AERONAUTICAL

VEST POCKET
HANDBOOK

UNITED
TECHNOLOGIES
PRATT&WHITNEY

.Jommercial Engine Business

Government Engines and Space Propulsion
Operations
Pratt & Whitney Canada

Part No. P&W 79500

Twenty-Second Edition - First Printing

September 1991
Printed in U.S.A.

Personal Data

Name
Home Address

Home Telephone No.

Business Address

Business Telephone No.

In case of accident or serious, illness, please notify:

Telephone No.

Table of Contents
Conversion Tables

Conversion Factors............

. ............. 11

Miscellaneous Conversions, Weights and Measures ............. 24

Heat and Temperature. ... ..... . . .............
..26
Drill Sizes ................................................. 27
Metric System.... .. ... ..
............................ 28
Prefix Multiples...........................................33

Standard Atmosphere

Definition of Standard Atmosphere... ....................34

Geopotential Altitude. ...........
....................35
ICAO and U.S. Standard Atmosphere, British Units ...........36
ICAO and U.S. Standard Atmosphere, Metric Units.
....42

Compressible Flow

Compressible Flow Functions .......

One Dimensional Isentropic Compressible Flow

. .. 46

Functions ............................................... SO

One Dimensional Normal Shock Functions.................... 62

Inlet Pressures and Temperatures............................72
MIL-E-S007D Inlet Pressure Recovery........ ........ ..... 89

Air and Gas Properties

General Properties of Air...................................90

Normal Composition of Air............................. .91
General Properties of Gases..
..92
Psychrometric Chart......
.............. ..
.......93
Atmospheric Viscosity. .. ... .. .... ..
... .. .
....94
Specific Heats of Air at Low Pressures............
......95
Specific Heats of Products of Combustion
..96
lOOOJo, 2000Jo, 4000Jo Theoretical Air.......

Physical Properties

Density and Weights of Fuels..............

...99
Specific Gravity and Weights of Oils.........
..99
Applicable Fuel and Oil MIL Specifications...........
....99
Weights of Gases..........................................99
.....................100
Physical Constants.. .......
Density - Temperature Variation of Aviation Fuels.......... 101
Oil Viscosity Range...
.......................103
Properties of Elements....................................104
Properties of Materials (Nonmetallics).........
.......112
Properties of Materials (Metars and Alloys).
.............114

Rocket Engines

Liquid Rocket Engine Symbols .............................120

Rocket Engine Equations .................................. 123
Rocket Engine Formulas ................................... 124
Cryogenic Liquid Rocket Fuels ............................. 126
Liquid Rocket Engine Cycles ............................... 127
Theoretical Rocket Engine Propellant Summary .............. 131
Vapor Pressure of Liquid Propellants ....................... 133
Specific Gravities of Liquid Propellants ..................... 134

Gas Turbine Engines

Gas Turbine Engine Symbols Used by P&W.................135

Gas Turbine Engine Subscripts .............................137
Gas Turbine Parameter Correction Procedures ...............138
Inlet and Jet Wake Danger Areas ...........................139
Theta (0) Tables .......................................... 140
Gas Turbine Engine Station Designations .................... 148
Thrust - Horsepower Conversion ..........................155
Turbojet and Turbofan Engine Noise .......................156

Aircraft Performance

Aerodynamic Relationships ................................163

Airspeed Relationships and Corrections ......................164

Miscellaneous

Personal Data ..............................................3

A Brief History of Pratt & Whitney ...........................6
Greek Alphabet ........................................ .49
Climatic Data for Selected U.S. Cities .......................171
P&W Commercial Engine Designations ......................173
U.S. Military Aircraft Designations .........................173
U.S. Military Engine Designations ..........................175
Rocket and Missile Designations ............................179
Aircraft National Registration Marks ........................180
Designation Codes of Selected Airlines......................182
Major International Airports of the World...................188
Engines Designed by P&W .................................192
Absolute Records for Aircraft ..............................194
Inch - Millimeter Scales..................................195
P&W Offices - Addresses and Telephones ..................196

A Brief History of
Pratt &
Frederick Brant Rentschler arrived in Hartford in 1925 with a small group
of men whose goal was to produce an air-cooled radial aircraft engine
superior to any predecessor. To accomplish that goal, they formed a
new company - Pratt & Whitney Aircraft - in July 1925. Some five
months later, on December 29, 1925, Rentschler and his men succeeded
in testing their first engine, the Wasp1!1 .
The Wasp began a new era in American aviation. Rentschler and Pratt
& Whitney Aircraft played a key role in that new industry. Their
commitment to technological advancement was obvious; each new engine
model incorporated important technical improvements. The Wasp and
the Hornet soon became the main power source for the nationts new
military aircraft and for the developing air transport industry.
The 1930s were a challenging time for aviation. Many milestones were
achieved by Pratt & Whitney during that decade. Pratt & Whitney engines
powered 90 percent of the nation's commercial transports. The company
also played a major role in aviation history. For exarnpl a Thin \Vasp
powered Martin China Qipper introduced trans-Pacific air travel in 1935.
Significant technical advances were made in aircraft design that required
new advanced engines that simultaneously combined higher horsepower
with increased reliability. Pratt & Whitney met those challenges with
engines that set the majority of records for speed and distance.
While Pratt & Whitney was involved exploring new frontiers, the
company was also unknowingly preparing for one of its greatest
challenges; supplying the power that would help the U.S. and its Allies
attain air supremacy in World War II.
During World War II, the challenge for Pratt & Whitney was to produce
and improve upon aircooled reciprocating engines for the Military. Pratt
& Whitney met the challenge by producing more than half the total
aircraft horsepower used by the U.S. and its Allies. During that period,
turbine engine
to emerge as an aircraft
however, the
& Whitney's
were tied; the company was
powerpfant.
committed to the war effort and could only observe gas turbine
deve1opment.

At war's end, prospects in the gas turbine field turned brighter for Pratt
& Whitney. A first peacetime step the company took toward leadership
in thot area was its creation of the WiUgoos Turbine Laboratory, named
for Andrew Willgoos, a P&W founder and its first chief engineer. The
'Lab', the worlds largest privately owned engine test facility, became
an essential tool in jeL engine developmenL.
One of the first engines developed at the Willgoos Lab was the J57,
the first Pratt & Whiu,ey designed turbojet engine released to production.
That engine, a dual-rotor, axial-now Lurbojet, produced 10.000 pounds
of thrust and was the first to power an aircraft at supersonic speed in
level flight. The JS7 also made aviation history by winning the Collier
Trophy.
The J57 powered the B-52 bomber, the backbone of American strategic
power in the 1950s. The JS7, along with its more powerful ruccessort
the 175 1 powered the U.S. 'century series' fighter aircraft. Commercial
version.s of those engines. the JT3 and JT4 ins ta.lied in 707s and DC-Ss,
ushered in the jet age for U.S. air travelers. The JT3D, P&W's first
production turbofan, was developed by taking the service-proven JT3
(J57) gas generator nnd adding a two-stage front fan.
In the mid 1950s, Pratt & Whitney began work with liquid hydrogen
fuel for aerospace engines. A 157 was converted to operate on liquid
hydrogen and a prototype turbofan engine, the 304, designed to fly at
100,000 feet, was tested in 1957 at the Florida Research and Development
Center (FRDC). The expander cycle, used in the 304 was adopted for
the RLIO liquid rocket engine.
The 1960s saw continuing development of improved turbofans. The
JT8D, selected as the powerplant for Boeing 727, 737, Douglas DC-9,
and Aerospatiale Caravelle passenger aircraft met the rigorous
requirements of short-to-medium range service where takeofrs and
landings occur as o!len as hourly. Continued uprating of its initial 14,000
pounds of takeoff thrust made growth possible in aircraft payloads,
increased range,. shortened takeoff distances, and produced higher rates
of climb for reduced community noise levels.
The RL!O began its highly rnccessful launch history in 1963 with the
injection of a test payload into orbit. Since that time, this engine has
launched all of the spacecraft for planeiary exploration, and most of

the communication satellites placed in 24 hour orbit. The sixties also

saw the development of high chamber pressure rocket engine technlogy
at P&W, which included oxygen and hydrogen turbopumps and
culminated in test firings of the quarter million pound thrust XLR-129
at the FRDC facility. This technology was subsequently adopted for
the Space Shuttle main engine.
The JT9D introduced advances in turbofan technology i n the late 1960s
and 1970s which made possible a whole new generation of wide-bodied
commercial transports - Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC.JO Series
40, and Airbus Industrie A300 airliners. The JT9D's initial power rating
was 43,600 pounds of thrust, but standard series JT9D engine models
soon offered up to 56,000 pounds of takeoff thrust.
Military arterburning turbofans developed and produced by P&W in the
1970s included the TF30 which powers the Air Force F-Jll and the Navy
Fl4, and the FIOO which powers the Air Force f.15 and F-16.
Pratt & Whitney Canada introduced the PT6 turboprop engine in 1%4,
and since its service introduction, it has become the worlds most popular
powerplant in the 475 1424 shaft horsepower class. It powers more
than 127 different business, commuter, and helicopter aircraft. The
JT15D turbofan, first test run in September 1967, produced 2,200 to
2,900 pounds of takeoff thrust, and received certification in May 1971
from the Canadian Department of Transport. It powers the Cessna
Citations I, !!, S/II, Cessna Navy Citation T-47A, Aerospatiale Corvette,
Mitsubishi Diamonds I and IA, Beechjet, and SIA! Marchetti S2ll.
Turbofan engine development in the 1970s emphasized greater energy
efficiency and reduced levels of noise and emissions. The derivative
JT8D-200 series engines, retaining the JT8D's high pressure rotor
replaced the JT8D's two-stage fan with a larger diameter single-stage
fan and added an exhaust mixer for reduced noise levels. JT8D-200 series
engines have made the McDonnell Douglas advanced medium-range
MD-80 series aircraft among the most fuel-efficient and quietest
commercial jetliners now flying in its class.
During the 1970s, the RLIO launched thirty-four critical payloads,
including the Voyagers which completed the Grand Tour of the solar
system in 1989. In the Helios mission, launched on a Titan/Centaur,
the RLIOA-3-3 demonstrated its capability for multiple relights in space

with each engine being started seven times to inject the spacecraft into
an orbit which passed within 0.29 AV from the sun.
The JT9D-7R4 engine series, incorporating technical advances based
on millions of JT9D engine flight hours' experience, made it possible
for commercial operators in the late 1970s to satisfy many wide-body
powerplant requirements with a single family of engines. JT9D-7R4
technology advances included a wide-chord, single-shroud fan, single
crystal turbine blades, and an electronic engine control. JT9D-7R4s
power the Boeing 767 and stretched-upper-deck 747-300, and the Airbus
A300-600.
The PW2037, first engine in the PW2000 engine series, whose
development began in the mid-!970s, powers the Boeing 757, an
advanced technology single-aisle transport designed for maximum
economy on short-to-medium range routes. Rated at 38,250 pounds of
takeoff thrust, the PW2037 design features controlled diffusion airfoils,
high-strength supera!loy disks, full-authority digital electronic control,
and active clearance control for reduced fuel consumption. The PW2037
(F117-PW.JOO) was also selected as the powerplant for the Air Fon:e C-17
military transport.
In early 1980, Pratt & Whitney Canada unveiled a new turboprop engine
family, the PW!OO series, whose models offer about 15 percent lower
specific fuel consumption than other turboprops. Providing 1,500 to
2,570 shaft horsepower, PWIOO models have been ,elected to power a
new generation of commuter airliners; the de Havilland Dash 8, the
Embraer Brasillia EMB-120, the AerospatialeAeritalia ATR42, the
British Aerospace ATP, and the Fokker 50. In 1983 P&WC announced
the development of the PW200 series, an advanced technology 500-1,000
shp fuel efficient turboshaft engine for the new generation of light twin
helicopters. The first model is the PW209T, a twin turboshaft. P&WC
announced in the mid-1980s, development of the new PW300 series
turbofan engines for business and commuter aircraft; this series will
produce 4,500 to 6,000 pounds of takeoff thrust.
The PW 4000 is a radically new large commercial jet engine series
designed for advanced versions on the Boeing 747 and 767, the Airbus
A300 and A310, as well a, the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. It offers
takeoff thrnst of 50,000 to 62,000 pounds, with growth to over 76,000
pounds, at a marked increase in fuel efficiency. The PW4000 features
9

an almost SO percent reduction in engine parts for substantially reduced

spare parts and labor maintenance costs. Development of the PW4000
was launched in late 1982, with commercial service introduced in

June 1987.

Development of the V2500 turbofan began in late 1983 by a five-nation

consortium (P&W; Rolls-Royce of Great Britian; JAEC of Japan; MTU
of West Germany; and, Fiat of Italy) to produce engines in the
18,000-30,000 pound takeoff thrust class for new Airbus, Boeing, and
McDonnell Douglas 150-passenger medium-range jetliners.
In the mid 1980s, P&W introduced the PJOO-PW-220 afterburning
turbofan, which brought a new level of reliability and durability to P-15
and P-16 aircraft. It was followed, late in the decade, by the PIOO-PW-229,
an increased performance member of P&W's PIOO family of fighter
engines with 29,000 pounds of thrust for advanced P-15s and P-16s. At
the same time, P&W was progressing with development of the Fll9, the
company's candidate to power the Air Force's Advanced Tuctical Fighter
of the future. Also during the 1980s, P&W began deliveries of the F!17
for the Air Force's McDonnell Douglas C-17 Airlifter. The Fll7 is a
military version of the PW2040 series commercial engine.
A major increase in the number of propulsion systems using hydrogen

fuel has occurred at P&W during the 1980s. The RLIO has been selected
to power the commercial versions of the Atlas/Centaur and the Titan
IV Centaur. More engines are now on order than have flown over the

last three decades. Alternate turbopumps which will provide full life
to the space shuttle main engine are under development for NASA.
Advanced technology rocket engine components are being developed
for the Advanced Launch System for the USAF /NASA, and
developmnent is underway on the powerplant for the National Aero
Space Plane (NASP). The objective of the NASP program is to establish
the technological base for an aircraft capable of single stage to orbit
from a horizontal takeoff.

IO

Conversion Factors
To obtain

Multiply

By

acre

4.3560
4.0469
4.0469
1.5625
4.8400

x
x
x
x
x

104
10-1
11)3
10-J
103

square feet

atmosphere
(atm) (1962)

7.6000
2.9921
1.0332
1.0133
1.4696

x
x
x
X
x

10
10
104
10s
10

centimeters of mercury

bar

9.8962 x 10-1
1.0000 x 1()6

dynes/square

7.5006 x 102
1.0000 X 105
1.4504 x 10

newtons I square meter

pounds I square inch

barn

1.0000 x 10-24

square centimeters
(nuclear cross-section)

barrel, liquid
(U.S.)

3.1500 x 10
1.1924 x 10-1

British thermal
unit (Btu)

2.5180
7.7817
1.0551
3.9301
1.0551
1.0551
2.9302
1.0551

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

4.1999
1.7548
1.2970
2.3581
1.7548
1.7931
1.7548

x JOB
x 10
x 10-2
x 10

British thermal

unit/minute

(Btu/min)

102
102
1010
10-4
103
103
10-4
103

x 10

hectares
square meters

square miles

square yards
inches of mercury
kilograms/ square meter
newtons/square meter

pounds/ square inch

atmospheres

centimeter

millimeters of mercury

gallons

cubic meters

calories (post-1956 !ST)

foot-pounds

ergs
horsepower-hours

joules

newton-meters
kilowatt-hours
watt-seconds
calories/second

ergs/ second

foot-pounds/second

horsepower

joules/second

kilogram-meters I second
watts

11

Conversion Factors (continued)

To obtain
107
10-6
ca.Jorie I second
(cal/sec)

centimeter
(cm)

2.3810 x 10-1
4.1868 x J07
3.0880
4.1868
3.2808
3.9370
1.0000
1.0000
1.0936

x
x
x
x
x

10-2
10-1
10-,
10-2
10-2

3.2808 x 10-2
3.9370 x 10-1
],0000 x 10-2
x 10-

chain
(surveyor)

6.7197
J.6001)
l.0000
2.21)1)1)
6.6000
2.0117

cord

1.2800 x 102

centipoise

x
x
x
x

cubic centimeter J.0000 X

3.5315 x
(cml)
6.1024 x
J.0000 x
J.3080 x
cubic decimeter 1.01)1)1) x
3.5)15 x
(literl
6.1024 x
(dm3)
1.0000 x
1.3080 x
12

102
JO
10
JO

British thermal units

foot-pounds
ergs
joules
kilowatt-hours
watt-seconds
British thermal
units/minute
ergs/second
foot-pounds/second
joules I second
feet
inches
kilometers
meters
yards
feet/second
inches Isecond
meters/ second
pounds (mass)/second-foot
kilograms I hourmeter
links
yards
feet
meters
cubic feet

Conversion Factors (continued)

By

Multiply

To obtain

2.8317 x
2.8317 x
1.7280 x
2.8317. x
3. 7037 x

cubic foot
(ft3)

104
10
103
10-2
10-2

H2 0 6.2366 x 10

cubic centimeters
cubic decimeters
cubic inches
cubic
cubic
pounds

cubic inch
(in3)

1.6387
1.6387
5.7870
1.6387
2.1433

x
x
x
x
x

10
10-2
10-4
10-s
10-5

cubic centimeters
cubic decimeters
cubic feet
cubic
cubic

cubic meter
(m3)

1.0000
1.0000
3.5315
6.1024
1.3080

x
x
x
x

106
103
10
104

cubic centimeters
cubic decimeters
cubic feet
cubic inches
cubic yards

cubic yard
(yd3)

7.6455
7.6455
2.7000
4.6656
7.6455

x
x
x
x
x

to5
102
10
104
10-1

cubic centimeters
cubic decimeters
cubic feet
cubic inches
cubic meters

curie

3.7000 x 1010

disintegrations/second

degree
(deg)

