) = G
4 1
7 7
1
(C) > 2
7
QUE 1.55
*Shipping Free*
4
7
1
7
R
S0
S0
If A = S
S0
S1
T
H (D) =2 1 G
7 4
1
2
3
4
0
0
2
1
V
0W
1W
, then det (A-1) is equal to_____
0WW
0W
X
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QUE 1.56
QUE 1.57
QUE 1.58
R
V
S1 1 1 1W
S1 1 1 1W
T -1
Given an orthogonal matrix A = S
W, 6AA @ is
1
1
0
0
S
W
S0 0 1 1W
T
R1
V
R1 X
V
0
0
0
W
S4
S2 0 0 0 W
S0 1 0 0 W
S0 1 0 0 W
(A) S 4 1 W (B) S 2 1 W
S0 0 2 0 W
S0 0 2 0 W
1
S0 0 0 2 W
S0 0 0 12 W
TR 1
XV
RT1 0 0 0 V X
0
0
0
W
S
4
W
S
S0 14 0 0 W
S0 1 0 0 W
W
(C) S
(D) S
0 0 14 0 W
0 0 1 0W
S
W
S
S0 0 0 1 W
S0 0 0 14 W
T
X
T
X
Given an orthogonal matrix
R
V
S1 1 1 1 W
S1 1 1 1W

A = S
1 1 0 0W
W
S
S0 0 1 1 W
T
X
-1
6AAT @ is
R1
V
S4 0 0 0 W
S0 14 0 0 W
W (B)
(A) S
1
S0 0 2 0 W
S0 0 0 12 W
RT1 0 0 0 V X
W
S
S0 1 0 0 W
(C) S
(D)
0 0 1 0W
W
S
S0 0 0 1 W
T
X
Matrix Algebra
in
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a
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w
w
w
R1
S2
S0
S
S0
S0
TR 1
S4
S0
S
S0
S0
T
V
0 0 0W
1
W
2 0 0
W
1
0 2 0W
0 0 12 W
V
0 0 0XW
1
W
4 0 0
W
0 14 0 W
0 0 14 W
X
A is m # n full rank matrix with m > n and I is identity matrix. Let matrix
Al = (AT A) 1 AT , Then, which one of the following statement is FALSE ?
(A) AAlA = A (B) (AAl) 2
(C) AlA = I (D) AAlA = Al
5
For a matrix 6M @ = >
x
3
QUE 1.59
Page 15
Chap 1
H, the transpose of the matrix is equal to the
4
5
3
5
T
inverse of the matrix, 6M @ = 6M @ . The value of x is given by

1
(A) - 4 (B) - 3
5
5
(C) 3 (D) 4
5
5
QUE 1.60
1 0
2x 0
If A = >
and A-1 >
then the value of x is_____
H
- 1 2H
x x
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Chap 1
QUE 1.61
Matrix Algebra
2 -1 2
The value of =
is
3 2 G=1 G
8
3
(A) = G (B) = G
3
8
(C) 8- 3, - 8B (D) [3, 8]
QUE 1.62
QUE 1.63
QUE 1.64
QUE 1.65
1 2 0
If A = >
, then AAT is
3 1 4H
1 3
1 0 1
(B) =
(A) =
G
-1 4
- 1 2 3G
5 1
(C) =

(D) Undefined
1 26G
2 1
1 7
H=>
H, then the matrix A is equal to
If A >
3 5
1 20
1 2
2 1
(A) = G (B) = G
3 5
5 3
5 3
-5 3
(C) = G (D) =
2 1
2 1G
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
i. n
1
2 0.1
a
Let, A = >
and A1 = > 2 H. Then (a + b) =_____
H
0 3
0 b
.
w
w
1
2 0.1
a
Let A = >
and A1 = > 2 H, Then (a + b) is
H
0
3
0 b
(A) 7 (B) 3
20
20
(C) 19 (D) 11
20
20
w
QUE 1.66
2 6
3 x
If A = > H and B = > H, then in order that AB = 0 , the values of x and
3 9
y 2
y will be respectively
(A) - 6 and - 1
(C) 6 and - 3
QUE 1.67
(B) 6 and 1
(D) 5 and 14
R1V
S W
1 1 0
If A = >
and B = S0W, the product of A and B is
H
1 0 1
SS1WW
1
1 0
T X
(A) = G (B)
=
0
0 1G
1
1 0
(C) = G (D) = G
2
0 2
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QUE 1.68
R 1 2V
S
W
1 1 2
If A = >
and B = S 2 0W, then (AB)T
H
2 1 0
SS 1 1WW
1 4
T
X
(B)
(A) =
4 4G
is
1 4
=1 4G
Page 17
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
1 4
1 1
(C) =
(D) =
G
4 1
4 4G
QUE 1.69
QUE 1.70
ARIHANT/287/32
QUE 1.71
QUE 1.72
R 2 1V
S
W
1 2 5
If A = S 1 0W and B = >
then AB is
3 4 0H
SS 3 4WW
X V
R T
R
V
0 - 10 W
S- 1 - 8 - 10 W
S 0
(A) S- 1 - 2
5 W (B) S- 1 - 2 - 5 W
SS 9 22 15 WW
SS 0 21 - 15 WW
RT
VX
VX
TR
S- 1 - 8 - 10 W
S0 - 8 - 10 W
(C) S 1 - 2 - 5 W (D) S1 - 2 - 5 W
SS 9 22 15 WW
SS9 21 15 WW
T
X
T
X
in
.
o
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.
a
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n
.
w
w
w
R
V
S0 1 0 0W
S0 0 1 0W
W, then the rank of XT X , where XT denotes the transpose
If X = S
S0 0 0 1W
S0 0 0 0W
T
X
of X , is______
Consider the matrices X(4 # 3), Y(4 # 3) and P(2 # 3) . The order of [P (XT Y)T PT ]T
will be
(A) (2 # 2) (B) (3 # 3)
(C) (4 # 3) (D) (3 # 4)
cos sin
If A = >
, then consider the following statements :
sin cos H
1. A .A = A 2. A .A = A( + )
cos n sin n
cosn sinn
n
n
3. (A ) = >
n
n H 4. (A ) = >
sin n cos nH
sin cos
Which of the above statements are true ?
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 2 and 4
(D) 3 and 4
QUE 1.73
0 tan a2
cos - sin 2
If A = >
then (I - A) >
is equal to
H
a
tan 2
0
sin cos H
(A) I - 2A (B) I - A
(C) I + 2A (D) I + A
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Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
QUE 1.74
ARIHANT/306/13
cos q sin q
H
Let A = >
sin q cos q
1 0
(1) AAT = > H (2)
AAT = 1
0 1
(3) A is orthogonal matrix
(4) A is not a orthogonal matrix