6.0000
1.7453
2.7778
3.6000

x
x
x
x

10
10-2
10-3
J03

minutes
radians
revolutions
seconds

dyne

1.0197
1.0197
1.0000
3.5970
2.2481

x
x
x
x
x

10-6
10-s
10-5
10-6

10-3

grams
kilograms
newtons
ounces
pounds

dyne/square
centimeter

2.9530
1.0197
7.5006
1.0000
1.4504

x
x
x
x
x

10-5
10-2
10-4
10
10-s

inches of mercury
kilograms/square meter
millimeters of mercury
newtons/square meter
pounds I square inch
13

Conversion Factors (continued)

Multiply

By

To obtain

electron volt

3.8268 x 10-20
1.6022 x 10-12
1.0000 x 10-6

MeV(mega electron volts)

9.4782
2.3885
1.0000
7.3756
1.0000

x 10-11
x 10-8

British thermal units

calories
dyne-centimeters
foot-pounds
joules

erg/second

5.6869
2.3885
7.3756
1.0000
1.0000

x
x
x
x
x

flow rate, fuel

4.5359 x 10-1

kilograms/hour

foot
(ft)

3.0480
1.2000
3.0480
3.0480
1.8939
3.3333

x
x
x
x
x
x

centimeters
inches
kilometers
meters
miles
yards

foot-pound

1.2851
1.3558
5.0505
1.3558
3.7662
1.3558

x 10-3
x 101
x 10-1

7.7104
3.2383
1.8182
1.3558
1.3826
1.3558

x 10-2
x 10-t
x 10-3

3.0480
1.0973
5.9248
3.0480
6.8182

x 10

(eV)

erg

(lb/hr)

(ft-lb)

foot-pound/

second

(ft-lb/sec)

foot/second

(fps)

14

x 10-8
x 10-1
10-9
10-8
10-8
10-1
10-1

10
10
10-4
10-t
10-4
10-t

x 10-1

x 10-t

calories
ergs

British thermal units/minute

calories/second
foot-pounds/second
joules/second
watts

British thermal units

ergs

horsepower-hours
joules
kilowatt-hours
newton-meters
British thermal units/minute
calories/second
horsepower
joules/second
kilogram-meters I second
watts

x 10-1
x 10-t
x 10-t

centimeters I second
kilometers/hour
knots
meters I second
miles/hour

Conversion Factors (continued)

Multiply

By

To obtain

furlong

1.0000 x 10
2.2000 x 102
2.0117 x 102

chains
yards
meters

gallon (U.S.)
(gal)

1.3368 x 10-1
3.7854
3.7854 x I0-3
8.0000
4.0000

cubic feet
liters
cubic meters
pints
quarts

gram
(gm)

1.0000
3.5274
2.2046
9.8067
9.8067

kilograms
ounces
pounds
dynes
newtons

hectare

2.4711
1.0000 x 102
J.0000 x 104
3.8610 x 10-3

acres
ares

4.2436 x 10
104
102
10
102

British thermal
units/minute
foot-pounds/ second
foot-pounds/ minute
joules/ second
kilogram-meters/ second
watts

103
106
106
10-1

British thermal units

foot-pounds
joules
kilowatt-hours

horsepower
(hp)

x
x
x
x
x

10-3
10-2
l0-3
102
I0-3

5.5000 x 102

3.3000
7.4570
7.6040
7.4570

x
x
x
x

horsepower-hour 2.5461 x
1.9800 x
(hp hr)
2.6845 x
7.4570 x
hour
(hr)

6.0000
3.6000
4.1781
4.1667
1.1416

x
x
x
x
x

imperial gallon

2.7742 x 102
1.2009
4.5460

meters
miles

10
lo3
10-2
10-2
I0-4
cubic inches
gallons (U.S.)
liters

15

Conversion Factors (continued)

To obtain

inch
(in)

2.5400
8.3333 x 10-2
2.S400 x 10-2
2.7778 x 10-2

inch of mercury 3.3421 x

3.3864 x
at O'C
3.3864 x
(in Hg)
1.3595 x
2.5400 x
3.3864 x
7.(1727 x
4.9116 x

10-2
10-2
104
JO
10
103
10
10-1

centimeters
feet
atmospheres
bars

dynes/square centimeter

inches of water
millimeters of mercury

newtons/ square meter

pounds/square feet

pounds/square inch

inch/second

8.3333 x 10-2
2.5400
2.5400 x 10-2

feet/second

inch of water
at 4'C
(in H20)

2.4584
7.3556
l.8683
2.4910
3.6128

x JQ-3
x 10-2

atmospheres
inches of mercury
millimeters of mercury
newtons Isquare meter

joule

9.4771
2.3889
l.0000
1.0000
7.3756
l.0000
1.0000

x
x
x
x
x

1.0000
3.5274
2.2046
6.8521
9.8067
7.9290

x J03
x 10

(ips)

(J)

kilogram
(k g)

kilogram/
square meter
(kg/m2J

16

x 102
x 10-2
10-4
10-1
107
107
10-1

centimeters/ second
meters/second

pounds/square inch

British thermal units

calories
dynecentimeters

ergs
foot-pounds

newtonmeters

wattseconds

x 10-2
x 10

9.6783 x 10-s
9.8067 x 10-s
2.8959 x 10-3
9.8067

atmospheres
bars

inches of mercury

newtons/ square meter

Conversion Factors (continued)

Multiply

By

To obtain

kilogram/

6.5895
2.0482 x 10-1
1.4223 x 10-J

pounds I square inch

square meter

(kg/m2)

kilogram-meter

(kgm)

9.2938 x 10-3
7.2330
9.8067
9.8067
2.7232 x 10-6

kilogram-meter/ 3.3458 x 10

second

poundals I square foot

pounds/square foot

British thermal units

foot-pounds

joules

newton-meters
kilowatt-hours
British thermal units/hour
calories/second

2.3423
7.2330
9.8067
1.3151 x 10-2
9.8067 x 10-3

joules/second
horsepower
kilowatts

kilometer

3.2808
3.9370
1.0000
6.2137
1.0936

x
x
x
x
x

103
]()4
103
10-1
103

feet
inches
meters
miles
yards

kilometer/hour
(km/hr)

9.1130
5.3960
6.2137
2.7778

x
x
x
x

10-1
10-1
10-1
10-1

miles/hour
meters/second

kilo newton

2.2481 x 102

pounds

kilowatt hour

3.4128
2.6560
1.3414
3.6000
3.6721
3.6000

x 103
x 106

British thermal units

x 106
x 105
x 106

joules
kilogram-meters
watt-seconds

(kgm/sec)

(km)

foot-pounds/ second

feet/ second

knots

(kN)

(kWh)

foot-pounds
horsepower-hours

knot
(kt)

1.6878
1.1516
1.8532
5.1480 x 10-1

feet/ second
miles/hour
kilometers/hour

league (U.S.)

3.0000

nautical miles

meters I second

17

Conversion Factors (continued)

To obtain
light year

3.1040 x 1016
5.8786 x J0 12
9 .4608 x 101s

liter

6.1024
3.5315
2.6417
1.0000
2.1134
1.0567

x
x
x
x

meter

1.0000
3.2808
3.9370
1.0000
6.2137
1.0936

x 10'

centimeters

x JO
x J0-3
x 10-4

inches
kilometers
miles
yards

(l)

(m)

meter/second
(m/sec)

mile
(mi)

10
10-2
10-1
10-J

feet

miles
meters
cubic inches
cubic feet
gallons (U.S. liquid)
cubic meters
pints (U.S. liquid)
quarts (U.S. liquid)
feet

3.2808
3.6000
1.9438
2.2369

feet/second
kilometers/hour
knots
miles/hour

9.8632 x JO-I
1.3550 x 10-1

kilowatts

5.2800
6.3360
1.6093
J.6093
3.2000
1.7600

x J03
x 104
x 103
x 10'
x 103

horsepower

feet
inches
kilometers
meters
rods

yards

mile/hour
(mph)

1.4667
1.6093
8.6898 x 10-1
4.4704 x 10-1

feet/second
kilometers/hour
knots
meters/second

millimeter of
mercury at
O'C (torr)
(mm Hg)

l.3332
3.9370
5.3526
1.3332
1.9337

dynes/square centimeter
inches of mercury (O'C)
inches of water {4'C)
newtons/square meter
pounds/ square inch

18

x
x
x
x
x

103
10-2
10-1
102
10-2

Conversion Factors (continued)

Multiply

By

minute (angle)
(min)

1.6667
2.9089
4.6296
6.0000

x
x
x
x

10-2
10-

10-s

degrees
radians
revolutions

minute (time)

1.6667
6.0000
6.9444
1.9026

x
x
x
x

10-2
10
10-
10-6

hours
seconds
solar days
solar years

nautical mile
(international)

6.0761 x 103
1.8520 x 103

feet

newton

1.0000
1.0197
1.0197
2.2481
7.2330

x
x
x
x

102
10-t
10-1

dynes
grams

9.8692
1.0000
2.9530
1.0197
6.7200
2.0885
1.4504

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

10-6
10
10-
10-1
10-1
10-2
10-

2.8349
2.8349
6.2500
1.9428
2.7801

x
x
x
x
x

10
10-2
10-2
10-J
104

(min)

(nmi)
(N)

newton/

square meter

(pascal (Pa))
(N/m2)

ounce
(oz)

To obtain

10

10s

seconds

meters

kilograms

pounds

poundals

atmospheres

dynes/square centimeter

inches of mercury (O'C)

kilograms/square meter
poundals/square foot
pounds/ square foot
pounds/square inch

grams
kilograms
pounds

slugs

dynes

1.9163 x 1013
3.0857 x 1016

miles
meters

pieze

1.0000 x 103

newtons/square meter

pint (U.S.)
(pt)

1.6710
1.2500
4.7317
4.7317
5.0000

parsec

x
x
x
x
x

10-2
10-1
10-1
10-
10-1

cubic feet

gallons

liters
cubic meters
quarts
19

Conversion Factors (continued)

pound (force)
(lbt)
pound/
square foot
(pst)

pound/
square inch
(psi)

poundal
poundal/
square foot

4.7254
4.7880
4.7880
1.4139
4.8824
4.7880
3.2174
6.9444
6.8046
6.8948
2.0360
2.7681
7.0307
6.8948
4.6333
1.4400
1.4098
1.3825
3.1081
l.5174
1.4882
3.1081
2.1583

x 10-1
x 10-J
10
x J0-4
x J0-4
x 102
x 10-2
x
x
x
x
x

JO
10
J0-3
10-2
104

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

10
]02
J03
IQ3
J02
10-2
10-1
10-2
10-1
10-1
10-2
J0-4

x
x
x
x

10
103
10-1
!Ol

newtons
dekanewtons
kilonewtons
poundals
atmospheres
bars
dynes/square centimeter
inches of mercury (O"C)
kilograms/square meter
newtons/square meter
poundals/square foot
pounds I square inch
atmospheres
dynes/square centimeter
inches of mercury (O'C)
inches of water (4'C)
kilograms/square meter
newtons/square meter
poundals /square foot
pounds/square foot
kilograms

newtons
pounds
kilograms/square meter
newtons/ square meter
pounds/square foot
pounds/square inch

quart (U.S.)
liquid (qt)

radian

(rad)

20

5.7296
3.4378
1.5916
2.0626

degrees
minutes
revolutions
seconds

Conversion Factors (continued)

Multiply

By

To obtain

revolution
(rev)

3.6000 x 1()2
2.1600 x 1()4
6.2832
1.2960 x 106

degrees
minutes
radians
seconds

second (angle)
(sec)

2.7778
1.6667
4.8481
7.7160

degrees
minutes
radians
revolutions

second (time)
(sec)

2.7778 x 10-4
1.6667 x 10-2
1.1574 x 10-s

slug

1.4594
1.4594
5.1478
3.2174

x
x
x
x

solar day

2.4000
1.4400
8.6400
1.0027
2.7379

x 10
x 103
x 104

solar year

x 10-3
8.7658 x J03
3.6624 x 102
3.6524 x 1()2

square
centimeter
(cm2)

1.0764
1.5500
1.0000
1.0000

x
x
x
x

square foot
(ft2)

2.2957
9.2903
1.4400
9.2903
3.5870
1.1111

x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

10-4
10-2
10-6
J0-7

104

10
1()2
10

J0-3
10-1
l0-4
102
10-s
102
102
10-2
10-s
10-1

grams
kilograms
ounces
pounds

acres

21

Conversion Factors (continued)

To obtain
10-J
J0-4
102
!Oli
lQ-4
square
kilometers
(km2)

2.4711
1.0764
1.0000
3.8610

x
x
x
x

102
J07
J06
10-1

square meter
(m2)

2.4711
1.0000
1.0000
1.0764
1.5500
3.8610
l.1960

x
x
x
x
x
x

io-4
10-4
104
10
J03
10-7

square mile
(mi2)

6.4000
2.5900
2.7878
2.5900
2.5900
3.0976

x 102
x 102
x J07

square yard
(yd2)

2.0661
9.0000
1.2960
8.3613
3.2283

x 10-

thcrmie

4.1868 x J06

acres
square feet
square meters
square miles
acres
hectares

x J06
x 10
x J03
x 10-1
x 10- 7

thrust specific
1.0197
fuel consumption
(TSFC)
J.0197 x J02
(lb/hr/lb Fn)

22

circular mils
square centimeters
square feet

acres

feet
inches
meters
miles

kilograms/hour/
dekanewton
kilograms IhourI
kilonewton

Conversion Factors (continued)

To obtain
watt (joule/
second)
(W)

3.4121
5.6869
2.3900
1.0000
7.3756
1.3410
1.0197

x
x
x
x
x
x

10-2
10-1
101
10-1
10-3
10-1

British thermal units/hour

British thermal units/minute
calories/ second
ergs I second
foot-pounds/ second
horsepower
kilogram-meters/ second

watt second
(Wsec)

9.4782 x 10-4
7.3756 x 10-1
J.0000
2.7778 x 10-7

British thermal units

foot-pounds
joule
kilowatt-hours

yard
(yd)

9.1440
3.0000
3.6000
9.1440
9.1440
5.6818
1.8182

centimeters
feet
inches
kilometers
meters
miles
rods

x 10
x
x
x
x
x

10
10-4
10-1
10-4
10-1

23

Miscellaneous Conversions
w,,;011,t., and Measures
Liquid
Measure:

4 gills 1 pint
2 pints I quart
4 quarts = I gallon
31 v, gallons - l barrel
2 barrels = I hogshead
l U.S. gallon = 0.833 imperial gallon

Dry
Measure:

2 pint = 1 quart
8 quarts = 1 peck
4 pecks 1 bushel
36 bushels I chaldron

Long
Measure:

12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = I yard
511 yards = 1 rod
40 rods = J furlong
8
= I statute mile

Cubic
Measure:

- l.201 U.S.

1,728 cubic inches - J cubic foot

21 cubic feet 1 cubic yard

128 cubic feet = I cord (wood)

231 cubic inches - 1 U.S.

Mariner's
Measure:

6 feet = I fathom
120 fathoms = I cable length
1 !!\ cablC'lengths = I mile
5,280 feet - l statute mile
feet l nautical mile

Apothecaries
Measure:

60 minim l liquid dram

8 drams = l liquid ounce
16 ounces I

Shipping
Measure:

100 cubic feet - l register ton

40 cubic feet - I U.S. shipping ton
42 cubic feet - I British shipping ton

24

Miscellaneous Conversions
Weights and Measures (continued)
Weight:

16 drams 437.5 grains I oz

16 oz = 7000 grains I lb
112 lb = I hundredweight
20 hundredweight I long ton
2000 lb = I short ton
2240 lb - 1 long ton
2204.60 lb = I metric ton

Precious Stones:

1 carat 200 milligrams

Troy:

24 grains = I pennyweight
20 pennyweights = I oz
12 oz = 5760 grains = I lb

Apothecaries:

20 grains = l scruple
3 scruples I dram
8 drams = I ounce
12 oz = 5760 grains = 1 lb

Avoirdupois:

25

Heat and Temperature

The tWO basic units of heat are the British thermal unit (Btu) and the
French thermal unit (kilogram calorie). A British thermal unit is the
quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of
pure water one degree Fahrenheit (F). A French thermal unit is the
quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one kilogram of
pure water one degree Centigrade (C) or Celsius. One kilogram calorie
= 3.968 British thermal units = !000 gram calories.
A point has been theoretically determined on the temperature
measurement scale which is calted absolute zero, beyond which a further
decrease in temperature is inconceivable. That point is -459.67 F or
-273.l56C. A temperature measured from that point is called absolute
temperature. Absolute temperature in C is known as degrees Kelvin (K)
and absolute temperature in F is known as degrees Rankine {R).
'K = 'C + 273.15
'R 'F + 459.67
Pure water freezes at 32'F or O'C and boils at 212'F or lOO'C at standard
sea level atmospheric pressure. The following formulas may be used to
convert temperatures from one scale lO another:
'F 915 ('C) + 32
'C 5/9 ('F

26

32)

Drill Sizes

Decimal Equivalents

Dia.
In.
.2280
.2210
.2130
c
.2090
D
5
.2055
E
6
.2040
F
.2010
7
G
.1990
8
H
9
.1960
I
10
.1935
J
.1910
11
K
.1890
L
12
13
.1850
M
.1820
14
N
.1800
15
0
.1770
16
p
.1730
17
Q
.1695
R
18
s
.1660
19
.1610
20
T
.1590
u
21
v
22
.1570
.1540
23
w
.1520
24
x
.1495
25
y
.1470
26
z
.1440
27
28
.1405
.1360
29
.1285
30
.1200
31
32
.1160
.1130
33
34
.1110
.1100
35
.1065
36
.1040
37
38
.1015
.0995
39
.0980
40
Screw Dia. = (Screw No. x 0.013) + 0.060
Drill
No.
A
B

Dia.
In.
.234
.238
.242
.246
.250
.257
.261
.266
.272
.277
.281
.290
.295
.302
.316
.323
.332
.339
.348
.358
.368
.377
.386
.397
.404
.413

Drill
No.
1
2
3
4

Drill
No.
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

51
52
53
54

55
56

57
58

59

60
61
62
63
64

65

66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

Dia.
In.
.0960
.0935
.0890
.0860
.0820
.0810
.0785
.0760
.0730
.D700
.0670
.0635
.0595
.0550

.0520
.0465
.0430
.0420
.0410
.0400
.0390
.0380
.0370
.0360
.0350
.0330
.0320
.0310
.0292
.0280
.0260
.0250
.0240
.0225
.0210
.0200
.0180
.0160
.0145
.0135

27

Metric System

Because of increased use of the metric system of measurement, a

summary of the current definitions of the International System of Units
(SI) is included in this handbook.
T he seven base units and two supplementary units of the system are
shown in Table I.

TABLE 1
Name
length.
mass2
time.. .. , ..........
electric current ....
thermodynamic
temperature3 ......
amount of substance.. , ..
luminous intensity, ...

metre (meterJt ....... , .m

kilogram.,,, .......... kg
second,, ...... ,,.. . s
ampere . ..
. ....... A

plane angle.....
solid angle.

radian .. , ............ rad

steradian.... , ........ . sr

Kelvin. ... . ...

. ... K
mole ................. mol
candela. ..
. , .. , cd

Units for all other _quantities are derived from these nine untts. T he
seventeen derived units with special names. all of which are products
of the nine base and supplementary units, are listed in Table 2. All other
SI units are derived from the 26 base, supplementary and specialname
SI units in Tables I and 2. Examples of derived units are given in Tables
3 and 4.
28

Metric System (continued)

TABLE 2
SI derived units with

Quantity

Name
SI UNITS

frequency......... .... .

hertz ....... Hz
newton .. , N
pressure, stress. .. . . .... pascal ...... Pa
energy, work,
quantity of heat. ...... joule ....... J
power, radiant flux....... watt ........ w
quantity of electricity,
electric charge, ...., , .. coulomb .... c
electric potential,
potential difference,
electromotive force.... . volt ........ V
capadtance.......... .
farad ....... F
ohm ........ Q
electric resistance.. ,
siemens ..... S
conductance ..
magnetic flux........... weber....... Wb
magnetic flux density..... tesla ........ T
inductance ............. . henry.......H
luminous flux .......... . lumen ...... lm
illuminance .. , , ........ , Jux ......... lx
activity (radio,active).... . becquerel . . Bq
absorbed dose ........... gray ........ Gy
force ................ ..

, -1
mkg!s2
N/m2
Nm
J/s
As
W/A
C/V
VIA
A/Y
Ys
Wb/m2
Wb/A
cdsr
lm/m2
,- 1
J/kg

29

Metric System (continued)

TABLE 3
Exam1pli of SI derived units,
in terms of base units
SJ Unit

Unit

area ................... . square metre., ........ m2

volume ................. cubic metre.... , ... ,m3
speed, velocity, . , ,..,. ,
acceleration . , .....

metre per s econd...... mis

metre per second
squared. ,..... , ..... m/s2

wave n umber............ J per metre ........... m-l

densitY1 mass density .... . kilogram per cubic
metre.,, .......,.,, .kg/ml
current density.......... . ampere per square
metre... ......,.. A/m2
magnetic field strength,
ampere per metre...... Alm
concentration (of amount
of substance)... ,.,,,,. mole per cubic metre... mol/m3
specific volume.......... cubic metre per
kilogram,.. , ....... m3 /kg
luminance...... ,,, ..... candela per square
metre............... cd/ m2

30

Metric System (continued)

TABLE 4
Examles of SI derived units
expressed by means of special names
Unit
Symbol

Quantity

Name

dynamic viscosity ........

moment of force .........
surface tension ..........
heat flux density,
irradiance .............
heat capacity, entropy ....
specific heat capacity,
specific entropy ........
specific energy ...........
thermal conductivity .....
energy density ...........
electric field strength .....
electric charge density ....

pascal second ..........Pa s

metre newton ..........N m
newton per metre ......Nim

electric flux density ..... .

watt per square metre ..Wlm2

joule per kelvin ........JIK
joule per kilogram
kelvin .............. Jl(kgK)
joule per kilogram .....Jlkg
watt per metre kelvin ...Wl(m K)
joule per cubic metre ...Jlm3
volt per metre .........Vim
coulomb per cubic
metre ...............Clm3
coulomb per square
metre ...............Clm2
farad per metre ........Flm
henry per metre ........Him
joule per mole .........Jlmol

permittivity .............
permeability .............
molar energy ............
molar entropy, molar
heat capacity .......... joule per mole kelvin ...Jl(mol K)
The units listed below, although not a part of the SI, are so widely used
that it is impractical to abandon them. They are expected to be retained
for continued use in the United States, some only for a limited time,
subject to future review.
liter (1)
degree (0)
minute (min)
minute (')
metric ton
hour (hr)
day (d)
second (")
tonne
gallon
hectare
nautical mile
acre
curie
knot (kt)
roentgen
bar
angstrom (A)
standard atmosphere (atm) are
rod
A set of prefixes is provided to form multiples and sub-multiples of these
metric units. They are listed on page 28.
31

TABLE 5
Metric Equivalents
Metric
Equivalents
for
Length:

J centimeter .., 0.394 inches

1 inch 2.540 centimeters
l meter = 3.281 feet
I foot = 0.35 meters
I meter = 1.0936 yards
1 yard = 0.9144 meters
1 kilometer 0.6214 mile
l mile x l.6094 kilometers

Metric
Equivalents
for
Squares:

I sq. centimeter 0.1550 sq. in

1 sq. inch 6.452 sq. centimeters
l sq. meter 10.764 sq. feet
I sq. foot = 0.09290 sq. meters
I sq. meter = 1.196 sq. yards
l sq. yard = 0.8361 sq. meters
I sq. kilometer = 0.386 sq. mile
I sq. mile 2.59 sq. kilometers

Metric
Equivalents
for
Volume:

1
1
I
I
1
I
1
1
I
I
I
I
J
I

cubic centimeter 0.061 cubic inch

cubic inch 16.39 cu. centimeters
cubic meter 35.314 cubic feet
cubic foot 0.02832 cubic meters
cubic meter 1.308 cubic yards
cubic yard 0.7646 cubic meters
liter (dry) = 0.908 quart
quart (dry) = 1.101 liters
liter (liquid) - l.0567 quarts
quart (liquid) - 0.9463 liters
U.S. gallon (liquid) 3. 785 liters
imperial gal. (liquid) 4.546 liters
liter (liquid) 0.264 U.S. gallon
liter (liquid) 0.220 imperial gallon

l
I
l
I
l
l

gram 0.03527 ounce

ounce 28.35 grams
kilogram = 2.2046 pounds
pound 0.4536 kilograms
metric ton - 0.98421 English ton
English ton 1.016 metric ton

Metric
Equivalents
for
Weight:

32

Prefix Multiples
Multiple

Prefix

Symbol

J 0 18

cxa

!O il

peta

10 1 2

tera

109
J06

giga

mega

J 03

kilo

1()2

hecto

JO

deka

da

10-1

deci

10-2
J0-3

centi
milti

JQ-6

micro

JQ-9

nano

J0-12
10- 15

pico

femto

atto

10-rn

33

Standard Atmosphere
Definition of Standard Atmosphere
A standard atmosphere is a hypothetical vertical distribution of
atmospheric temperature, pressure and density which, by international

or national agreement, is taken to be representative of the atmosphere

for the purpose of altimeter calibrations, aircraft design, performance
calculations, etc. The internationally accepted standard atmosphere is
called the International Civil Aeronautical Organization (ICAO)
Standard Atmosphere or the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA).
The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 agrees with the ICAO Standard
Atmosphere up to 65,000 feet altitude. It is ideal air devoid of moisture.
water vapor, and dust, and obeys the perfect gas law. It is based upon

accepted standard values of sea level air density, temperature

and pressure.

ICAO and U.S. Standard Atmospheres

Standard Values al Sea level
British Units

Metric Units

Pressure, P O

2116.22 lb/ft2
29.92 in. Hg

1.013250 x J05 N/m2

760 mm Hg

Temperature. T0

518.67'R
59.0'F

288.15'K
15.0'C

Acceleration due to
gravity, g0

32.1741 ft/sec2

9.80665 m/sec2

Specific weight, Ko'2o 0.076474 lb/ft3

1.2250 kg/mJ

Density, '2o

0.0023769 lb-sec2/ft4 0.12492 kg sec2/m4

Kinematic
viscosity, v0

1.5723 x 10-
ft 2/sec

1.4607 x 10-5
m2/sec

Absolute
viscosity, 0

1.2024 x 10-5
lb/ft sec

1.7894 x JQ-5
kg/m sec

34

Standard Values at Al!itude

British Units

Metric Units

Isothermal
altitude, Z;

36,089 ft

ll,000 m

Isothermal
temperature, I

-69.7'F

-56.5'C

Temperature lapse
rate (sea level
to isothermal)

l,000 ft

-3.57'F/

-6.5'C/km

Geopotential Altitude
Geopotential altitude is the standard measure of altitude generally used

in aircraft and refers to the distance that a given unit of energy will lift

a given unit of mass. The physical length of geopotential units is not

constant but increases with higher elevations because the acceleration
due to gravity decreases as elevation is increased. Thus, at 100,000 feet
geometric altitude as would be measured by a yardstick. an aircraft
altimeter calibrated in geopotential feet would indicate 99,523 feet.
The following equation is used to relate the geopotentiat altitude to
geometric altitude:
H

J'_g_

g,,

dZ

where:
H = geopotential altitude
Z "" geometric altitude
g0 = acceleration due to gravity at sea level
g = accelertion due to gravity at altitude Z

35

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976

(Geopotential Altitude)
British Units

15.79
19.0
66.J
525.8
17.0
15.23
62.5
522.2
15.0
14.70
59.0
518.7
14.17
55.4
1000
515.1
13.0
13.66
51.9
511.6
2000
11.0
13.17
508.0
9.1
3000
48.3
44.7
7.1
12.69
504.4
4000
12.23
500.9
41.2
5.1
5000
11.78
37.6
3.1
6000
497.3
493.7
11.34
34.0
1.1
7000
-0.8
8000
490.2
10.92
30.5
26.9
9000
10.50
486.6
-2.8
483.0
23.3
-4.8
10000
!0.11
479.5
9.720
11000
-6.8
19.8
475.9
9.346
12000
16.2
-8.8
472.3
8.984
13000
12.6
-10.7
12.7
468.8
8.633
14000
9.1
-14.7
8.294
465.2
15000
5.5
1.9
461.6
-16.7
16000
7.965
7.647
J.6
458.l
-18.7
17000
7.339
454.5
-5.2
-20.7
18000
450.9
-8.8
-22.6
7.041
19000
-24.6
6.754
20000
447.4
-12.3
443.8
21000
6.475
-26.6
-15.9
-28.6
6.207
22000
440.2
-19.5
5.947
23000
-23.0
-30.6
436.7
-26.6
433.1
5.696
24000
-32.5
429.5
-34.5
25000
5.454
-30.2
426.0
5.220
-33.7
-36.5
26000
4.994
-38.5
-37.3
422.4
27000
-40.5
-40.9
4.777
418.8
28000
-44.4
4.567
-42.4
415.3
29000
411.7
4.364
-44.4
-48.0
30000
Note: The lCAO atmos phere is identical to the U.S.
Atmosphere for altitudes below 65,617 feet.
-2000
-1000
0

36

32.15
31.02
29.92
28.86
27.82
26.82
25.84
24.90
23.98
23.09
22.23
21.39
20.58
19.79
19.03
18.29
17.58
16.89
16.22
15.57
14.94
14.34
13.75
13.18
12.64
12.11
11.60
11.10
10.63
10.17
9.725
9.298
8.886
Standard

ve

1.0138
1.0069
1.0000
.9932
.9863
.9794
.9725
.9657
.9588
.9519
.9450
.9382
.9313
.9244
.9175
.9107
.9038
.8969
.8900
.8831
.8763
.8694
.8625
.8556
.8488
.8419
.8350
.8281
.8213
.8144
.8075
.8006
.7938

1.0069
1.0034
1.0000
.9966
.9931
.9897
.9862
.9827
.9792
.9757
.9721
.9686
.9650
.9615
.9579
.9543
.9507
.9470
.9434
.9398
.9361
.9324
.9287
.9250
.9213
.9175
.9138
.9100
.9062
.9024
.8986
.8948
.8909

1.074
1.037
1.000
.9644
.9298
.8962
.8637
.8321
.8014
.7716
.7428
.7148
.6877
.6614
.6360
.6113
.5875
.5644
.5420
.5203
.4994
.4791
.4596
.4406
.4223
.4047
.3876
.3711
.3552
.3398
.3250
.3107
.2970

1.060
1.030
1.000
.9710
.9427
.9151
.8881
.8616
.8358
.8106
.7860
.7619
.7385
.7155
.6932
.6713
.6500
.6292
.6089
.5892
.5699
.5511
.5328
.5150
.4976
.4806
.4642
.4481
.4325
.4173
.4025
.3881
.3741

q!Ml
lb/ft2

Sonic Velocity
ft/sec
kts

1592.
1536.
1481.
1429.
1377.
1328.
1279.
1233.
1187.
1143.
1100.
1059.
1019.
979.8
942.1
905.6
870.2
836.0
802.9
770.8
739.8
709.8
680.8
652.7
625.6
599.4
574.1
549.7
526.2
503.4
481.5
460.3
439.9

1124.1
1120.2
1116.4
1112.6
1108.7
1104.9
1101.0
1097.1
1093.2
1089.2
1085.3
1081.3
1077.4
1073.4
1069.4
1065.4
1061.3
1057.3
1053.2
1049.2
1045.1
1041.0
1036.8
1032.7
1028.5
1024.4
1020.2
1016.0
1011.7
1007.5
1003.2
988.9
994.6

666.0
663.7
661.5
659.2
656.9
654.6
652.3
650.0
647.7
645.4
643.0
640.7
638.3
636.0
633.6
631.2
628.8
626.4
624.0
621.6
619.2
616.7
614.3
611.9
609.4
606.9
604.4
601.9
599.4
596.9
594.4
591.9
589.3

37

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976

(Geopotential Altitude) (continued)
British Units

31000
32000
33000
34000
35000
36000
*36089
37000
38000
39000
40000
41000
42000
43000
44000
45000
46000
47000
48000
49000
50000
51000
52000
53000
54000
55000
56000
57000
58000
59000
60000
61000
62000
63000
64000
65000
38

-51.6
-55.l
-58.7
-62.3
-65.8
-69.4
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7

-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7

408.l
404.6
401.0
397.4
393.9
390.3
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0
390.0

-46.4
-48.4
-50.4
-52.4
-54.3
-56.3
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5

-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5

-56.5
-56.5

-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5

-56.5
-56.5
-56.5

-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5

4.169
3.981
3.800
3.626
3.458
3.297
3.282
3.142
2.994
2.854
2.720
2.592
2.471
2.355
2.244
2.139
2.039
1.943
1.852
1.765
l.682
1.603
1.528
1.456
1.388
l.323
1.261
1.201
1.145
1.091
1.040

.9913
.9448
.9005
.8582
.8179

8.489
8.106
7.737
7.383
7.041
6.712
6.683
6.397
6.097
5.811
5.538
5.278
5.030
4.794
4.569

4.355

4.151
3.956
3.770
3.593
3.425
3.264
3.111
2.965
2.826
2.693
2.567
2.446
2.321
2.222
2.118
2.018
1.924
1.833
1.747
1.665

El

ve

&

.7869
.7800
.7731
.7663
.7594
.7525
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519

.8871
.8832
.8793
.8754
.8714
.8675
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.867!
.8671

.2837
.2709
.2586
.2467
.2353
.2243
.2234
.2138
.2038
.1942
.1851
.1764
.1681
.1602
.1527
.1455
.1387
.1322
.1260

.1201
.JJ45
.1091
.1040
.09909
.09444
,09000
.08578
.08175
.07792
.07426
.07078
.06746
.06429
.06127
.05840
.05566

q!J.12

lb/ft2

.3605
.3473
.3345
.3220
.3099
.2981
.2971
.2843
.2710
.2583
.2462
.2346
.2236
.2131
.2031
.1936
.1845
.1758
.1676
.1597
.1522
.1451
.1383
.13!8
.1256
.JJ97
.1141
.!087
.1036
.09877
.09413

.08971
.08550
.08149
.07767
.07402

420.3
401.3
383.1
365.5
348.6
332.3
330.9
316.7
301.8
287.7
274.2
261.3
249.0
237.4
226.2
215.6
205.5
195.8
186.7
177.9
169.5
161.6
154.0
146.8
139.9
133.3
127.1
121.1
115.4
JJO.O
104.8
99.93
95.24
90.77
86.51
82.45

Sonic Velocity
ft/sec
kts
990.3
586.8
986.0
584.2
981.6
581.6
977.3
579.0
972.9
576.4
968.5
573.8
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
573.6
968.l
968.1
573.6
573.6
968.1
968.l
573.6
968.1
573.6
573.6
968.1
968.l
573.6
968.l
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
573.6
968.1
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.l
573.6
968.1
573.6
573.6
968.1
968.1
573.6
968.l
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
968.1
573.6
39

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976

(Geopolenlial Altitude) (continued)
British Units
-56.5
1.617
390.0
.7941
-69.7
-55.2
1.311
392.4
.6437
-67.3
.5073
1.0333
-53.6
-64.6
395.I
80000
.8155
-52.l
-61.8
.4005
397.9
.3167
-59.1
400.6
.6449
85000
-50.6
.5108
-49.1
403.4
90000
.2509
-56.3
-47.5
.4052
.1990
95000
406.1
-53.6
-46.0
.1581
.3220
-50.8
408.9
100000
411.6
.2563
.1259
'104987
-48.1
-44.5
.01893
.03854
21.0
480.7
150000
- 6.1
.01609
.03275
'154199
- 2.5
27.5
487.2
27.5
.00557
.01742
487.2
- 2.5
'170604
-30.4
200000
.002576
437.0
.005245
-22.7
.002578
436.8
-30.5
'200131
-22.9
.005249
*Boundary between atmosphere layers of constant thermal gradient

' 65617
70000
75000

NOTE:
For intermediate altitudes up to and including 36,089 feet, ambient

pressure and temperature can be calculated as follows:

Temperature (degrees R)
518.7 -[3.5662 x (Altitude (ft} x J0-3)]