(A) 1, 3 and 4
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 1, 2 and 3
(D) 2 and 4
QUE 1.75
If the product of matrices

cos2 q cos q sin q

A = =
G and
cos q sin q sin2 q
cos2 f cos f sin f

B ==
G
cos f sin f
sin2 f
QUE 1.76
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
i. n
o
.c
is a null matrix, then q and f differ by

(A) an even multiple 2
(B) an even multiple p
(C) an odd multiple of 2
(D) an odd multiple of p
1
1
For a given 2 # 2 matrix A, it is observed that A > H => H and
1
1
1
1
A > H = 2 > H. The matrix A is
2
2
2 1 1 0 1 1
(A) A = >
1 1H> 0 2H> 1 2H
1 1 1 0 2 1
(B) A = >
1 2H>0 2H> 1 1H
1 1 1 0 2 1
(C) A = >
1 2H> 0 2H> 1 1H
0 -2
(D) =
1 - 3G
QUE 1.77
3 4
If A = >
, then for every positive integer n, An is equal to
1 1H
1 + 2n 4 n
1 2n 4n
(A) =
(B) =
1 + 2n G
1 + 2n G
n
n
1 2n 4 n
1 + 2n 4n
(C) =
(D) =
G
1 + 2n
1 2n G
n
n
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QUE 1.78
QUE 1.79
R V
S3 W
For which values of the constants b and c is the vector Sb W a linear
R VR V
R V
SSc WW
S1 W S2 W
S- 1W
T X
Combination of S3 W, S6 W and S- 3 W
SS2 WW SS4 WW
SS- 2 WW
T XT X
T X
(A) 9, 6
(B) 6, 9
(C) 6, 6
(D) 9, 9
Page 19
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
R
V
Sa b c W
The values of non zero numbers a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h such that the matrix Sd k e W
SSf g h WW
is invertible for all real numbers k .
T
X
(A) finite sol n
(B) infinite sol n
(C) 0
(D) none
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SOLUTIONS 1
Page 20
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
SOL 1.1
Correct option is (A).

(P) Singular Matrix " Determinant is zero A = 0
(Q) Non-square matrix " An m # n matrix for which m ! n , is called non
square matrix. Its determinant is not defined
(R) Real Symmetric Matrix " Eigen values are always real.
(S) Orthogonal Matrix " A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if
AAT = I
Its determinant is always one.
SOL 1.2
Correct option is (B).

Here, if A be a non-zero square matrix of order n , then the matrix A + Al
is symmetric, but A - Al will be anti-symmetric.
SOL 1.3
Correct option is (C).

If A and B are both order skew-symmetric matrices, then

A = AT and B = BT ...(1)
Also, given that AB = BA

[from Eq. (1)]
= ^ BT h^ AT h
T
T
T

= B A = ÂB h

AB = ÂB hT i.e., AB is a symmetric matrix
.
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SOL 1.4
Correct answer is 625.

If k is a constant and A is a square matrix of order n # n then kA = kn A .

A = 5B & A = 5B = 5 4 B = 625 B
or
a = 625
SOL 1.5

If rank of ^5 # 6h matrix is 4, then surely it must have exactly 4 linearly
independent rows as well as 4 linearly independent columns.
Hence, Rank = Row rank = Column rank
SOL 1.6

From linear algebra for An # n triangular matrix det A is equal to the product
of the diagonal entries of A.
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SOL 1.7

If det A ! 0, then An # n is non-singular, but if An # n is non-singular, then
no row can be expressed as a linear combination of any other. Otherwise det
A=0
SOL 1.8
Correct option is (D).