40

.7519
.7565
.76l8
.7671
.7724
.7777
.7830
.7883
.7935
.9269
.9393
.9393
.8771
.8768

.8671
.8698
.8728
.8759
.8789
.8819
.8849
.8878
.8908
.9627
.9692
.9692
.9365
.9364

.05403
.04380
.03452
.02726
.02155
.01707
.01354
.01076
.008567
.001288
.0001095
.0005823
.0001807
.0001797

.07186
.05789
.04532
.03553
.02790
.02195
.01730
.0!365
.010800
.001390
.OOl 165
.0006199
.0002060
.0002050

80.04
64.88
51.14
40.37
31.93
25.29
20.06
15.94
12.69
1.908
1.622
.8626
.2677
.2662

968.1
971.0
974.4
977.8
981.2
984.5
987.9
991.2
994.5
1074.8
1082.0
1082.0
1045.5
1045.4

573.6
575.3
577.3
579.3
581.3
583.3
585.3
587.3
589.2
636.8
641.1
641.1
619.5
619.4

41

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976

(Geopotential Altitude)
Metric Units

2500
3000
3500

4000

4500
5000
5500
6000

6500
7000
7500
8000
8500

9000

9500
10000
10500
'11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
14500
15000
15500

42

1640
0
1640
3281
4921
6562
8202
9843
11483
13123
14764
16404
18045
19685
21325
22%6
24606
26247
27887
29528
31168
32808
34449
36089
37730
39370
41011
42651
44291
45932
47572
49213
50853
52493
54134

64.8
59.0
53.1
47.3
41.4
35.6
29.7
23.9
18.0
12.2
6.3
0.5
-5.4
-11.2
-17.l
-22.9
-28.8
-34.6
-40.5
-46.3
-52.2
-58.0
-63.9
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7

291.4
288.2
284.9
281.7
278.4
275.2
271.9
268.7
265.4
262.2
258.9
255.7
252.4
249.2
245.9
242.7
239.4
236.2
232.9
229.7
226.4
223.2
219.9
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7

1.2
-4.5

-7.7

-11.0
-14.2
-17.5
-20.7
-24.0
-27.2
-30.5
-33.7
-37.0
-40.2
-43.5
-46.7
-50.0
-53.2
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5

74683
70109
65765
61641
57729
54021
50508
47182
44036
41062
38252
35601
33100
30744
28525
26437
24475
22632
20916
19330
17865
16510
15258
14102
13032

0
l.0113
1.0000
.9888
.9775
.9662
.9549
.9436
.9324
.9211
.9098
.8985
.8872
.8760
.8647
.8534
.8421
.8309
.8196
.8083
.7970
.7857
.7745
.7632
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519

1{0
1.0056
l.0000
.9944
.9887
.9830
.9772
.9714
.9656
.9597
.9538
.9479
.9419
.9359
.9299
.9238
.9177
.9115
.9053
.8991
.8928
.8864
.8800
.8736
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671

1.061
1.0000
.9421
.8870
.8345
.7846
.7371
.6919
.6490
.6084
.5697
.5331
.4985
.4657
.4346
.4052
.3775
.3514
.3267
.3034
.2815
.2609
.2416
.2234
.2064
.1908
.1763
.1629
.1506
.1392
.1286
.1189
.1099
.1015
.09383
.08672

1.049
1.0000

.9528
.9074
.8637
.8216
.7811
.7421
.7047
.6687
.6341
.6009
.5691
.5385
.5093
.4812
.4544
.4287
.4042
.3807
.3583
.3369
.3165
.2971
.2745
.2537
.2345
.2167
.2003
.1851
.1711
.1581
.1461
.1350
.1248
.1153

q!Ml
N/ m2

Sonic Ve!.

75234
70927
66822
62912
59189
55647
52278
49076
46035
43149
40410
37815
35355
33027
30825
28743
26777
24921
23170
21520
19967
18506
17133
15842
14641
13531
12505
11557
10681
9871
9123
8431
7792
7201
6655
6151

342.2
340.3
338.4
336.4
334.5
332.5
330.6
328.6
326.6
324.6
322.6
320.5
318.5
316.4
314.4
312.3
310.2
308.1
305.9
303.8
301.6
299.5
297.3
295.1
295.l
295.1
295.l
295.1
295.l
295.1
295.1
295.1
295.1
295.l
295.1
295.1

m/sec

43

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976

(Geopotential Altitude) (continued)
Metric Units
Altitude
feet

meters
17500
18000
18500
19000
19500
'20000
25000
30000
*32000
35000

57415
59055
60696
62336
63976
65617
82021
98425
104987
114829
131234
147638
154199
164042
170604

'F
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-69.7
-60.7
-51.7
-48.l
-33.0
-7.8
17.4
27.5
27.5
27.5

Temperature
'K

216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
221.7
226.7
228.7
237.1
251.l
265.!
270.7
270.6
270.6

-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-51.5
-46.5
-44.5
-36.1

Press.
N/m2
8120
7505
6936
6410
5924
5475
251!
1172
868
559
278
143
lll

76
59

Boundary between atmosphere layers of constant thermal gradient.

NOTE: The !CAO atmosphere is identical to the U.S. Standard
Atmosphere for altitudes below 20 km.

44

ve

.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7519
.7693
.7866
.7935
.8227
.8713
.9199
.9393
.9393
.9393
.9184
.8837
.8768

.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8671
.8771
.8869
.8908
.9070
.9334
.9591
.9692
.9692
.9692
.9584
.9401
.9364

q!M2

N/m2
.08014
.07407
,06845
.06326
.05846
.05403
.02478
.01157
.008567
.005516
.002739
.001413
.001095
.0007495
.0005823
.0003970
.0002056
.0001797

.1066
.09850

.09104

.08413
.Om6
.07186
.03222
.01470
.001080
.006705
.003144
.001536
.001165
.0007980
.0006199
.0004323
.0002327
.0002050

561!4
5253

4655

4487
4147

3832

1758

820

608
391
194
100
78
53
41
28
15
13

Sonic Vel.

m/sec
295.1
295.1
295.l
295.l
295.1
295.1
298.5
301.8
303.1
308.6
317.6
326.4
329.8
329.8
329.8
326.1
319.9
318.6

45

Compressible Flow Functions

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weight,
Constant Pressure Specific Heat, cp , and
Constant Specific Heat Ratio, y)
Symbols
A
F
M
M'

P
q
R
T

W
WTAP

Stream tube cross-sectional area

Impulse function
Mach number
(Velocity)/(Acoustic velocity at state where M
Pressure
Dynamic pressure
Gas constant
Temperature
Mass flow rate
Flow parameter
Specific heat ratio
Fluid density

Subscripts/Superscripts
Static (stream) condition
Total (isentropic stagnation) condition
Condition at front of normal shock
x
y
Condition behind normal shock
Condition where M = 1.0

46

1.0)

1*
+1

1. M* = M

1 + r....::...!,w
2

2, P,IPs =

+'; 1

(1

M2)-,-::T

5.AIA*=...L

[ I+r...=...!,w]~
r..:':..!
2(,-1)

8. WTAP=

J;LM
R

y+1

A PI

(1

,1
)2(y-l)
-+ --=---,w
2

47

2
9. My - J 2 + (y - 1) Mx

2yM,2 -y + 1

10. P,ylP,x - (yM/ + 1)/(yM/ + 1)

[
(rMx2 + 1)
12. P,/P1x (yM/ + I)

13. T,/Tsx -

(1

= (1

15 PsyfPsx

48

1 + L!M, 2

(1

r..=..!.M2)
x

-l
+ r..=..!.My2)
2

(yM,2 + 1)

(1

(yM,2

(1

1)

y
0

r.-=-!. Mi)-,=T

(1 + r..=..!_My2)
2

14. T5ylT1 x

16. T1y - Tix

y1
1 +
2M/

y-1
Myl)
+2

y-1
Myl)
2
+-

Greek Alphabet
A, a Alpha

N, v Nu

B, Beta

:::. Xi

r. y Gamma

O. o Omicron

A. o Delta

n. rrPi

E, r. Epsilon

P. Q Rho

z. C Zeta

r. a,, Sigma

H. ry Eta

T. r Tau

e,

e Theta

I,, Iota

Y, u Upsilon

,+Phi

K, < Kappa

X, x Chi

A.,\ Lambda

'l', 'I' Psi

M, Mu

Q, w Omega

49

"' One Dimensional Isentropic Compressible Flow Functions

0

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weight, Constant Pressure Specific Heat (cp),
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y = 1.4)

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12

0.13

0.011
0.022
0.033
0.044
0.055
0.066
0.077
0.088
0.099
0.109
0.120
0.131
0.142

1.000
1.000
l.001
l.001
1.002
L003
L003
L004
L006
L007
1.008
1.010
1.012

1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.001
LOOI
LOOI
L002
1.002
1.002
I.003
1.003

1.000
1.000
LOOO
LOOI
LOOI
L002
1.002
L003
1.004
1.005
1.006
J.007
L008

A/A

q!P1

F/F

57 .874
28.942
19.300
14.481
11.591
9.666
8.292
7.262
6.461
5.822
5.299
4.864
4.497

0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.010
0.012

45.649
22.834
15.232
11.435
9.158
7.643
6.562
5.753
5.125
4.624
4.215
3.875
3.588

WTAP

.0092
.0184
.0276
.0367
.0459
.0550
.0641
.0732

.0823
.0913
.1003
.1093
.1182

0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44

0.218
0.229
0.240
0.251
0.261
0.272
0.283
0.294
0.304
0.315
0.326
0.336
0.347
0.358
0.368
0.379
0.389
0.400
0.410
0.421
0.431
0.442
0.452
0.463
0.473

1.028
1.031
1.034
1.038
1.041
1.044
1.048
1.052
1.056
1.060
1.064
1.069
1.074
1.078
1.083
1.088
1.094
1.099
1.105
1.111
1.117
1.123
1.129
1.136
1.142

1.008
1.009
1.010
!.Oil

1.012
1.012
1.014
1.015
1.016
1.017
1.018
1.019
1.020
1.022
1.023
1.024
1.026
1.027
1.029
1.030
1.032
1.034
1.035
1.037
1.039

1.020
1.022
1.024
1.027
1.029
1.032
1.034
1.037
1.040
1.043
1.046
1.049
1.052
1.055
1.059
1.062
1.066
1.070
1.074
1.078
1.082
1.086
1.091
1.095
1.100

2.964
2.829
2.708
2.597
2.496
2.403
2.317
2.238
2.166
2.098
2.035
1.977
1.922
1.871
1.823
1.778
1.736
1.696
1.659
1.623
1.590
1.559
1.529
1.501
1.474

0.027
0.030
0.033
0.036
0.039
0.042
0.045
0.049
0.052
0.056
0.059
0.063
0.067
0.071
0.075
0.079
0.083
0.087
0.091
0.096
0.100
0.105
0.109
0.114
0.119

2.400
2.298
2.205
2.120
2.043
1.973
1.909
1.850
1.795
1.745
1.698
1.655
1.614
1.577
1.542
1.509
1.479
1.450
1.424
1.398
1.375
1.353
1.332
1.312
1.294

.1794
.1879
.1964
.2048
.2131
.2213
.2295
.2375
.2455
.2535
.2613
.2690
.2767
.2842
.2917
.2991
.3063
.3135
.3206
.3275
.3344
.3412
.3478
.3543
.3608

"' One Dimensional Isentropic Compressible Flow Functions

N

(For Perfect Gas, Con stan t Molecular Weight, Con stan t Pressure Specific Heat (cp),
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y = 1.4) (continued)

0.565

1.156
1.163
1.171
1.178
1.186
1.194
1.202
l.211

1.042
1.044
1.046
1.048
1.050
1.052
1.054
1.056

1.109
1.114
1.119
1.124
1.130
1.135
1.141
1.146

1.425
1.402
1.380
1.359
1.340
1.321
1.303
1.286

0.128
0.133
0.138
0.143
0.148
0.152
0.157
0.162

1.260
1.244
1.230
1.216
1.203
1.190
l.179
1.168

.3733
.3793
.3853
.3911
.3969
.4025
.4080
.4133

0.595
0.605
0.615
0.625

1.237
1.247
1.256
1.266

1.063
1.065
1.067
1.070
1.072
1.074
1.077

1.164
1.170
l.177
1.183

1.240
1.226
1.213
1.200
1.188
1.177
1.166

0.177
0.182
0.187
0.193
0.198
0.203
0.208
0.213

1.138
1.129
1.121
1.113

.4287
.4336
.4384
.4430

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53

0.494
0.504
0.514
0.524
0.535

0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59

"'

0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89

0.684
0.693
0.703
0.713
0.722
0.732
0.741
0.751
0.760
0.770
0.779
0.788
0.798
0.807
0.816
0.825
0.834
0.843
0.852
0.861
0.870
0.879
0.888
0.897
0.906

1.328
1.340
1.351
1.363
1.375
1.387
1.400
1.412
1.425
1.439
1.452
1.466
1.480
1.495
1.509
1.524
1.540

1.555

1.571
1.587
1.604
1.621
1.638
1.655
1.673

1.084
J.087
J.090
1.092
1.095
1.098
I.IOI
1.104
1.107
1.110
1.112
1.116
1.119
1.122
1.125
1.128
1.131
1.134
1.138
1.141
1.144
1.148
1.151
1.155
1.158

1.225
1.232
1.240
1.247
1.255
1.263
1.271
1.280
1.288
1.297
1.305
1.314
1.323
1.333
1.342
1.351
1.361
1.371
1.381
1.391
1.401
1.412
1.422
1.433
1.444

1.136
1.127
1.118
1.110
1.102
1.094
1.087
1.081
1.074
1.068
1.062
1.057
1.052
1.047
1.043
1.038
1.034
1.030
1.027
1.024
1.021
1.018
1.015
1.013
I.Oil

0.223
0.228
0.233
0.238
0.242
0.247
0.252
0.257
0.262
0.266
0.271
0.276
0.280
0.285
0.289
0.294
0.298
0.303
0.307
0.311
0.315
0.319
0.323
0.327
0.331

1.073
1.068
1.063
1.058
1.053
1.049
1.045
1.041
1.038
1.034
1.031
1.028
1.026
1.023
1.021
1.019
1.016
1.015
1.013
1.011
1.010
1.008
1.007
1.006
1.005

.4682
.4720
.4757
.4792
.4826
.4859
.4891
.4921
.4950
.4978
.5005
.5031

.5055

.5079
.5101
.5122
.5142
.5160
.5178
.5194
.5210
.5224
.5237
.5250
.5261

....

One Dimensional Isentropic Compressible Flow Functions

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weight, Constant Pressure Specific Heat (cp),
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y = 1.4) (continued)
M

0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09

0.915
0.923
0.932
0.941
0.949
0.958
0.966
0.975
0.983
0.992
1.000
1.008
1.017
1.025
1.033
1.041
1.049
1.057
1.065
1.073

P,IP5

1.691
1.710
1.729
1.748
1.767
1.787
1.808
1.828
1.850
1.871
1.893
1.915
1.938
1.961
1.985
2.009
2.033
2.058
2.083
2.109

T/T5

e/es

A/A

q!P,

FIF

WTAP

1.162
1.166
1.169
1.173
1.177
1.180
1.184
1.188
1.192
1.196
1.200
1.204
1.208
1.212
1.216
1.220
1.225
1.229
1.233
1.238

1.456
1.467
1.478
1.490
1.502
1.514
1.526
1.539
1.552
1.564
1.577
1.591
1.604
1.618
1.632
1.646
1.660
1.674
1.689
1.704

1.009
1.007
1.006
1.004
1.003
1.002
1.001
1.001
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.001
1.001
1.002
1.003
1.004
1.005
1.006

0.335
0.339
0.343
0.346
0.350
0.353
0.357
0.360
0.363
0.367
0.370
0.373
0.376
0.379
0.382
0.384
0.387
0.389
0.392
0.394

1.004
1.003
1.002
1.002
1.001
1.001
1.001
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.001
1.001
1.001
1.002
1.002
1.003

.5271
.5280
.5288
.5295
.5301
.5306
.5310
.5313
.5316
.5317
.5317
.5317
.5316
.5314
.5311
.5307
.5302
.5297
.5290
.5283

1.10
1.ll
1.12
1.13
1.14
I.IS

1.16
1.17
l.!8

v,
v,

1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
l.31
1.32
l.33

1.081
1.089
1.097
1.105
1.113
l.120
1.128
1.136
1.143
1.151
1.158
1.166
1.173
l.181
1.188
1.195
1.202
1.210
1.217
1.224

2.135
2.162
2.189
2.217
2.245
2.274
2.303
2.333
2.363
2.394
2.425
2.457
2.489
2.522
2.556
2.590
2.625
2.661
2.697
2.733
2.771
2.809

l.242
1.246
1.251
1.255
1.260
1.264
1.269
1.274
1.278
1.283
1.288
1.293
1.298
1.303
1.308
1.312
1.318
1.323
1.328
1.333

1.719
1.734
1.750
1.766
1.782
1.798
1.814
1.831
1.848
1.865
1.883
1.900
1.918
1.936
1.955
J.974
1.992
2.012
2.031
2.051

1.008
1.010
1.0!1
1.013
1.015
1.017
1.020
1.022
1.025
1.028
1.030
1.033
1.037
1.040
1.043
1.047
1.050
1.054
1.058
1.062

0.397
0.399
0.401
0.403
0.405
0.407
0.409
0.411
0.413
0.414
0.416
0.417
0.419
0.420
0.421
0.422
0.423
0.424
0.425
0.426
0.427
0.428
0.428
0.429

1.003
1.004
1.004
1.005
1.006
1.006
1.007
1.008
1.009
1.010
1.011
1.012
1.013
1.014
1.015
1.016
l.017
l.018
1.019
1.021

.5276
.5267
.5258
.5248
.5238
.5226
.5214
.5202
.5189
.5175
.5160
.5145
.5130
.5114
.5097
.5080
.5062
.5044

.5026
.5006

"' One Dimensional lsentropic Compressible Flow Functions

u.

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weight, Constant Pressure Specific Heat (cp),
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y = 1.4) (continue d)

1.35
1.36
1.37
l.38
l.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
l.53
1.54

1.266
1.273
l.280
l.286
1.293
1.300
1.306
1.313
1.320
1.326
1.333
1.339
1.346
1.352
1.358
1.365
1.371
1.377
l.383
1.389

P1!P,

T,tT,

2.967
3.009
3.051
3.094
3.138
3.182
3.227
3.273
3.320
3.368
3.416
3.465
3.515
3.566
3.618
3.671
3.724
3.779
3.834
3.891

1.364
1.370
1.375
l.381
1.386
1.392
1.398
1.403
1.409
1.415
1.420
1.426
1.432
1.438
1.444
1.450
1.456
1.462
1.468
1.474

Q,te,
2.175
2.196
2.218
2.241
2.263
2.286
2.309
2.333
2.356
2.380
2.405
2.430
2.455
2.480
2.506
2.532
2.558
2.585
2.612
2.639

A/A*
1.089
1.094
1.099
1.104
1.109
1.115
1.120
1.126
1.132
1.138
1.144
1.150
1.156
1.163
1.169
1.176
1.183
1.190
l.197

1.204

q!P,

FIF*

0.430
0.430
0.431
0.431
0.431
0.431
0.431
0.431
0.431
0.431
0.431
0.431
0.430
0.430
0.430
0.429
0.429
0.428
0.427
0.427

1.028
1.029
L031
1.032
1.033
1.035
l.036
l.037
1.039
1.040
1.042
1.043
1.044
1.046
1.047
1.049
l.050
1.052
l.053
1.055

WTAP
.4883
.4861
.4838
.4816
.4793
.4769
.4746
.4722

.4698
.4673

.4648

.4623
.4598
.4573
.4547
.4521
.4495
.4469
.4442
.4416

1.55

-.,

1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79

1.395
1.401
1.408
1.414
1.419
1.425
1.431
1.437
1.443
1.449
1.454
1.460
1.466
1.471
1.477
1.482
1.488
1.493
1.499
1.504
1.510
1.515

1.520
1.526
1.531

3.943
4.007
4.066
4.126
4.188
4.250
4.314
4.378
4.444
4.511
4.579
4.648
4.718
4.789
4.862
4.936
5.011
5.087

5.165

5.243
5.324

5.405

5.488
5.572
5.658

1.480
1.487
1.493
1.499
1.506
1.512
1.518
1.525
1.531
1.538
1.544
1.551

1.558
1.564
1.571
1.578
1.585
1.592
1.599
1.605

1.612
1.619
1.627
1.634
1.641

2.667
2.695
2.723
2.752
2.781
2.811
2.841
2.871
2.902
2.933
2.964
2.996
3.029
3.061
3.094
3.128
3.162
3.196
3.231
3.266
3.302
3.338
3.374
3.411
3.448

1.212
1.219
1.227
1.234
1.242
1.250
1.258
1.267
1.275
1.284
1.292
1.301
1.310
1.319
1.328
1.338
1.347
1.357
1.366
1.376
1.386
1.397
1.407
1.417
1.428

0.426
0.425
0.424
0.423
0.423
0.422
0.421
0.420
0.418
0.417
0.416
0.415
0.414
0.413
0.411
0.410
0.408
0.407
0.406
0.404
0.403
0.401
0.400
0.398
0.396

1.056
1.058
1.059
1.060
1.062
1.063
1.065

1.066
1.068
1.069
1.071
1.072
1.074
1.075
1.077
1.079
1.080
1.082
1.083
1.085
1.086
1.088
1.089
1.091
1.092

.4389
.4362
.4335
.4308
.4281
.4253
.4226
.4198
.4171
.4143
.4115
.4087
.4059
.4031
.4004
.3976
.3948
.3919
.3891
.3863
.3835
.3807
.3779
.3751
.3723

One Dimensional Lsentropic Compressible Flow Functions

00

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weight, Constant Pressure Specific Heat (cp),
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y = 1.4) (continued)
M

M*

PtfPs

TtfTs

etfes

1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99

1.536
1.541
1.546
1.551
1.556
1.561
1.566
1.571
1.576
1.581
1.586
1.591
1.596
1.600
1.605
1.610
1.615
1.619
1.624
1.628

5.745
5.834
5.924
6.015
6.108
6.203
6.299
6.397
6.496
6.597
6.700
6.804
6.910
7.018
7.128
7.239
7.352
7.467
7.584
7.703

1.648
1.655
1.662
1.670
1.677
1.684
1.692
1.699
1.707
1.714
1.722
1.730
1.737
1.745
1.753
1.760
1.768
1.776
1.784
1.792

3.486
3.525
3.563
3.603
3.642
3.683
3.723
3.764
3.806
3.848
3.891
3.934
3.978
4.022
4.067
4.112
4.158
4.204
4.251
4.299

A/A*

1.439
1.450
1.461
1.472
1.484
1.495
1.507
1.519
1.531
1.543

1.555

1.568
1.580
1.593
1.606
1.619
1.633
1.646
1.660
1.673

q!P1

FIF*

0.395
0.393
0.391
0.390
0.388
0.386
0.384
0.383
0.381
0.379
0.377
0.375
0.373
0.372
0.370
0.368
0.366
0.364
0.362
0.360

1.094
1.095
1.096
1.098
1.099
I.IOI

1.102
1.104
1.105
1.107
1.108
l.IIO

I.Ill
1.113
1.114
1.116
1.117
1.118
1.120
1.121

WTAP

.3695
.3668
.3640
.3612
.3584
.3557
.3529
.3501
.3474
.3447
.3419
.3392
.3365
.3336
.3311
.3284
.3257
.3231
.3204
.3178

"'

2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50

l.633
l.655
1.677
1.698
1.718
1.737
1.756
1.775
1.792
1.809
1.826
1.842
1.857
1.872
1.887
1.900
1.914
1.927
1.940
1.952
1.964
1.987
2.008
2.028
2.047
2.064

7.824
8.457
9.144
9.887
10.691
11.562
12.503
13.520
14.613
15.804
17.084
18.464
19.951
21.554
23.280
25.137
27.135
29.282
31.590
34.068
36.728
42.641
49.430
57.211
66.109
76.262

1.800
1.840
1.882
1.924
1.968
2.012
2.058
2.104
2.152
2.200
2.250
2.300
2.352
2.404
2.458
2.512
2.568
2.624
2.682
2.740
2.800
2.922
3.048
3.178
3.312
3.450

4.347
4.595
4.859
5.138
5.433
5.745
6.075
6.424
6.793
7.182
7.593
8.026
8.483
8.964
9.471
10.005
10.567
11.158
11.779
12.432
13.118
14.593
16.218
18.003
19.961
22.106

1.687
1.760
1.837
1.918
2.005
2.096
2.193
2.295
2.403
2.517
2.637
2.763
2.896
3.036
3.183
3.337
3.500
3.670
3.849
4.037
4.234
4.657
5.121
5.628
6.183
6.789

0.358
0.348
0.338
0.327
0.317
0.306
0.296
0.286
0.276
0.266
0.256
0.247
0.237
0.228
0.219
0.211
0.202
0.194
0.186
0.179
0.172
0.158
0.145
0.133
0.122
0.112

l.123
1.130
1.137
1.143
1.150
1.156
1.163
1.169
1.175
1.181
1.187
1.192
l.198
1.203
1.208
1.213
1.218
1.223
1.228
1.232
1.237
1.245
1.253
1.260
1.268
1.274

.3151
.3022
.2895
.2772
.2652
.2537
.2425
.2317
.2213
.2113
.2017
.1925
.1836
.1752
.1671
.1593
.1519
.1449
.1381
.1317
.1256
.1142
.1038
.0945
.0860
.0783

' One Dimensional lsentropic Compressible Flow Functions

0

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weig ht, Constant Pressure Specific Heal (cp),
and Constant Specific Heal Ratio (y = 1.4) (continued)
M

3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90
4.00
4.10
4.20
4.30
4.40
4.50
4.60
4.70
4.80
4.90

2.081
2.096
2.111
2.125
2.138
2.150
2.162

5.40
5.60
5.80
6.00

2.263
2.275
2.286
2.295

2.173

2.184
2.194
2.203

2.212
2.220
2.228

P1!P5

T/Ts

e1les

A/A

q!P,

FIF'

87.825
100.967
115.874
132.749
151.816
173.318
197.523
224.720
255.224
289.379
327 .555

24.451
27.012
29.804
32.844
36.148
39.735
43.624
47.835
52.388
57.305
62.608
68.322
74.470
81.079

7.449
8.168
8.950
9.798
10.718
11.714
12.791
13.954
15.209
16.561
18.016
19.581
21.262
23.065

0.103

1.281
l .287
l.292
l.298
1.303
1.308
1.312

470.404

3.592
3.738
3.888
4.042
4.200
4.362
4.528
4.698
4.872
5.050
5.232
5.418
5.608
5.802

833.428
1036.907
1282.884
1578.712

6.832
7.272
7.728
8.200

121.993
142.594
166.010
192.532

34.172
39.737
46.046
53.176

0.095
0.087
0.080
0.074
0.068
0.063
0.058
0.053
0.049
0.045
0.042
0.039
0.036
0.024
0.021

O.QJ8

0.016

WTAP

1.317

l.321
1.325
l.328
1.332
l.335
1.339

.0714
.0651
.0594
.0543
.0496
.0454
.0416
.0381
.0350
.0321
.0295
.0272
.0250
.0231

1.352
1.357
1.362
1.365

.0156
.0134
.0115
.0100

6.50

7.00
7.50
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00

2.316
2.333
2.347
2.359
2.377
2.390
2.400

2593.995
4139.453
6433.371
9762.039
21101.633
42436.316
80329.500

9.450
10.800
12.250
13.800
17.200
21.000
25.200

274.505
383.293
525.187
707.412
1226.868
2020.820
3187.739

75.129
104.136
141.833
190.098
327.171
535.911
841.370

0.011
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.001

1.374
1.381
1.387
1.391
1.399
1.404
1.408

.0071
.0051
.0037
.0028
.0016
.0010
.0006

a,
N

One Dimensional Normal Shock Functions

(For Perfect Gas, Constan t Molecular Weight, Constant Pressure Specific Heat (cp),
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y = 1.4)
Mx

My

1.00
I.OJ
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10

1.0000
0.9901
0.9805
0.9712
0.9620
0.9531
0.9444
0.9360
0.9277
0.9197
0.9118
0.9041
0.8966
0.8892
0.8820
0.8750
0.8632
0.8615
0.8549
0.8485

I.II

1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19

P5ylPsx
1.0000
1.0234
1.0471
1.0710
1.0952
1.1196
1.1442
1.1690
1.1941
1.2194
1.2450
1.2708
1.2968
1.3230
1.3495
1.3762
1.4032
1.4303
1.4578
1.4854

P1ylP1x

1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9999
0.9998
0.9996
0.9994
0.9992
0.9989
0.9986
0.9982
0.9978
0.9973
0.9967
0.9961
0.9953
0.9946
0.9937

P5ylP1x
0.5283
0.5344
0.5403
0.5462
0.5519
0.5574
0.5628
0.5681
0.5732
0.5782
0.5831
0.5878
0.5924
0.5968
0.6011
0.6053
0.6093
0.6132
0.6170
0.6206

T5ylTsx
1.0000
1.0066
1.0132
1.0198
1.0263
1.0328
1.0393
1.0457
1.0522
1.0586
1.0649
1.0713
1.0776
1.0840
1.0903
1.0966
1.1029
1.1092
1.1154
1.1217

T5ylT1x
0.8333
0.8361
0.8387
0.8413
0.8438
0.8462
0.8486
0.8509
0.8531
0.8553
0.8574
0.8595
0.8615
0.8635
0.8654
0.8672
0.8690
0.8708
0.8725
0.8741

QsylQsx

1.0000
1.0167
1.0334
1.0502
1.0671
1.0840
1.1009
1.1179
1.1349
1.1520
1.1691
1.1862
1.2034
1.2206
1.2378
1.2550
1.2723
1.2896
1.3069
1.3242

l.20

l.21

1.22
1.23
1.24
!.25
1.26

1.27
1.28
l.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
l.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40

1.41
J.42
1.43

0.8422
0.8360
0.8300
0.8241
0.8183
0.8126
0.8071
0.8017
0.7963
0.7911
0.7860
0.7809
0.7760
0.7712
0.7664
0.7618
0.7572
0.7527
0.7483
0.7440
0.7397
0.7355
0.7314
0.7274

1.5133

l.5414
l.5698
l.5983
1.6271
1.6562
1.6855
1.7150
1.7447
1.7747
1.8049
1.8354
1.8661
1.8970
1.9281
1.9595
1.9911
2.0230
2.0550
2.0874
2.1199
2.1527
2.1857

0.9928
0.9918
0.9907
0.9896
0.9884
0.9871
0.9857
0.9842
0.9827
0.9811
0.9794
0.9776
0.9758
0.9738
0.9718
0.9697
0.9676
0.9653
0.9630
0.9600
0.9582
0.9557
0.9531
0.9504

0.624!
0.6274
0.6306
0.6337
0.6366
0.6394
0.6421
0.6446
0.6470
0.6493
0.6514
0.6535
0.6554
0.657!
0.6588
0.6603
0.6617
0.6630
0.6642
0.6652

1.1280
1.1343
1.1405
l.1468

1.1531

1.1594
1.1656
1.1719
1.1782
1.1845
l.1909
1.1972
1.2035
1.2099
l.2162
1.2226
1.2290
1.2354
1.2418
1.2482

0.8758
0.8774
0.8789
0.8804
0.8819
0.8833
0.8847
0.8861
0.8874
0.8888
0.8900
0.8913
0.8925
0.8937
0.8949
0.8960
0.8971
0.8982
0.8993
0.9003
0.9014
0.9024
0.9033
0.9043

1.3416
1.3590
!.3763
1.3937
l.4lll
1.4285
1.4460

1.4634
1.4808
1.4982
1.5157
1.5331
1.5505
1.5679
1.5853
!.6027
1.6201
1.6375
1.6549
!.6723
1.6896
1.7069
J.7243
1.7415

i One Dimensional Normal Shock Functions

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weight, Constant Pressure Specific Heat (cp),
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y) = 1.4) (continued)
Mx
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64

My
0.7196
0.7158
0.7120
0.7083
0.7047
0.7011
0.6976
0.6941
0.6907
0.6874
0.6841
0.6809
0.6777
0.6746
0.6715
0.6685
0.6655
0.6625
0.6596
0.6568

PsylPsx
2.2861
2.3201
2.3543
2.3887
2.4233
2.4582
2.4933
2.5287
2.5642
2.6001
2.6361
2.6724
2.7089
2.7456
2.7826
2.8198
2.8573
2.8950
2.9329
2.9710

P,1!P1x
0.9448
0.9420
0.9390
0.9360
0.9329
0.9298
0.9266
0.9233
0.9200
0.9166
0.9132
0.9097
0.9062
0.9026
0.8989
0.8952
0.8915
0.8877
0.8838
0.8799

PsylPrx
0.6692
0.6695
0.6697
0.6698
0.6698
0.6697
0.6694
0.6691
0.6687
0.6682
0.6677
0.6670
0.6662
0.6654
0.6645
0.6635
0.6624
0.6612
0.6600
0.6587

TsylTsx
1.2872
1.2937
1.3003
1.3069
1.3135
1.3202
1.3269
1.3335
1.3403
1.3470
1.3538
1.3605
1.3674
1.3742
1.3811
1.3879
1.3949
1.4018
1.4088
1.4157

Tsyl T1x
0.9062
0.9071
0.9079
0.9088
0.9097
0.9105
0.9113
0.9121
0.9129
0.9137
0.9144
0.9151
0.9159
0.9166
0.9173
0.9180
0.9186
0.9193
0.9199
0.9206

esylesx
1.7761
1.7933
1.8105
1.8277
1.8449
1.8620
1.8791
1.8962
1.9132
1.9303
1.9472
1.9642
1.9811
1.9980
2.0149
2.0317
2.0484
2.0652
2.0819
2.0985

1.65
l.66
l.67
1.68
l.69
1.70
l.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
l.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
l.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89

0.6540
0.6512
0.6485
0.6458
0.6432
0.6406
0.6380
0.6355
0.6330
0.6305
0.6281
0.6257
0.6234
0.6211
0.6188
0.6165
0.6143
0.6121
0.6099
0.6078
0.6057
0.6036
0.6016
0.5996
0.5976

3.0094
3.0480
3.0869
3.1259
3.1653
3.2048
3.2446
3.2846
3.3248
3.3653
3.4060
3.4470
3.4882
3.5296
3.5712
3.6131
3.6552
3.6975
3.7401
3.7829
3.8260
3.8693
3.9128
3.9565
4.0005

0.8760
0.8720
0.8680
0.8640
0.8599
0.8557
0.8516
0.8474
0.8431
0.8389
0.8346
0.8303
0.8259
0.8215
0.8171
0.8127
0.8033
0.8038
0.7993
0.7948
0.7903
0.7857
0.7812
0.7766

o.mo

0.6573
0.6558
0.6543
0.6527
0.6510
0.6493
0.6475
0.6457
0.6438
0.6418
0.6398
0.6377
0.6356
0.6334
0.6312
0.6289
0.6266
0.6242
0.6218
0.6193
0.6168
0.6142
0.6117
0.6090
0.6064

1.4228
1.4298
1.4369
1.4440
1.4511
1.4583
1.4655
1.4727
1.4800
1.4872
l.4945
1.5019
1.5092
1.5166
1.5241
1.5315
1.5390
1.5465
1.5541
1.5617
1.5693
1.5770
1.5846
1.5923
1.6001

0.9212
0.9218
0.9224
0.9230
0.9236
0.9242
0.9247
0.9253
0.9258
0.9263
0.9269
0.9274
0.9279
0.9284
0.9289
0.9294
0.9298
0.9303
0.9307
0.9312
0.9316
0.9321
0.9325
0.9329
0.9333

2.1152
2.1317
2.1483
2.1648
2.1812
2.1976
2.2140
2.2303
2.2466
2.2628
2.2790
2.2951
2.3112
2.3272
2.3432
2.3591
2.3750
2.3908
2.4066
2.4223
2.4380
2.4536
2.4692

2.4847
2.5002

"' One Dimensional Normal Shock Functions

'