Since, if A is a square matrix of rank n , then it cannot be a singular.
SOL 1.9
Correct answer is - 28 .
Page 21
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
5 3 2

1 2 6 = 5(20 - 30) - 3(10 - 18) + 2(5 - 6)
3 5 10

= 50 + 24 2 = 28
SOL 1.10
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Correct option
a
h

g
is (A).
h g
a f
h f
h b
b f = a
h
+g
f c
g c
g f
f c

= a ^bc f 2h h ^hc fg h + g ^hf gb h

= abc = af 2 h2 c + hfg + ghf g2 b

= abc + 2fgh af 2 bg2 ch2
SOL 1.11
13 14
39 14
39 13
Determinant
= 67
19
+ 21
24 26
81 26
81 24

= 134 + 2280 2457 = 43
SOL 1.12

By interchanging any row or column, the value of determinant will remain
same. For the given matrix, the first and third row are interchanged, thus
the value remains the same.
SOL 1.13
Correct answer is - 1.
R 0 1 0 2V
W
S
S 1 1 1 3 W
We have
A = S
0 0 0 1W
W
S
S 1 2 0 1W
T
X
Expanding cofactor of a34
0 1 0

A = - 1 - 1 1 1
1 -2 0

= [0 1 (0 1) + 0] = 1
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Page 22
Chap 1
Consider the given matrix be
SOL 1.14
V
R
S2 1 1 1W
S1 2 1 1W

Im + AB = S
W
S1 1 2 1W
S1 1 1 2W
X
T
where m = 4 so, we obtain
V R
V
R
S2 1 1 1W S1 0 0 0W
S1 2 1 1W S0 1 0 0W

AB = S
WS
W
S1 1 2 1W S0 0 1 0W
S1 1 1 2W S0 0 0 1W
X
VX TR V
RT
S1 1 1 1W S1W
S1 1 1 1W S1W

=S
W = S W 61 1 1 1@
S1 1 1 1W S1W
S1 1 1 1W S1W
X T X
RT V
S1W
S1W
Hence, we get
A = S W, B = 61 1 1 1@
S1W
S1W
T RX V
S1W
S1W
Therefore,
BA = 81 1 1 1BS W = 64@
S1W
S1W
T X
From the given property,
Matrix Algebra
o
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Det Îm + AB h = Det În + BAh

R
V
S2 1 1 1W
S1 2 1 1W

Det S
W = Det "61@ + 64@,
S1 1 2 1W
S1 1 1 2W
T
X

= Det 65@ = 5
.
w
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NOTE
Determinant of identity matrix is always 1.
SOL 1.15

A = conjugate of A
3 1 + 2i
H

=>
1 + 2i
2
and A* = Â hT = transpose of A
3 1 + 2i
H

=>
1 2i
2
Since,
A * = A
Hence, A is hermitian matrix.
SOL 1.16
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8 0
4 0 2 = 0
12 6 0
8 ^0 12h ^0 2 # 12h = 0 & = 4
SOL 1.17
Page 23
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
Matrix A is singular if A = 0
V
R
S 0 1 - 2W
S- 1 0 3 W = 0
SS 2 - 2 l WW
1 2
0 3X
1 T2
= 0
( 1)
+2
+0
2 l
2 l
0 3

or
or
or
(l 4) + 2 (3) = 0
l = 2
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SOL 1.18

Given
EF = G where G = I = Identity matrix
Rcos q - sin q 0V
R1 0 0V
W
S
S
W

cos q 0W # F = S0 1 0W
S sin q
SS0 0 1WW
SS 0
0 1WW
X
T
T
X
We know that the multiplication of a matrix and its inverse be a identity
matrix

AA-1 = I
So, we can say that F is the inverse matrix of E
6adj.E @

F = E 1 =
E
V
Rcos q (sin q) 0VT
R
S cos q sin q 0W
S
W

adj E = S sin q
cos q 0W = S sin q cos q 0W
SS
SS 0
0
0 1WW
0 1WW
X
X
T
T

E = 6cos q # (cos q 0)@ 8^ sin qh # ^sin q 0hB + 0

= cos2 q + sin2 q = 1
R cos q sin q 0V
W
adj
.
E
6
@ S
Hence,
= S sin q cos q 0W
F =
E
SS
0
0 1WW
T
X
SOL 1.19
1 2 3 4
A = =
2 0 5 7G
It is a 2 # 4 matrix, thus (A) # 2
The second order minor
1 2

= 4 ! 0
-2 0
We have
Hence,
(A) = 2
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Page 24
Chap 1
We have
SOL 1.20
R
V R
V
S1 1 1 W S1 1 1 W