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weight, Constant Pressure Specific Heat (cp),
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y) = 1.4) (continued)

M,
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93

My

1.95

0.5956
0.5937
0.5918
0.5899
0.5880
0.5862

1.98
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

0.5826
0.5808
0.5791
0.5774
0.5757
0.5740
0.5723
0.5707
0.5691
0.5675
0.5659
0.5643
0.5628

1.94

1.96
1.97

0.5844

P,/Psx

P,/P,x

P,/Ptx

T,/Tsx

T,/Ttx

Q,ylQsx

4.0447
4.0892
4.1338
4.1787
4.2239
4.2693
4.3149
4.3607
4.4008
4.4531
4.4997
4.5464
4.5935
4.6407
4.6882
4.7359
4.7838
4.8320
4.8804
4.9291

0.7674
0.7628
0.7582
0.7535
0.7489
0.7442
0.7396
0.7349
0.7302
0.7256
0.7209
0.7162
0.7116
0.7069
0.7022
0.6975
0.6929
0.6882
0.6835
0.6789

0.6037
0.6010
0.5982
0.5954
0.5926
0.5898
0.5869
0.5840
0.5811
0.5781
0.5751
0.5722
0.5691
0.5661
0.5631
0.5600
0.5569
0.5538
0.5507
0.5476

1.6079
l.6157
1.6235
1.6314
1.6393
1.6472
1.6552
1.6632
1.6713
1.6793
1.6874
1.6956
1.7038
1.7120
1.7202
1.7285
1.7368
1.7451
1.7535
1.7619

0.9337
0.9341
0.9345
0.9349
0.9353
0.9357
0.9361
0.9364
0.9368
0.9371
0.9375
0.9378
0.9382
0.9385
0.9388
0.9392
0.9395
0.9398
0.9401
0.9404

2.5156
2.5309
2.5462
2.5615
2.5766
2.5918
2.6068
2.6219
2.6368
2.6517
2.6666
2.6813
2.6961
2.7!07
2.7254
2.7399
2.7544
2.7688
2.7832
2.7975

2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34

0.5613
0.5598
0.5583
0.5568

0.5554
0.5540

0.5526
0.5512
0.5498
0.5484
0.5471
0.5457
0.5444
0.5431
0.5418
0.5406
0.5393
0.5381
0.5368
0.5356
0.5344
0.5332
0.5321
0.5309
0.5298

4.9779
5.0271
5.0764
5.1260
5.1758
5.2258
5.2761
5.3266
5.3774
5.4283
5.4796
5.5310
5.5827
5.6346
5.6867
5.7391
5.7917
5.8446
5.8976
5.9510
6.0045
6.0583
6.1123
6.1665
6.2210

0.6742
0.6696
0.6650
0.6603
0.6557
0.6511
0.6465
0.6419
0.6373
0.6327
0.6282
0.6236
0.6191
0.6146
0.6101
0.6056
0.6011
0.5966
0.5922
0.5878
0.5833
0.5789
0.5746
0.5702

0.5659

0.5444
0.5413
0.5381
0.5349
0.5318
0.5286
0.5254
0.5222
0.5190
0.5157
0.5125
0.5093
0.5061
0.5029
0.4996
0.4964
0.4932
0.4899
0.4867
0.4835
0.4803
0.4770
0.4738
0.4706
0.4674

1.7704
1.7789
1.7874
1.7959
1.8045
1.8131
1.8218
1.8305
1.8392
1.8480
1.8568
1.8656
1.8745
1.8834
1.8923
1.9013
1.9103
1.9194
1.9284
1.9376
1.9467
1.9559
1.9651
1.9744
1.9837

0.9407
0.9410
0.9413
0.9416
0.9419
0.9422
0.9425
0.9427
0.9430
0.9433
0.9435
0.9438
0.9440
0.9443
0.9445
0.9448
0.9450
0.9453

0.9455

0.9457
0.9460
0.9462
0.9464
0.9466
0.9469

2.8118
2.8260
2.8401
2.8542
2.8682
2.8822
2.8961
2.9099
2.9237
2.9374
2.9511
2.9647
2.9782
2.9917
3.0051
3.0185
3.0318
3.0451
3.0582
3.0714
3.0844
3.0974
3.1104
3.1233
3.1361

g;

One Dimensional Normal Shock Functions

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weight, Constant Pressure Specific Heat (cp),
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y) = 1.4) (continued)
M,
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54

My
0.5286
0.5275
0.5264
0.5253
0.5242
0.5231
0.5221
0.5210
0.5200
0.5189
0.5179
0.5169
0.5159
0.5149
0.5140
0.5130
0.5120
0.5111
0.5102
0.5092

P5ylPsx
6.2757
6.3307
6.3858
6.4412
6.4969
6.5528
6.6089
6.6652
6.7218
6.7786
6.8356
6.8929
6.9504
7.0082
7.0662
7.1244
7.1828
7.2415
7.3004
7.3595

P1ylP1x
0.5615
0.5572
0.5529
0.5487
0.5444
0.5402
0.5360
0.5318
0.5276
0.5235
0.5194
0.5153
0.5112
0.5071
0.5031
0.4991
0.4951
0.4911
0.4871
0.4832

PsylP1x
0.4642
0.4610
0.4578
0.4546
0.4514
0.4483
0.4451
0.4420
0.4388
0.4357
0.4325
0.4294
0.4263
0.4232
0.4201
0.4170
0.4140
0.4109
0.4079
0.4048

T5ylTsx
1.9930
2.0024
2.0118
2.0212
2.0307
2.0402
2.0498
2.0594
2.0690
2.0787
2.0884
2.0981
2.1079
2.1177
2.1275
2.1374
2.1473
2.1573
2.1673
2.1773

T5ylT1x
0.9471
0.9473
0.9475
0.9477
0.9479
0.9481
0.9483
0.9485
0.9487
0.9489
0.9491
0.9493
0.9495
0.9496
0.9498
0.9500
0.9502
0.9503
0.9505
0.9507

ClsylQsx

3.1488
3.1615
3.1742
3.1868
3.1993
3.2118
3.2242
3.2365
3.2488
3.2610
3.2732
3.2853
3.2974
3.3094
3.3213
3.3332
3.3450
3.3568
3.3685
3.3802

2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79

0.5083
0.5074
0.5065
0.5056
0.5048
0.5039
0.5030
0.5022
0.5013
0.5005
0.4997
0.4988
0.4980
0.4972
0.4964
0.4956
0.4949
0.4941
0.4933
0.4926
0.4918
0.4911
0.4903
0.4896
0.4889

7.4189
7.4785
7.5384
7.5984
7.6588
7.7193
7.7801
7.8411
7.9023
7.9638
8.0255
8.0875
8.1496
8.2120
8.2747
8.3376
8.4007
8.4{;40
8.5276
8.5914
8.6554
8.7197
8.7842
8.8490
8.9139

0.4793
0.4754
0.4716
0.4{;78
0.4{;40
0.4602
0.4564
0.4527
0.4490
0.4453
0.4416
0.4380
0.4343
0.4307
0.4272
0.4236
0.4201
0.4166
0.4131
0.4097
0.4063
0.4029
0.3995
0.3961
0.3928

0.4018
0.3988
0.3958
0.3928
0.3899
0.3869
0.3840
0.3811
0.3781
0.3752
0.3724
0.3695
0.3666
0.3638
0.3610
0.3582
0.3554
0.3526
0.3498
0.3471
0.3444
0.3416
0.3389
0.3363
0.3336

2.1873
2.1974
2.2076
2.2178
2.2280
2.2382
2.2485
2.2588
2.2692
2.2796
2.2900
2.3005
2.3110
2.3216
2.3321
2.3428
2.3534
2.3641
2.3748
2.3856
2.3964
2.4073
2.4182
2.4291
2.4400

0.9509
0.9510
0.9512
0.9514
0.9515
0.9517
0.9518
0.9520
0.9521
0.9523
0.9524
0.9526
0.9527
0.9529
0.9530
0.9532
0.9533
0.9534
0.9536
0.9537
0.9539
0.9540
0.9541
0.9542
0.9544

3.3917
3.4033
3.4148
3.4262
3.4375
3.4488
3.4601
3.4713
3.4824
3.4935
3.5045
3.5155
3.5264
3.5373
3.5481
3.5589
3.5696
3.5802
3.5908
3.6013
3.6118
3.6222
3.6326
3.6429
3.6532

.....

One Dimensional Normal Shock Functions

(For Perfect Gas, Constant Molecular Weight, Constant Pressure Specific Heat
and Constant Specific Heat Ratio (y) = 1.4) (continued)
Mx

2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99

(cp),

My

PsylPsx

P1ylP1x

PsylP1x

T5ylTsx

TsylTtx

QsylQsx

0.4882
0.4875
0.4868
0.4861
0.4854
0.4847
0.4840
0.4834
0.4827
0.4820
0.4814
0.4807
0.4801
0.4795
0.4788
0.4782
0.4776
0.4770
0.4764
0.4758

8.9791
9.0446
9.1103
9.1762
9.2423
9.3087
9.3753
9.4421
9.5092
9.5765
9.6441
9.7118
9.7799
9.8481
9.9166
9.9853
10.0542
10.1234
10.1928
10.2624

0.3895
0.3862
0.3830
0.3797
0.3765
0.3733
0.3702
0.3670
0.3639
0.3608
0.3578
0.3547
0.3517
0.3487
0.3457
0.3428
0.3399
0.3370
0.3341
0.3312

0.3309
0.3283
0.3257
0.3231
0.3205
0.3179
0.3154
0.3128
0.3103
0.3078
0.3053
0.3028
0.3004
0.2979
0.2955
0.2931
0.2907
0.2884
0.2860
0.2837

2.4510
2.4621
2.4731
2.4842
2.4954
2.5066
2.5178
2.5290
2.5403
2.5517
2.5630
2.5745
2.5859
2.5974
2.6089
2.6205
2.6321
2.6437
2.6554
2.6671

0.9545
0.9546
0.9548
0.9549
0.9550
0.9551
0.9552
0.9554

3.6634
3.6736
3.6837
3.6938
3.7038
3.7137
3.7236
3.7335
3.7433
3.7530
3.7627
3.7724
3.7820
3.7915
3.8010
3.8105
3.8199
3.8292
3.8385
3.8478

0.9555

0.9556
0.9557
0.9558
0.9559
0.9560
0.9562
0.9563
0.9564
0.9565
0.9566
0.9567

3.00
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00

0.4752
0.4643
0.4552
0.4474
0.4407
0.4350
0.4152
0.4042
0.3974
0.3929

10.3323
11.7800
13.3200
14.9533
16.6800
18.5000
29.0000
41.8333
57.0000
74.5000

0.3284
0.2762
0.2322
0.1953
0.1645
0.1388
0.0617
0.0297
0.0154
0.0085

0.2813
0.2383
0.2015
0.1702
0.1439
0.1218
0.0548
0.0265
0.0138
0.0076

2.6788
2.9220
3.1802
3.4537
3.7426
4.0469
5.8000
7.9406
10.4694
13.3867

0.9568
0.9587
0.%02
0.9615
0.9626
0.9635
0.9667
0.9684
0.9694
0.9701

3.8570
4.0315
4.1884
4.3296
4.4568
4.5714
5.0000
5.2683
5.4444
5.5652

"'"'

Inlet Pressures and Temperatures

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential)
MIL-E-50070 Inlet Pressure Recovery
Altitude
O Feet
Va

Mach
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2

1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

kts
0.0
66.1
132.3
198.4
264.5
330.7
396.8
462.9
529.J
595.2
661.4
793.6
925.9
1058.2
1190.4

1322.7
1984.l

PT/Po

Py/Po

1.000
1.007
1.028
l.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
l.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

TT2

PT2

psia

14.70
14.80
15.11
15.64
16.41
17.43
18.74
20.38
22.40
24.86
27.82
35.33
45.75
60.11
79.75
106.36
436.62

"T2

1.00000
1.00702
1.02828
1.06443
1.11655
l.18621
1.27550
1.38710
1.52434
l.69130
1.89293
2.40425
3.11299
4.09045
5.42693
7.23761
29.7099

'F
59.00
60.03
63.14
68.32
75.59
84.92
96.33
109.82
125.38
143.02
162.73
208.37
262.31
324.56
395.10
473.94
992.63

E>r2

1.000

1.002
1.008
1.018
1.032
1.050
!.072
1.098
1.128
1.162
1.200
1.288
l.392
l.512
1.648
1.800
2.800

Altitude = 5,000 Feet

Mach

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

Va

kts

0.0
65.0
130.0
195.0
260.0
324.9
389.9
454.9
519.9
584.9
649.9
779.9
909.8
1039.8
1169.8
1299.8
1949.7

PT/Po

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

PT/Po

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

PT2
psia

12.23
12.31
12.57
13.02
13.65
14.50
15.60
16.96
18.64
20.68
23.15
29.40
38.06
50.02
66.36
88.50
363.29

TT
dT

0.83205
0.83789
0.85558
0.88565
0.92902
0.98698
1.06128
1.15413
1.26832
1.40724
1.57500
2.00045
2.59015
3.40344
4.51546
6.02203
24.7200

'F

41.16
42.16
45.16
50.17
57.18
66.20
77.22
90.24
105.27
122.30
141.33
185.40
237.49
297.60
365.71
441.84
942.70

8T

0.966
0.968
0.973
0.983
0.997
1.014
1.035
1.060
1.089
1.122
1.159
1.244
1.344
1.460
1.591
1.738
2.704

,,.-..,

Inlet Pressures and Temperatures

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential)
MIL-E-50070 Inlet Pressure Recovery (continued)
10,000 Feet
Altitude
Mach

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

Va

kts
0.0
63.8
127.6
191.5
255.3
319.1
382.9
446.7
510.6
574.4
638.2
765.9
893.5
1021.1
1148.8
1276.4
1914.6

PT2

PT/Po
1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

PT/Po
1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

psia

10.11
10.18
10.39
10.76
11.28
11.99
12.89
14.02
15.41
17.09
19.13
24.30
31.46
41.34
54.85
73.15
300.26

TT2
dT2
0.68770
0.69253
0.70715
0.73201
0.76785
0.81576
0.87717
0.95391
1.04829
1.16311
1.30177
1.65341
2.14081
2.81301
3.73211
4.97732
20.4316

'F

23.33
24.29
27.19
32.02
38.78
47.48
58.10
70.66
85.15
101.58
119.93
162.44
212.67
270.64
336.33
409.75
892.77

0T2
0.931
0.933
0.939
0.948
0.961
0.978
0.998
1.023
1.050
1.082
1.117
1.199
1.2%
1.408
1.535
1.676
2.607

Altitude
Mach
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

Va
kts
0.0
62.6
125.3
187.9
250.5
313.2
375.8
438.4
501.1
563.7
626.3
751.6
876.8
1002.1
1127.4
1252.6
1879.0

PT/Po
1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

PT/P0
1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

15,000 Feet
PT2
psia
8.29
8.35
8.53
8.83
9.26
9.84
10.58
11.50
12.64
14.03
15.70
19.94
25.82
33.92
45.01
60.03
246.40

dT2

0.56434
0.56830
0.58030
0.60070
0.63011
0.66943
0.71982
0.78280
0.86024
0.95447
1.06826
1.35681
1.75678
2.30840
3.06263
4.08447
16.7665

TT

'F

5.50

6.43
9.22
13.87
20.38
28.75
38.99
51.08
65.04
80.86
98.53
139.47
187.85
243.68
306.94
377.65
842.85

0T2
0.897
0.899
0.904
0.913
0.926
0.942
0.961
0.985
1.012
1.042
1.076
1.155
1.248
1.356
1.478
1.614
2.511

"""

Inlet Pressures and Temperatures

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential)
MILE-50070 Inlet Pressure Recovery (continued)
Altitude = 20,000 Feet

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
l.O
l.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0

3.0

61.4
122.8
184.3
245.7
307.1
368.5
429.9
491.4
552.8
614.2
737.0
859.9
982.7
1105.6
1228.4
1842.6

l.007
1.028
l.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
l.387
l.524
1.691
l.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
l.186
1.276
l.387
l.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.1!3
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

6.80
6.94
7.19
7.54
8.01
8.61
9.37
10.29
11.42
12.78
16.24
21.02
27.62
36.65
48.88
200.64

0.46277
0.47254
0.48915
0.51310
0.54511
0.58615
0.63743
0.70050
0.77722
0.86988
1.10485
1.43055
1.87973
2.49390
3.32598
13.6529

-11.44
-8.76
-4.28
1.98
I0.03
19.87
31.51
44.93
60.14
77.14
116.51
163.03
216.72
277.56
345.56
792.92

0.864
0.869
0.878
0.890
0.906
0.925
0.947
0.973
1.002
!.035
I.Ill

1.201
1.304
l.421
1.552
2.415

Altitude = 25,000 Feet

Mach
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

........