A = S1 1 0 W + S1 1 0 W
SS1 1 1 WW SS0 0 0 WW
T (A) X< 3T
X
Since one full row is zero,
1 1
Now
= 2 ! 0 , thus (A) = 2
1 -1
Matrix Algebra
R3 - R1
SOL 1.21
V
R
S1 2 3W
Here,
A = S1 4 2W
SS2 6 5WW
R
V
X
T
S1 2 3W
Performing operation R 31 ^- 1h, we get A + S1 4 2W
SS1 4 2WW
X
R
VT
S1 2 3W
By operation R 32 ^- 1h, we get A + S1 4 2W
SS0 0 0WW
T
X

A = 0
o
n
SOL 1.22
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1 2
and
=
Y 0
1 4
Rank Âh = 2
i. n

Here,
A = 2 ^ 9 + 8h + 2 ^ 2 + 3h = 0
But
2 1
=
Y 0
0 3
Hence, Rank Âh = 2
SOL 1.23
Consider 3 # 3 minors, maximum possible rank is 3.
Now we can obtain
4 2 1
2 1 3
4 1 3
4 2 3
6 3 4 = 0 , 3 4 7 = 0 , 6 4 7 = 0 and 6 3 7 = 0

2 1 0
1 0 1
2 0 1
2 1 1
Since, all 3 # 3 minors are zero. Now, we consider 2 # 2 minors
4 2
2 1

= 83 = 5 =
= 0,
Y 0
6 3
3 4
Hence, rank = 2
SOL 1.24

Since
(A) = 2 < order of matrix
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2 1 3
Thus
A = 4 7 l = 0
1 4 5
or
(235 4l) + 1 (20 l) + 3 (16 7) = 0
or
70 8l + 20 l + 27 = 0 = 0
or,
l = 13
SOL 1.25
Page 25
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
It is 4 # 4 matrix, So its rank (A) # 4
1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2
We have
A =
3 2 1 3
6 8 7 5
1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2

applying R4 (R1 + R2 + R3) " R4
=
3 2 1 3
0 0 0 0
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1 2 3 0
R2 - 2R1 " R2
0 0 3 2

applying
=
0 4 8 3
R3 - 3R1 " R3
0 0 0 0
The only fourth order minor is zero.
1 2 3
Since the third order minor 0 4 8 = (1)( 4)( 3) = 12 ! 0
0 0 3
Therefore its rank is (A) = 3
SOL 1.26

Here, A = 0
All minors of order 3 are zero, since two rows are identical.
The second minor
1 0
=
Y 0
0 1
Hence, Rank Âh = 2

SOL 1.27

Given the two matrices,

p
A = >
r
q
sH
and
p2 + q2 pr + qs
B = >
H
pr + qs r2 + s2
To determine the rank of matrix A, we obtain its equivalent matrix using

the operation, a2i ! a2i - a21 a1i as
a11
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Page 26
Chap 1
p
q
A = >0 s r q H
p
Matrix Algebra
s - r q = 0
p
If
or
ps - rq = 0
then rank of matrix A is 1, otherwise the rank is 2.
Now, we have the matrix
p2 + q2 pr + qs
B = >
H
pr + qs r2 + s1
To determine the rank of matrix B , we obtain its equivalent matrix using

the operation, a2i ! a2i - a21 a1i as
a11
R 2
V
2
pr + qs
Sp + q
W
2
S
W
+
pr
qs
^
h

B =
^r2 + s2h 2
S 0
2 W
p +q W
S
T
X
^pr + qs h2
2
2
2
If
= ^ps rq h = 0
^r + s h 2
p + q2
or
ps - rq = 0
then rank of matrix B is 1, otherwise the rank is 2.
Thus, from the above results, we conclude that
If ps rq = 0 , then rank of matrix A and B is 1.
If ps - rq ! 0 , then rank of A and B is 2.
i.e. the rank of two matrices is always same. If rank of A is N then rank of
B also N .
SOL 1.28
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It is given that x, y, z are in A.P. with common difference d

x = x , y = x + d , z = x + 2d
4 5
x
4 5 x
4 5 x
Let
A = 5 6 y = 5 6 x + d = 1 1 d
6 k x + 2d
6 k z
1 k6 d
Applying R2 R1 = R2 and R 3 R2 = R 3
4 5 x

= 1 1 d R3 = R3 R2
0 k7 0
SOL 1.29

Let
Let
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A = 0 & ^k 7h^4d x h = 0
d = x , k = 7 .
4
R V
Sa1W
A = Sb1W, B = 6a2 b2 c2@
SSc WW
1
T X
C = AB
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Ra V
Ra a a b a c V
1 2
1 2W
S 1W
S1 2

= Sb1W # 8a2 b2 c2B = Sb1 a2 b1 b2 b1 c2W
SSc WW
SSc a c b c c WW
1
1 2
1 2
1 2
T Xis zero and all Tthe 2 # 2 minors
X are also
The 3 # 3 minor of this matrix
zero. So the rank of this matrix is 1, i.e.

6C @ = 1
SOL 1.30
Page 27
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra

Since all point are collinear,
x1 y1 1
Thus
x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1
Therefore
(A) < 3
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SOL 1.31

Let
n = 3
R
V
S1 2 3 W
Then
A = S2 4 6 W
SS3 6 9 WW
T
X
1 2 3
1 2 3
R3 - 3R1 " R3
A
and
= 2 4 6 = 0 0 0 applying
R2 - 2R1 " R2
3 6 9
0 0 0
Thus rank if n = 3 then (A) = 1 so possible answer is (B).
SOL 1.32

If P is a matrix of order m # n and (P) = n then n # m
In the normal form of P only n rows are non-zero
Now Q is a matrix of order n # p and (PQ) = p then p # n but p ! n but
p ! n so p < n .
In the normal form of Q only p rows are non-zero.
Thus is the normal form of PQ only p rows are non zero.

(PQ) = p
SOL 1.33

x = 8x1 x2 g xnBT
V = xxT
R V R V
Sx1W Sx1W
Sx2W Sx2W

=S W S W
ShW ShW
SxnW SxnW
T X T X
So rank of V is n .
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Page 28
Chap 1

Given that x, y, z are in A.P. with common differences d .
Thus
y = x + d ,

z = x + 2d
4 5 x
4 5
x
4 5 x
Now
A = 1 1 d = 5 6 x + d = 1 1 d
1 k6 d
6 k x + 2d
1 k6 d
SOL 1.34
Matrix Algebra
Apply R2 R1 = R2 and R 3 R2 = R 3
4 5 x

= 1 1 d applying R3 - R2 " R3
0 k7 0
Thus
A = (k 7)( 4d x)
Since (A) = 2 < order of matrix, Thus A = 0 or we get

(k - 7)( 4d - x) = 0
or
d = x , k = 7
4
i. n
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Rank of a matrix is no. of linearly independent rows and columns of the
matrix.
Here Rank (Q) = 4
So Q will have 4 linearly independent rows and flour independent columns.
SOL 1.35
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SOL 1.36
We have
1 4
A = =
0 2G
C11 = 2, C12 = 0, C21 = ( 4) = 4 , and C22 = 1

2 0
C = =
4 1G
adj A = C T
2 4

==
0 1G
SOL 1.37

A =
x y
z b
b y
adj A = =
z x G
x y
adj(adj A) = =
z bG
SOL 1.38
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Since,
A(adjA) = A In
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We have
V R
V
R
S1 0 0 W S2 0 0 W
A(adjA) = 2 S0 1 0 W = S0 2 0 W
SS0 0 1 WW SS0 0 2 WW
X T
X
T
SOL 1.39

We know that
adj(adj(A) = A n 2 A
Here n = 2 so we get
adj(adjA) = A 2 2 A

= A 0 A = IA = A
SOL 1.40

We know that
adj(adj A) = A n 2 A
Putting n = 3 and A = 3 . so we get
adj(adj A) = A 3 2 A

= A A = 3A
SOL 1.41
Page 29
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
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We have adj (adjA) = A (n 1)

Putting n = 3 and A = 3 we get

adj (adj A) = A 4 = 3 4 = 81
SOL 1.42

Let B = adjA2 then B is also a 3 # 3 matrix.

adj (adjA2) = adj B = B 3 1 = B 2

= adjA2 2
(3 1)
B = A2 4 = A 8 = 38

= 8 A2
2
SOL 1.43

Since (A) = n 1, at least one (n - 1) rowed minor of A is non-zero, so at
least one minor and therefore the corresponding co-factor is non-zero.
So, adjA ! 0
SOL 1.44

If A = [aij ] n # n then detA = [Cij ]Tn # n where Cij is the cofactor of aij
Also Cij = ( 1) i + j Mij , where Mij is the minor of aij , obtained by leaving the
row and the column corresponding to aij and then taken the determinant of
the remaining matrix.
1 -2
Now, M11 = minor of a11 i.e. (- 1)
= 3
-2 1
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Similarly
Page 30
Chap 1
2 2
= 6;
2 1
2 2
M21 =
= 6 ;
2 1
M12 =
Matrix Algebra
M23 =
1 2
= 6;
2 2
M32 =
1 2
= 6;
2 2
2 1
= 6
2 2
-1 -2
M22 =
3;
2 1 =
M13 =
M31 =
M33 =
2 2
=6 ;
1 2
1 2
=3
2 1
C11 = ( 1) 1 + 1 M11 = 3; C12 = ( 1) 1 + 2 M12 = 6;

C13 = ( 1) 1 + 3 M13 = 6; C21 = ( 1) 2 + 1 M21 = 6;
C22 = ( 1) 2 + 2 M22 = 3; C23 = ( 1) 2 + 3 M23 = 6;
C31 = ( 1) 3 + 1 M31 = 6; C32 = ( 1) 3 + 2 M32 = 6;
C33 = ( 1) 3 + 3 M33 = 3
R
VT
R 1 2 2VT
S 3 6 6 W
S
W
Thus adj A = S 6 3 6 W = 3 S 2 1 2W = 3AT
SS 6 6 3 WW
SS 2 2 1WW
T
X
T
X

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If A is zero, A-1 does not exist and the matrix A is said to be singular.
Except (B) all satisfy this condition.
5 2

A =
= (5)( 1) (2)( 2) = 1
2 1
SOL 1.45
o
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SOL 1.46
i. n
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We know
Here
Also,
5 2
adj A = =
3 1G
1 = 5 2G = =5 2G
3 1
1 3 1