PT2

Va
kts

PT/Po

PT/Po

psia

0.0
60.2
120.4
18o.6
240.7
300.9
361.1
421.3
481.5
541.7
601.8
722.2
842.6
962.9
1083.3
1203.7
1805.5

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
l.691
l.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.000
1.007
1.028
l.064
l.l17
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
l.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

5.45
5.49
5.61
5.80
6.09
6.47
6.96
7.56
8.31
9.22
10.32
13.ll
16.98
22.31
29.60
39.47
162.02

dTz

TT2
'F

0.37109
0.37369
0.38158
0.39500
0.41434
0.44019
0.47333
0.51474
0.56567
0.62763
0.70245
0.89219
1.15520
1.51792
2.01388
2.68581
11.0251

-30.17
-29.31
-26.73
-22.43
-16.42
-8.69
0.76
11.93
24.81
39.42
55.74
93.54
138.21
189.75
248.17
313.46
742.99

e Tz
0.828
0.830
0.835
0.843
0.855
0.870
0.888
0.909
0.934
0.962
0.994
1.067
1.153
1.252
1.365
l.491
2.319

_, Inlei Pressures and Temperatures

00

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential)

MIL-E-50070 Inlet Pressure Recovery (continued)
Altitude
30,000 Feet

Mach
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

Va
kts
0.0
58.9
117.8
176.8
235.7
294.6
353.5
412.4
471.4
530.3
589.2
707.1
824.9
942.7
1060.6
1178.4
1767.6

PT/Po
1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

PTz

PT/Po
1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

psia

4.36
4.39
4.49
4.65
4.87
5.18
5.57
6.05
6.65
7.38
8.26
10.49
13.59
17.85
23.68
31.59
129.66

dTz
0.29696
0.29904
0.30536
0.31609
0.33157
0.35226
0.37877
0.41191
0.45267
0.50225
0.56212
0.71397
0.92443
1.21470
1.61158
2.14928
8.82265

TTz
'F
-48.00
-47.17
-44.70
-40.59
-34.82
-27.41
-18.35
-7.65
4.70
18.70
34.34
70.57
113.39
162.79
218.79
281.37
693.07

eTz
0.794
0.795
0.800
0.808
0.819
0.833
0.851
0.872
0.895
0.922
0.952
1.022
1.105
1.200
1.308
1.429
2.222

Altitude = 35,000 Feet

Mach
0,0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
l.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

Va
kts
0.0
57.6
ll5.3
172.9
230.5
288.2
345.8
403.4
461.0
518.7
576.3
691.6
806.8
922.l
1037.4
IIS2.6
1728.9

PT{Po

PTlPo

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
l.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064

l.117
l.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

P Tz
psia

3.46
3.48
3.56
3.68
3.86
4.10
4.41
4.80
5.27
5.85

6.55

8.31
10.76
14.14
18.77
25.03
102.74

0Tz

0.23530
0.23696
0.24196
0.25046
0.26273
0.27912
0.30013
0.32639
0.35868
0.39797
0.44541
0.56573
0.73250
0.96250
l.27698
1.70304
6.99086

TT z
"F

8r2

-65.83
-65.04
-62.68
-58.74
-53.22
-46.13
-37.47
-27.23
-15.41
-2.02
12.95
47.61
88.57
135.83
189.40
249.27
643.14

0.759
0.761
0.765
0.773
0.784
0.797
0.814
0.834
0.857
0.882
0.911
0.978
1.057
1.14$
1.251
1.367
2.126

79

"'
0

Inlet Pressures and Temperatures

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential)
MIL-E-50070 Inlet Pressure Recovery (continued)
Altitude
36,089 Feet
Mach
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

1.8

2.0

3.0

Va

kts

o.o

57.3
114.7
172.0
229.4
286.7
344.1
401.4
458.8
516.1
573.5
688.2
802.8
917.5
1032.2
1146.9
1720.4

PTi1Po

PT/P0

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117

1.000
1.007
1.028

l.186

1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4,250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.064

1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

PT2

psia
3.28
3.31
3.38
3.49
3.67
3.89
4.19
4.55
5.00
5.55
6.21
7.89
10.22
13.43
17.81
23.76
97.52

&rz

0.22336
0.22493
0.22968
0.23775
0.24939
0.26495
0.28490
0.30982
0.34048
0.37777
0.42281
0.5370]
0.69532
0.91364
1.21216
1.61660
6.63602

TT2

'F

0T2

-69.71
-68.93
-66.59
-62.69
-57.23
-50.21
-41.63
-31.49
-19.79
-6.53
8.29
42.60
83.16
129.96
183.00
242.28
632.27

0.752
0.753
0.758
0.765

0.776

0.789
0.806
0.826
0.848
0.874
0.902
0.968
1.047
l.137
1.239

1.353

2.105

Altitude = 40,000 Feet

Mach

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

PT

Ya

kts

0.0
57.3
114.7
172.0
229.4
286.7
344.1
401.4
458.8
516.1
573.5
688.2
802.8
917.5
1032.2
1146.9
1720.4

PT1/Po

PT/Po

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

psia

2.72
2.74
2.80
2.90
3.04
3.23
3.47
3.77
4.15
4.60
5.15
6.54
8.47
11.13
14.76
19.69
80.81

dT

TT
2

0.18508
0.18638
0.19032
0.19701
0.20666
0.21955
0.23607
0.25673
0.28213
0.31303
0.35035
0.44499
0.57616
0.75708
1.00444
1.33956
5.49883

'F

-69.71
-68.92
-66.59
-62.69
-57.23
-50.21
-41.63
-31.49
-19.79
-6.53
8.29
42.60
83.16
129.96
183.00
242.28
632.27

0T

0.752
0.753
0.758
0.765
0.776
0.789
0.806
0.826
0.848
0.874
0.902
0.968
1.047
1.137
1.239
1.353
2.105

.,""

Inlet Pressures and Temperatures

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential)
MIL-E-5007D Inlet Pressure Recovery (continued)
Altitude = 45,000 Feet

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

57.3
114.7
172.0
229.4
286.7
344.1
401.4
458.8
516.l
573.5
688.2
802.8
917.5
1032.2
1146.9
1720.4

1.007
1.028
1.064

1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

l.007

l.028
1.064
1.117
1.186

1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

2.15
2.20
2.28
2.39
2.54
2.73
2.97
3.26
3.62
4.05
5.14
6.66

8.15
11.61

15.48
63.55

0.14657
0.14966
0.15492
0.16251
0.17265
0.18564
0.20189
0.22186
0.24616
0.27551
0.34993
0.45308
0.59535
0.78987
l.05340
4.32415

-68.93
-66.59
-62.69
-57.23
-50.21
-41.63
-31.49
-19.79
-6.53
8.29
42.60
83.16
129.96
183.00
242.28
632.27

0.753
0.758
0.765
0.776
0.789
0.806
0.826
0.848
0.874
0.902
0.968
1.047
1.137
1.239
1.353
2.105

Altitude = 50,000 Feet

Mach

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

kts

PT/Po

PT/P0

PT
z
psia

0.0
57.3
114.7
172.0
229.4
286.7
344.1
401.4
458.8
516.1
573.5
688.2
802.8
917.5
1032.2
1146.9
1720.4

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

1.68
1.69
1.73
1.79
1.88
2.00
2.15
2.33
2.56
2.84
3.18
4.04
5.24
6.88
9.13
12.17
49.97

Va

dTz

0.11445
0.11526
0.11769
0.12183
0.12779
0.13577
0.14599
0.15876
0.17447
0.19358
0.21665
0.27518
0.35629
0.46817
0.62113
0.82837
3.40041

T Tz

"F

eT z

-69.71
-68.93
-66.59
-62.69
-57.23
-50.21
-41.63
-31.49
-19.79
-6.53
8.29
42.60
83.16
129.96
183.00
242.28
632.27

0.752
0.753
0.758
0.765
0.776
0.789
0.806
0.826
0.848
0.874
0.902
0.%8
1.047
1.137
1.239
1.353
2.105

83

:!'= Inlet Pressures and Temperatures

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential)

MIL-E-50070 Inlet Pressure Recovery (continued)
Altitude
SS,000 Feet

Mach
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

Va

kts

o.o

57.3
114.7
172.0
229.4
286.7
344.1
401.4
458.8
516.1
573.5
688.2
802.8
917.5
1032.2
1146.9
1720.4

PT/Po
1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
l.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

PT/Po
1.000
1.007

1.028

1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
l.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

PT2
psia
1.32
1.33
l.36
1.41
1.48
1.57
1.69
1.83
2.02
2.24
2.50
3.18
4.12
5.41
7.18
9.57
39.30

dTz
0.09000
0.09064
0.09255
0.09580
0.10049
0.10676
0.11480
0.12484
0.13720
0.15222
0.17037
0.21639
0.28018
0.36816
0.48844
0.65141
2.67401

TT2

'F

-69.71
-68.93

-66.59

-62.69
-57.23
-50.21
-41.63
-31.49
-19.79
-6.53
8.29
42.60
83.16
129.96
183.00
242.28
632.27

0-r2

0.752
0.753
0.758
0.765
0.776
0.789

0.806

0.826
0.848
0.874

0.902
0.968
1.047

1.137

1.239
1.353
2.105

Altitude
Mach

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

Va

60,000 Feet
PT2

kts

PT/Po

PT/Po

psia

0.0
57.3
114.7
172.0
229.4
286.7
344.l
401.4
458.8
516.1
573.5
688.2
802.8
917.5
1032.2
1146.9
1720.4

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

1.04
1.05
1.07
1.11
1.16
1.23
1.33
1.44
1.59
1.76
1.97
2.50
3.24
4.25
5.64
7.53
30.90

dT

TT

'F

0.07078
0.07127
0.07278
0.07534
0.07903
0.08396
0.09028
0.09817
0.10789
0.11971
0.13398
0.17017
0.22033
0.28951
0.38410
0.51226
2.10278

-69.71
-68.93
-66.59
-62.69
-57.23
-50.21
-41.63
-31.49
-19.79
-6.53
8.29
42.60
83.16
129.96
183.00
242.28
632.27

9T

0.752
0.753
0.758
0.765
0.776
0.789
0.806
0.826
0.848
0.874
0.902
0.968
1.047
1.137
1.239
1.353
2.105

85

"'
"'

Inlet Pressures and Temperatures

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential)
MIL-E-50070 Inlet Pressure Rewvery (continued)
Altitude = 65,000 Feet

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
LO

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0

57.3
114.7
172.0
229.4
286.7
344.1
401.4
458.8
516.l
573.5
688.2
802.8
917.5
1032.2
1146.9
1720.4

1.007
1.028
1.064

1.117
l.!86
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

0.82
0.84
0.87
0.91
0.97
1.04
1.13
1.25
1.38
1.55
1.97
2.55
3.35
4.44
5.92
24.30

0.05605
0.05723
0.05924
0.06214
0.06602
0.07099
0.07720
0.08484
0.09413
0.10536
0.13381
0.17326
0.22766
0.30205
0.40283
1.65358

-68.93
-66.59
-62.69
-57.23
-50.21
-41.63
-31.49
19.79
-6.53
8.29
42.60
83.16
129.96
183.00
242.28
632.27

0.753
0.758
0.765
0.776
0.789
0.806
0.826
0.848
0.874
0.902
0.968
1.047
1.137
1.239

1.353
2.105

Altitude = 70,000 Feet

Mach
0.0
0.1
0,2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

2.0
3.0

Va

PT2

kts

PT/Po

PT /Po

psia

0.0
51.5
115.0
172.6
230.1
287.6
345.1
4-02.7
460.2
517.7
575.2
690.3
805.3
920.4
1035.4
1150.5
1725.7

1.00l
1.007
1.028

1.00)
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
S.427
7.238
29.710

0.64
0.65
0.66
0.69
0.72
0.76
0.82
0.89
0.98
1.09
1.22

1.064

1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

1.55

2.00
2.63
3.49
4.66
19.12

dT2

0.04380
0.04411
0.04504
0.04662
0.04890
0.05195
0.05587
0.06075
0.06676
0.074-08
0.08291
0.10530
0.13634
0.17916
0.23769
0.31700
1.30125

TT2
'F

-67.31
-66.52
-64.17
-60.24
-54.75
-47.69
-39.06
-28.85
-17.08
-3.74
11.17
45.70
86.51
133.60
186.96
246.61
639.00

0-r2

0.757
0.758
0.763
0.770
0.781
0.794
0.811
0.831
0.853
0.879
0.908
0.974
1.053
1.144

1.247
1.362
2.1!8

87

OQ

00

Inlet Pressures and Temperatures

U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1962 (Geopotential)
MIL-E-50070 Inlet Pressure Recovery (continued)
Altitude = 75,000 Feet
Mach
0.0
0.!
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
l.2
1.4

l.6
l.8
2.0
3.0

Va

kts
0.0
57.7
115.4
173.2
230.9
288.6
346.3
404.l
461.8
519.5
577.2
692.7
808.l
923.6
1039.0
1154.5
1731.7

PT1/Po
1.000
1.007
1.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
l.893
2.425
3.182
4.250
5.746
7.824
36.733

PT/Po
1.000
l.007
I.028
1.064
1.117
1.186
1.276
1.387
1.524
1.691
1.893
2.404
3.113
4.090
5.427
7.238
29.710

PT2
psia

0.51
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.77
0.86
0.96
1.22
U8
2.08
2.75
3.67
15.07

<>r2

0.03452
0.03477
0.03550
0.03675
0.03855
0.04095
0.04403
0.04789
0.05262
0.05839
0.06535
0.08300
0.10747
0.14121
0.18735
0.24986
1.02567

TT2
'F
-64.56
-63.77
-61.40
-57.45
-51.92
-44.81
-36.11
-25.84
-13.99
-0.55
14.46
49.23
90.33
137.74
191.48
251.54

646.68

eTz
0.762
0.763
0.768
0.776
0.786
0.800
0.817
0.836
0.859
0.885
0.914
0.981
l.060
1.152
1.255
1.371
2.133

MIL-E-50070 Inlet Pressure Recovery

P121Pt1

I.DO from M = 0 to 1.0

I.DO - 0.076 (M -J)l.35
800
M4 + 935

from M > 1.0 to 5.0

M > 5.0

where:
P12 = total pressure at compressor inlet
Pu = free stream total pressure
M = flight Mach number

89

General Properties of Air

Speed of Sound in Air at Atmospheric Temperature
Cfps = 49.02 VToR
Cmph = 33.42 VTOR
Ckts = 29.04 VToR

Cm/sec = 20.05 VTOR

Specific Weight of Air in Ibfft J

go

~ .07647(~)(~) ~ 1.326(~i~~)

Density of Air in Ib sec 2fft 4 or slngfft J

Q

~ .002377 (.!!..-)(~) ~ .041206 (~in.

Po

Hg)

TOR

Air Density Ratio

o = ~ =(.!!..- )(~)
Qo

Po

17.336

(Pin. Hg)
TOR

Coefficient of Viscosity in Ibfft sec

fie ~ p (TOR )3/2
TOR

+ S

where: S = 198.72 'R

P = 7.3025 x 10- 7 ftfsee

v'R

Kinematic Viscosity in ft 2fsec

v =

-&..
gp

Absolute Viscosity for Air in Ib-secfft1

10- 10
~ ~ pv ~10.3170(T
)3/2E-~-Yx
~
OR
TOR + 216 ~

90

Specific Heat (Heat Capacity) of Air at S9F

at constant pressure cP = 0.240
at constant volume c" = 0.1715
Specific heat ratio, r

1.4

Gas Constant for Air

R = 53.35

1
287.074-kg 'K

Normal Composition of Clean, Dry

Atmospheric Air Near Sea Level
Content, Percent
Molecular
Constituent Gas
by Volume
Weight'
and Formula
78.084
28.0134
Nitrogen (Ni)
20.9476
31.9988
Oxygen (Ov
39.948
0.934
Argon (A)
0.0314
44.00995
Carbon dioxide (COv
O.OOJ818
20.183
Neon (Ne)
0.000524
4.0026
Helium (He)
83.80
0.000114
Krypton (Kr)
0.0000087
131.30
Xenon (Xe)
2.01594
0.00005
Hydrogen (Hi)
0.0002
16.04303
Methane (Cl:;y)
0.00005
Nitrous oxide (N2 0)
44.0128
Summer: 0 to 0.000007
Ozone (03)
47.9982
47.9982
Winter: Oto 0.000002
Sulfur dioxide (SOi)
0to 0.0001
64.0628
46.0055
Oto 0.000002
Nitrogen dioxide (NOy
0to trace
Ammonia (NH 3)
17.03061
28.01055
0to trace
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Oto 0.000001
253.8088
Iodine (ly
on basis of carboa-12 isotope scale for which ci2 = 12.
1
Molecular weight of air = 28.9644
lb 01 ( k/!01 )

91

General Properties of Gases

Perfect Oas Law
at constant temperature
at constant pressure
at constant volume

PV = mRT
P1IP2 V2IV1
V1IV1 T1IT2
P1IP2 T1IT2

Reversible adiabatic process

!:.!.
V1 y
P2 =( !'.i)
(

2g

)y

!:.!. =( Q2'51)'
P1V1" P2V2"
!'.J. ( !':l. 1-n
V,)
T2
P2

PoJytropic process

Steady-flow energy equation

2
q + hi + "i\ + Z1 = h2

Bernoulli equation (W
(P2 - Pi) +
QK
where Z = altitude
Flow per unit area

f =j1

Velocity of sound in a perfect gas

c ,}ygRT

2
l'2

Z2

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
FOR
SEA LEVEL BAROMETRIC PRESS.
TO FIND Vp AT BT ADD /J. Vp TO S.L. Vp
/J.V p

= (29.9

- (t d - tw)
2800 - 1.3 tw

SPECIFIC HUMIDITY W/A

Vp
BT
td
tw

V_p_
0.622 (__
)
BT - Vp

= VAPOR PRESS. IN . HG
= TRUE BAR. PRESS. IN. HG
= ORY TEMP. DEG F
= WET BULB TEMP. DEG F

"',!
t-

i:.5

2.5
2.3
.05

ENTER CHART WITH DRY AND

WET BULB TEMP. AT INTERSECTION READ RELATIV E
HUMIDITY, READ LEFT FOR
DEW POINT, READ RIGHT FOR
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY AND
VAPOR PRESS

"
If?

.06

1.9

a,

rr:

1.7

1.5

::::,
Ii

::.

.03 CD
...J

1.3

15

:E

1.1

.02 I

0.9

0.7

::::,

u::

w
a.

(/)

Qi.,

,S'

.01

,._Q}
"'

20

2.1

.04 -"'

Iii

ci
I

rr:
::::,
(/)
(/)

rr:
a.
rr:
0
a.