We know
Here
Also,
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1 2
= 1
A = =
3 5G
A-1 =
SOL 1.47
A-1 = 1 adjA
A
A-1 = 1 adj A
A
A =
1 2
= 3
5 7
7 2
adj A = =
5 1G
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A-1 =
1 = 7 2G = 1 = 7 2 G
3 5 1
3 5 1
Page 31
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
SOL 1.48

Let
We know
Here
3 4
B-1 = = G = A and B = A1
5 6
A-1 = 1 adj A
A
A =
3 4
= 2
5 6
6 4
5 3
6 4

A-1 = 1 =
G
2 5 3
3 2

== 5 3G
2
2
Also, adj A =
SOL 1.49
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For orthogonal matrix det M = 1 and M1 = MT ,
A C

MT = =
B 0G
0 B

= M1 = 1 >
H
BC C A
This implies
B = C
BC
or
B = 1 or B = ! 1
B
SOL 1.50

Inverse matrix is defined for square matrix only.
SOL 1.51

We know
A-1 = 1 adj A
A
1 0 0

A = 5 2 0 = 4 ! 0 ,
3 1 2
4 10 10 T RS 4 0 0VW
adj A = 0 2 1 = S 10 2 0W
SS 1 1 2WW
0 0 2
T
X
R 4
0 0VW
S

A-1 = 1 S 10 2 0W
4S
S 1 1 2WW
T
X
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Chap 1
Correct answer is 0.01786.
SOL 1.52
1 = 1
2A
2n A
Since A is a 3 # 3 matrix, therefore n = 3 and we have A = 7 .

det (2A) -1 = 3 1 = 1 = 1
8 # 7 56
2 A
det (2A) -1 =
Matrix Algebra
SOL 1.53

C11 = 2 ( 3) = 5

C21 = [0 ( 3)] = 3

C31 = [ ( 1)] = 1

R = (1) C11 + 2C21 + 2C31 = 5 6 + 2 = 1
SOL 1.54
i. n
1 2
and 7B = A1
(7B) -1 = A = >
4 7H
Let
A-1 = 1 adj A
A
We know
A =
Here
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a
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1 2
= 1
4 7
7 2
Also, adj A = =
4 1G
.
w
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or
or
SOL 1.55
7 2
7B = A1 = > H
4 1
B = > 4
2
7
1
7

Now
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1 = 7 2G
1 4 1
We have
SOL 1.56
A-1 =
V
0W
1W
0WW
0W
X
0 0 1
A = 0 2 0 = 1 (0 2) = 2
1 1 0
det (A-1) = 1 = 1
det A 2
R
S0
S0
A = S
S0
S1
T
1
2
3
4
0
0
2
1

For orthogonal matrix we know that
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and
AAT = I
[AAT ] -1 = I1 = I
Page 33
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
SOL 1.57

From orthogonal matrix

[AAT ] = I
Since the inverse of I is I , thus

[AAT ] -1 = I1 = I
SOL 1.58

Al = (AT A) 1 AT

= A1 (AT ) 1 AT = A1 I
Put Al = A1 I in all option.
in
.
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
AAlA = A
AA-1 A = A
A = A
(AAl) 2 = I
(AA-1 I) 2 = I
Î h2 = I
AlA = I
-1
A IA = I
I = I
AAlA = Al
option (A)

option (B)

option (C)

option (D)

SOL 1.59
AA-1 IA = A =
Y Al
(true)
(true)
(true)
(false)
3
5
4
5
3
5
M = >
x
Given :
[M]T = [M] 1
And
1
We know that when 6A@ = 6A@ then it is called orthogonal matrix.
6M @T = I

6M @

6M @T 6M @ = I
Substitute the values of M and M T , we get

> 45
5
3 H.>
x
R 3
S b # 3 l + x2
5
S 5
S 4 # 3 + 3x
Sb 5
5l 5
T
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4
5
3
5
1 0
H = >0 1H
3
4 + 3 x VW
#
b5
1 0
5l 5 W

=
>
4
4
3
3 W
0 1H
b 5 # 5 l + b 5 # 5 lW
X
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Page 34
Chap 1
+ x2
>12 + 3 x
9
25
25
Matrix Algebra
12
25
1 0
+ 53 x
= >
H
0 1H
1
Comparing both sides a12 element,

12 + 3 x = 0 " x = 12
5 = 4

25 5
25 # 3
5

2x 0 1 0
1

> x x H>- 1 2H = =0
2x 0
1
or
= 0 2x G = =0
SOL 1.60
0
1G
0
1G
So, 2x = 1 & x = 1
2
SOL 1.61

2 -1 2
(2) (2) + ( 1) (1)
3

>3 2H>1H = > (3) (2) + (2) (1) H = =8 G
SOL 1.62
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
R1 3V
S
W
1
2
0

AAT = >
S2 1W
H
3 1 4 S
S0 4WW
T
X
(1) (1) + (2) (2) + (0) (0) (1) (3) + (2) ( 1) + (0) (4)

=>
(3) (1) + ( 1) (2) + 4 (0) (3) (3) + ( 1) ( 1) + (4)(4)H
o
n
.
w
w
5 1

=>
1 26H
SOL 1.63

1 7 2 1 1
A = >
1 20H> 3 5H
1 7
1 > 5 1H

=>
H
b
1 20 13 l 3 2
1 7
5 1

= 1>
H
>
13 1 20 3 2H
26 13

= 1>
13 65 39H
2 1

== G
5 3
SOL 1.64

We have
Now
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1
2 0.1
2 a
1
and
=
A = =
A
G
>
0 3
0 bH
AA-1 = I
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or
2 - 0.1 12 a
1 0
>0 3 H> H = >0 1H
0 b
or
1 2a - 0.1b
1 0
= > H
>0
H
3b
0 1
Page 35
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
2a - 0.1 = 0 and 3b = 1
Thus solving above we have b = 1 and a = 1
3
60
Therefore
a + b = 1 + 1 = 7
3 60 20
or
SOL 1.65

We know that AA-1 = I
2 - 0.1 12 a
1 2a 0.1b
1 0
or
= >
=> H
>0
H
H
>
H
0
3b
0 1
3 0 b
We get
3b = 1 or b = 1
3
in
.
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
and
Thus
SOL 1.66
2a - 0.1b = 0 or a = b
20
a + b = 1 + 1 1 = 7
3 3 20 20

We have
We get
or
We get
and
2
A = =
3
2 6 3 x
0
=3 9G=y 2 G = =0
6 + 6y 2x + 12
0
=9 + 9y 3x + 18G = =0
3 x
6
and B = > H, AB = 0
G
9
y 2
0
0G
0
0G
6 + 6y = 0 or y = 1
2x + 12 = 0 or x = 6
SOL 1.67
SOL 1.68
R V
1
1 1 0S W
S0 W

AB = =
1 0 1GS W
S1 W
T X(1)( 0) + (0)( 1)
(1)( 1) +
1

==
G
=
=
(1)( 1) + (0)( 0) + (1)( 1)
2G
We have

R
V
1 2W
1 1 2S
1 4
S 2 0W = =
AB = =
G
4 4G
2 1 0S
W
S 1 1 W
X
1 4 T
T
(AB) = =
4 4G
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Page 36
Chap 1
SOL 1.69

R
V
S 2 1W 1 2 5

AB = S 1 0 W=
G
SS 3 4 WW 3 4 0
RT
V
X
S(2)( 1) + ( 1)( 3) (2)( 2) + ( 1)( 4) (2)( 5) + ( 1)( 0)W

= S (1)( 1) + (0)( 3) (1)( 2) + (0)( 4) (1)( 5) + (0)( 0) W
SS( 3)( 1) + (4)( 3) ( 3)( 2) + (4)( 4) ( 3)( 5) + (4)( 0)WW
X
RT
V
S 1 8 10 W

= S 1 2 5 W
SS 9 22 15 WW
T
X
SOL 1.70
Matrix Algebra
V
R
S0 1 0 0W
S0 0 1 0W
W
We have
X = S
S0 0 0 1W
S0 0 0 0W
XV
TR
0
0
0
0
S
W
S1 0 0 0W
W
and transpose of X , XT = S
S0 1 0 0W
S0 0 1 0W
Here, we can see that rank ofT matrix Xx = 3 , hence, we can determine the
rank of XT X .
Let Y = X $ XT , the rank of Y # rank of X . Also, X1 Y = XT and so we
have
Rank X = Rank XT # Rank of Y
Hence, from Eqs. (1) and (2), we get

Rank of X = Rank of Y
Hence, rank of X $ XT is 3
.
w
w
SOL 1.71
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
i. n

X 4 # 3 " X cT# 4

X T3 # 4 Y4 # 3 " (XT Y) 3 # 3

(XY Y) 3 # 3 " (XT Y) -13 # 3

P2 # 3 " P 3T# 2
1
T
T
-1

(XT Y) -3 #
3 P 3 # 2 " "(X Y) PT ,3 2
#
T
-1 T

P2 # 3 {(XT ) Y-1 PT } 3 # 2 " 6P (X Y) P @2 # 2

SOL 1.72
[P (XT Y) -1 PT ]T2 # 2 " [P (XT Y) -1 PT ] 2 # 2

cos sin cos sin

A .A = >
sin cos H> sin cos H
cos ( + ) sin ( + )

=>
= A +
sin ( + ) cos ( + )H
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Also, it is easy to prove by induction that

cos na sin na

(A ) n = =
sin na cos na G
SOL 1.73
Page 37
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra

Let tan a = t
2
Then,
cos a =
2
1 tan2 a2
= 1 t2
2 a
t+t
1 + tan 2
and
sin a =
2 tan a2
= 2t 2
2 a
1 + tan 2
1+t
cos a sin a
cos a - sin a
1
tan a2

= >
(I - A) >
H
#
=
H
a
sin a cos a G
sin a cos a
1
tan 2
R
V
2
2t W
S 1 t2
1 t S 1 + t (1 + t2) W

==
t 1G # S 2t
1 t2 W
W
S
2
S(1 + t ) 1 + t2 W
T
X
1 t
1 tan a2

=>
=
= (I + A)
t 1 H >tan a2
1 H
SOL 1.74
in
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c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w

cos q sin q cos q sin q

H>
H
AAT = >
sin q cos q sin q cos q
cos2 q + sin2 q
cos q sin q + sin q cos q
H

=>
sin2 q + cos2 q
sin q cos q + cos q sin q
1 0

=> H
0 1

= 1, Hence A is orthogonal matrix.
SOL 1.75

cos cos cos ( ) cos sin cos ( )

AB = =
cos sin cos ( ) sin sin cos ( ) G
Is a null matrix when cos ( ) = 0 , this happens when ( - ) is an odd

multiple of p .
2
SOL 1.76

a b
Let matrix A be =
c dG
1
1
a b 1
ab
1
From A > H => H we get =
==
== G
G
G
G
=
1
1
c d 1
cd
1
We have
and
a - b = 1 ...(1)
c - d = 1 ...(2)
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1
1
From A > H = 2 > H we get
2
2
Page 38
Chap 1
Matrix Algebra
a b
1
a 2b
1
=c d G=- 2G = =c 2d G = 2 = 2G
we have
a - 2b = 2 ...(2)

c - 2d = 4 ...(4)
Solving equation (1) and (3) a = 0 and b = 1
Solving equation (2) and (4) c = 2 and d = 3
0 1
Thus
A = =
2 3G
If we check all option then result of option C after multiplication gives result.
SOL 1.77
3 4 3 4
5 8
=
A2 = =
1 1G=1 1G =2 3G
i. n
If we put n = 2 in option, then only D satisfy.
&

SOL 1.79
R V
R V
R V
R V
S3 W
S1 W
S2 W
S 1W
Sb W = k1 S3 W + k2 S6 W + k3 S 3 W
SSc WW
SS2 WW
SS4 WW
SS 2 WW
R V
RT VX R TV X
R V
T X
T X
S1 W
S1 W
S1 W S3 W
k1 S3 W + 2k2 S3 W k3 S3 W = Sb W
SS2 WW
SS2 WW
SS2 WW SSc WW
RT VX RT XV
T X
T X
S1 W S3 W
(k1 + 2k2 k3) S3 W = Sb W
SS2 WW SSc WW
k1 + 2k2 Tk3X = T3 X
3k1 + 6k2 3k3 = b
2k1 + 6k2 2k3 = c
b = 9 ,
c = 6
o
n
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w
w
o
.c
a
i
d
SOL 1.78

det (A) = (ah cf) k + bef + cdg aeg bdh
Thus matrix A is invertible for all k if (and only if) the coefficient (ah - cf)
of k is 0, while the sum bef + cdg aeg bdh is non zero.
& Thus infinitely many other sol n

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First Edition

NODIA & COMPANY

GATE Instrumentation Engineering Vol 2, 1e

NODIA & COMPANY

B - 8, Dhanshree Ist, Central Spine, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur - 302039

Preface to the Series

1.3 Transpose of a Matrix

Inverse of Matrix by Elementary Transformations

Chapter 2 Systems of Linear Equations

Null Vector or Zero Vector

A Vector as a Linear Combination of a Set of Vectors

Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors

2.3 System of Linear Equations

2.4 Solution of a system of linear equations

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues and Eigen vector

Determination of eigenvalues and eigenvectors 66

Computation of the Inverse Using Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

Reduction of a matrix to diagonal form

3.6 Similarity OF Matrices

chapter 4 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability

Left Handed Limit

Right Handed Limit

Existence of Limit at Point

L hospitals Rule 100

Continuity in an interval 100

Maxima and Minima

5.1 Introduction 139

Maxima and Minima

Mean Value Theorem

6.1 Introduction 163

6.3 Lagranges Mean Value Theorem 163

Cauchys Mean Values Theorem

7.1 Introduction 175

Partial Derivatives of Higher Orders

7.3 Total Differentiation

Change of Variables 176

Differentiation of implicit Function

8.1 Introduction 191

Important Formula for definite integral

9.1 Introduction 223

Differential Elements in Coordinate Systems

9.4 Gradient of a Scalar 224

Characterization of a vector field

9.8 Laplacian Operator

Stokes Theorem 226

Greens Theorem 226

chapter 10 First Order Differential Equations

10.2.1 Ordinary Differential Equation 247

10.2.3 Degree of a Differential Equation

10.3 Differential equation of FIRST ORDER and first degree 248

10.5.1 Equations Reducible to Variable Separable Form

10.6.1 Equations Reducible to Homogeneous Form 251

10.7.1 Equations Reducible to Linear Form 253

10.9.1 Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Exactness

10.9.3 Equations Reducible to Exact Form: Integrating Factors

Chapter 11 Higher Order Differential Equations

11.2.1 Operator 283

11.4 Particular integral 285

11.4.1 Determination of Particular Integral

11.5 Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation

11.6 Euler Equation 288

Chapter 12 Initial and boundary Value Problems