<(

0.5
0.3

Ill

,?fl

<(

rr:

9.'<)

./

rr:

0.1

30

40

50

120

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE DEG F

93

Atmospheric Viscosity
(U.S. Standard Atmosphere)
(Geopotential)

5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
150,000
200,000

94

1.776
2.013
2.293
2.625
3.019
3.493
4.065
5.074
6.453
8.206
10.44
13.27
21.69
35.75
58.53
95.19
1066.00
6880.00

3.538
3.435
3.330
3.224
3.115
3.004
2.981
2.982
2.983
2.985
2.986
3.005
3.043
3.080
3.118
3.572
3.435

Specific Heats of Air at Low Pressures

Cp

c,

Btu/lb 'F
.2394
.2394
.2395
.2391

Btu/lb 'F
.1708
.1709
.1710
.1711

Cp/cy

650
700
750
800
900
1000
1100
1200

.2410
.2417
.2425
.2435
.2458

.1724
.1731
.1739
.1749
.1773
.1800
.1830
.1862

1.398
1.396

1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300

.2641
.2670
.2698
.2724
.2748
.2771
.2792
.2811
.2829
.2846

'R

350

400

450
500

2400

.2486
.2516
.2547

1.401
l.401
1.401
1.401

1.394

1.392

l.387

l.381
l.375
1.368

.1956
.1985
.2012

.2038

.2063

.2085

.2106
.2126
.2144
.2161

1.332
1.329
1.325
l.323
1.320
1.317

Gas Table$ (1930), Keenan, Chao & Kaye, Copyright 1980; Estate of J.H. Keenan
and J, Chao. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley&: Sons, Int.

95

Specific Heats of Products

of Combustion
1000/c Theoretical Air

'R

Cp

Fuel (CH2lu
Cy

cpicv

Btu/lb 'F

Btu/lb 'F

.1932
.1951
.1970
.1990
.2016
.2051
.2093
.2135
.2176

1.355
1.351
1.348
1.345
1.341
1.334
1.328
l.321
l.315

1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300

.2978
.3012
.3046
.3077
.3106
.3134

.2292
.2327

2400

.3184

.2391
.2421
.2448
.2474
.2498

1.299
1.295
1.290
1.287
l.283
1.280
1.277
l.274

2700
2800
2900

.3248
.3266
.3284

.2562
.2581
.2598

l.268
1.266
1.264

800
850
900
950
1000
!JOO

1200
1300

1400

.2618
.2636
.2656
.2675
.2695
.2737
.2779
.2820
.2862

.3160

.3357
.3381
.3402
.3420

.2360

1.257
l.254
l.252
1.251

Gas TabJe, (1980), Keenan, Chao & Kaye, Copyright 1980, Estate of J.H. Keenan
and J. Chao. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

96

Specific Heats of Products

of Combustion (continued)
Fuel (CHa
200% Theoretical Air
c,
Cp
T
Btu/lb 'F
Btu/lb 'F
'R
.1844
.2529
800
.1859
.2544
850
.1875
.2560
900
.1891
.2577
950
.2594
.1908
JOO)
.2630
.1944
1100
.1981
.2667
1200
.2019
.2704
1300
.2055
.2740
1400
.2090
1500
.2776
.2124
1600
.2810
.2157
.2843
1700
.2187
.2873
1800
.2216
.2902
1900
.2243
.2929
2000
.2954
.2269
2100
.2293
.2978
2200
.300)
.2315
2300
.2335
.3021
2400
.2355
.3040
2500
.2373
.3058
2600
.2390
.3075
2700
.2406
.3091
2800
.2420
.3106
2900

.3168
.3188
.3207
.3223

.2483
.2503
.2521
.2538

y
CplCv

1.372
1.369

1.366

1.363
1.359
1.353
1.346
1.340
1.334
1.328
1.323
1.318
1.313
1.309
1.306
1.302
1.299
1.296
l.294
1.291
1.289
1.287
1.285
1.283

1.276
l.274
1.272
1.270

Gll.li Tables {1980), Keenan, Chao & Kaye, Copyright 1980, Estate of J.H. Keenan

and J. Chao. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

97

Specific Heats of Products

of Combustion (continued)

850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900

2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800

.2496
.2510
.2525
.2541
.2574
.2608
.2643
.2677
.2710
.2741
.2771
.2798
.2826

.1810
.1824
.1839
.1855
.1888
.1923
.1957
.1991
.2024
.2056
.2086
.2114
.2141

J.379
1.376
1.373
1.370
1.363
1.357
1.350
l.344
l.339
1.333
1.329
1.324
J.320

.2896
.2916
.2935
.2953
.2969
.2984
.2999
.3012
.3025
.3048
.3069
.3087
.3104
.3119

.2216
.2231
.2249
.2267
.2284
.2299
.2313
.2327
.2340
.2363
.2383
.2402
.2419
.2434

1.310
1.307

l.305
J.302
1.300
1.298
1.296
1.295
1.293
l.290
1.288
1.285
1.283
1.282

4000
Gas Tables (1980) Keenan, Chao & Kaye, Copyright 19801 Estate or J.H. Keenan
and J. Chao, Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

98

Density and Weights of Fuels

Fuels
JP-4 (max.)
(min.)
Jp.5 (max.)
(min.)
JP-8 (max.)
(min.)
Jet A and Al
Jet B

Density
kg/I@ 15'C
0.802
0.751
0.845
0.788
0.840
0.775

lb/U.S. gal
6.69
6.27
7.05
6.58
7.01
6.47
Same range as JP-8
Same range as JP-4

lb/cu ft
50.o7
46.88
52.75
49.19
52.44
48.38

Specific Gravity and Weights of Olis

Specific
Oils
Gravity @ 60'F
0.975
MILL-23699C-J
MIL-L-7808J. J
0.951

lb/U.S. gal
8.14
7.94

lb/cu ft
60.87
59.37

Applicable Fuel and Oil MIL Specifications

MIL-T-5624M-l
MIL-T-83133BI
MIL-L-78081-1
MIL-L-23699C-1
MIL-L-60820
MIL-G-3056E
VV-G-1690C

JP-4, JP-5
JP-8
Lub. Oil -Aircraft Turbine Engines, Synthetic Base
Lub. Oil -Aircraft Turbine Engine.,, Synthetic Base
Lub. Oil -Aircraft Reciprocating Engine.,
Automotive Gasoline
Automotive Gasoline

Weights of Gases
Gas
Specific Wt lb/cu ft
Air
.07651 (at 59.0'F)
Air
.08071
.12341
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
.07806
Helium
.Olll4
.005611
Hydrogen
.07807
Nitrogen
Oxygen
.089212
4i
*At atmospheric pressure and Q C,
99

Physical Constants

constant, mu
Proton mass, mp
Neutron mass, mn
Planck constant, h
Boltzmann constant, k
Avogadros number. N0
Gas constant, R
Velocity of light
in a vacuum> c0
Volume of ideal gas
{at std. temp. and press.)
Acceleration of gravity ) g
Mass of hydrogen atom, mH
Gravitational constant, G

100

x
x
x
x
x
6.022169 x
1.660
l.672
l.674
6.625
l.380

10-27
10-27
10-27

8.31434

kg
kg
kg
J sec
J/'K
molecules/
mole
Jl'K mole

2.998 x )08

m/soc

2.241 x 10
9.8066
1.673 x 10-27
6.673 x 10-11

ml/mo!
m/sec2
kg
Nm2/kg2

10-34

10-23
1023

AVERAGE RELATIVE DENSITY-TEMPERATURE

VARIATION OF AVIATION FUELS
p
"'

'!?

a:
w

3:

0.76

ffi
0

0.72

0.66

0 6!w'-----'--J.-..--'20--4.;,. 0---,6L,- --- --,100'-c-----,'120

80
O
-20

TEMPERATURE, c

AVERAGE RELATIVE DENSITY-TEMPERATURE

VARIATION OF AVIATION FUELS

(;l
"1

a:
w

s:

(ii
z
w
0
w
>

..J

w
a:
06:1'-o--.....
20--'----'--.'-o --'-_..,eo
--1.,_
0 o ___,120
eo
20

TEMPERATURE, "C

Oil Viscosity Range

Vi scosity, Saybolt Universal sec

S.A.E.

Viscosity
Number

10
20
30
40
50
60
70

130'F 210'F

Min

Max

90
120
185

120
185

Min

Max

80
105
125

80
105
125
150

255

255

Must be less than figures given

Approximate Heat Capacity , Btu/ F/lb, for lubricating oil

,:, 5.96 x 10-4 ('F + 670)

Pressure drop for laminar flow of liquids through a round pipe is
p = 2.73 x 10-4 LG/[)4, where p = lb/in2
L = length, ft, = centipoises, G = flow, gal/min,
D = dia, in

.
,
Head loss due to fnct1on 1s

'! = 0.125!

where r = hydraulic radius, f = friction factor

Absolute Viscosity - Centipoises

Liquid

S.A.E. 10 Oil
S.A.E. 60 Oil
Glycol
Water

Temperature F

0
3200

60
130
5400
23.0
1.129

120
22
230
7.0
.555

180
7.7
37
2.9
.370

240

3.7
11.6
J.5

103

 Properties of Elements
Solid

Americium, Am
Antimony, Sb
Argon, Ar
Arsenic, As
Astatine, At
Barium, Ba
Berkelium, Bk
Beryllium, Be
Bismuth, Bi
Boron, B
Bromine, Br
Cadmium,Cd
Calcium, Ca
Californium, CJ
Carbon (Diamond), C
Cerium, Ce
Cesium, Cs

33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55

74.9216
210.
137.33
247.
9.0122
208.980
10.81
79.904
112.41
40.08
(251).
12.011
140.12

817 (28 atm)

302
725
1278 5
271.3
2079
-7.2
320.9
839 2

613 (sub)
337
1640
2970 (5mm)
1560 5
2550 (sub)
58.78
765
1484

5.76
3.55
14.78
1.85
9.80
2.34
8.65
1.54
9.31
3.51
6.77
l.90

Properties of Elements (continued)

Element
Chromium, Cr
Cobalt, Co
Copper, Cu
Curium, Cm
Dysprosium, Dy
Einsteinium, Es
Erbium, Er
Europium, Eu
Fermium, Fm
Fluorine, F
Francium, Fr
Gadolinium, Gd
Gallium, Ga
Germanium, Ge
Gold, Au
Hafnium, Hf
Helium, He
Holmium, Ho
Hydrogen, H
Indium, In

Atomic
Number
24

27
29
96

66

99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49

Atomic
Weight
51.996
51.9332
63.546
(247)
162.50
(25 x 2)
167.26
151.96
(257)
18.9984
223
157.25
69.72
72.59
196.967
178.49
4.00260
164.930
1.00794
114.82

Melting
Point

Boiling
Point

1857 20
1495
1083.4
1340 40
1409

2672
2870
2567

1522
822 5

2510
1597

-219.62
27 (est.)
1311 1
29.78
937.4
1064.434
2227 20
-272.226 (atm)
1470
-259.14
156.61

2335

-188.14
677 (est.)
3223
2403
2830
3080
4602
-268.934
2720
-252.87
2080

Solid
Density
g/cm3
7.19
8.82
8.94
13.51
8.56
7.0
9.05
5.25
1.108

7.90
5.91
5.32
19.31
13.29
8.79
7.30

 Properties of Elements (continued)

Element
Iodine, I
Iridium, Ir
Iron, Fe
Krypton, Kr
Lanthanum, La
Lawrencium, Lw
Lead, Pb
Lithium, Li
Lutetium, Lu
Magnesium, Mg
Manganese, Mn
Mendelevium, Md
Mercury, Hg
Molybdenum, Mo
Neodymium, Nd
Neon, Ne
Neptunium, Np
Nickel, Ni
Niobium, Nb
Nitrogen, N

Atomic
Number
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7

Atomic
Weight
126.905
192.2
55.847
83.80
138.91
(260)
207.19
6.941
174.967
24.312
54.9380
(258)
200.59
95.94
144.24
20.179
237.048
58.71
92.9064
14.0067

Melting
Point

Boiling
Point

113.5
2410
1535
-156.6
920 5

184.35
4130
2750
-152.30 .10
3454

327.502
180.54
1656 5
648.8 0.5
1244 3

1740
1342
3315
1090
1962

-38.87
2617
1010
-248.67
640 1
1453
2468 10
-209.86

356.58
4612
3127
-246.048
3902
2732
4742
-195.8

Solid
Density
g/cml
4.93
22.65
7.87
2.83 (at TP)
6.16
11.34
0.53
9.84
1.74
7.44
13.546 (liquid)
10.22
7.01
1.44 (at TP)
20.35
8.91
8.57
0.88

Properties of Elements (continued)

Element
Nobelium, No
Osmium, Os
Oxygen, 0
Palladium, Pd
Phosphorus, P
Platinum, Pt
Plutonium, Pu
Polonium, Po
Potassium, K
Praseodymium, Pr
Promethium, Pm
Protactinium, Pa
Radium, Ra
Radon, Rn
Rhenium, Re
Rhodium, Rh
Rubidium, Rb
Ruthenium, Ru
Samarium, Sm
Scandium, Sc

Atomic
Number
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
62
21

Atomic
Weight
(259)
190.2
15.9994
106.42
30.9738
195.08
(244)
(209)
39.09
140.908
(145)
231.0359
226.025
(222)
186.207
102.906
85.4678
101.07
150.36
44.9559

Melting
Point

Boiling
Point

3045 30
-218.4
1554
44.1 (white)
1772
641
254
63.25
931 4
1080
1600
700
-71
3180
1965 3
38.89
2310
1072 5
1539

5027 100
-182.962
3140
280 (white)
3827 100
3232
962
759.9
3212

2460

1140
-61.8
5627 (est)
3727 100
686
3900
1778
2832

Solid
Density
g/cml
22.59
12.02
1.83 (white)
21.45
19.85
9.40
0.86
6.78
7.30
15.37
5.00
21.03
12.41
1.53
12.45
7.53
2.99

 Properties of Elements (continued)

Element
Selenium, Se
Silicon, Si
Silver, Ag
Sodium, Na
Strontium, Sr
Sulfur, S
Tantalum, Ta
Technetium, Tc
Tellurium, Te
Terbium, Tb
Thallium, Tl
Thorium, Th
Thulium, Tm
Tin, Sn
Titanium, Ti
Tungsten, W
Unnihexium
Unnilpentium
Unnilquadium
Unnilseptium

Atomic
Number
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52

65
81

90

69
50
22
74
106
105
104
107

Atomic
Weight
78.96
28.0855
107.868
22.9898
87.62
32.06
180.9479
99.
127.60
158.925
204.383
232.038
168.934
118.71
47.88
183.85
(263)
(262)
(261)
(262)

Melting
Point
'C
217
1410
961.93
97.81 ,03
769
112.8
2996
2172
449.5 .03
1360 4
303.5
1750
1545 15
231.9681
1660 10
3410 20

Boiling
Point
'C
684.9 10
2355
2212
882.9
1384
444.674
5425 100
4877
989.8 3,8
3041
1457 10
4790 (app.)
1727
2270
3287

5660

Solid
Density
g/cm3
4.80 (gray)
2.33
10.50
0.97
2.6
2.07
16.6
11.49
6.24
8.25
11.86
11.72
9.32
7.23 (white)
4.51
19.25

Properties of Elements (continued)

Element
Uranium, U
Vanadium, V
Wolfram (see Tungsten)
Xenon, Xe
Ytterbium, Yb
Yttrium, Y
Zinc, Zn
Zirconium, Zr

Atomic
Number
92
23

Atomic
Weight
238.029
50.9415

Melting
Point

Boiling
Point

1132 0.8
1890 10

3818
3380

54
70
39
30

131.29
173.04
88.9059
65.39
91.224

-111.9
824 5
1523 8
419.58
1852 2

-1071.1 3
1193
3337
907
4377

40

Solid
Density
g/cm3
19.04
6.11

(TP) = Triple Point

(SP) = Sublimination Point at atmospheric pressure
*Room Temperature unless stated otherwise
t =triple point; (graphite - liquid gas), 3627 50 C at a pressure of IO.I MPa and
(graphite diamond - liquid), 3830 to 3930C at a pressure of 12 to 13 GPa.
Data in this table have been assembled by Pratt & Whitney from a variety of reputable sources.

3.54 (at TP)

6.94
4.47
7.13
6.48

109

(This page intentionally left blank)

110

Properties of Materials
Nonmetallics
Pages 112 - 113
Metals and Alloys
Pages 114 - 119

lll

Properties of Materials
Nonmetallics

Plastics
Polyester
Polyurethane

250
250

Nylon
Epoxy

300
350

0.049 Molded Composites

0.041 Adhesive
Damper
Erosion Resistant
Coating
0.041 Molded Composites
0.043 Adhesive
Compression
Molded Composite
Laminated Composite
Paint

Phenolic

350

Polythersulfone
Teflon

400
500

Polyimide

600

112

0.051 Adhesive
Flange Sealant
Nonmetallic
Honeycomb Matrix
Paint

476
597
429
567*, 36013,
36510*
479
457*, 463*
4M*, 603*
625. 635
410, 413,
421*, 433*,
460
830-E, P
(568, 569)
593
36033*
412*

3108, 3122,
3132
0.049 Molded Composites
0.078 Clamp Cushion Matrix 484*
2515, 2516,
Coating
36038*
Mold Release
36007-1*
0.055

Properties of Materials
Nonmetallics (continued)
Classification/ Temp
Common
Limit Density2
Designation
Fl lb/cu in.
Synthetic Rubbers
180
Polysulfide
Chloroprene

250

Nitrite

250

Fluorosilicone

400

Flurocarbon

450

Silicone

500

Usage

0.053

Adhesive/Sealant
Erosion Resistant
Coating
0.045 Adhesive
Seals
0.035 0-Rings Resisting Jet
Fuel and Synthetic Oil
Gasket Matrix
0.050 0-Rings Resisting Jet
Fuel Clamp Cushions
Molded Parts, Gaskets
0.061 0-Rings Resisting
Synthetic Oil
0.048 Adhesive
Damper
Sealant
Clamp Cushion
0-Rings Resisting Air
and Water

AMS or
PWA
Spec
416*
580*
36027
3207-3209,
3240-3242
7260, 7270, 7271
475*
7273
36081 *
36076*
7276
616*, 36003
404
617*, 36003*,
36029*,36751*
36450*,36453*
7267

I. Approximate
2. Density values are for the base polymer.
Identifies PWA spec.

113

Properties of Materials
Metals and Alloys
Common
AMS or
Designation 1 PWA Spec I

Al Alloys
AA 2014
AA 2024
AA 2219
AA 2618
AA 6061
AA A240.0
AA 355.0
AA C355.0
AA 356.0
AA A356.0
RR-350
AA 224.0

fi

l 4029, 4135
;l 4037, 4120
!4143
j4132
, 4027, 4127
14227
14212
;4215
4217
; 4218
: 4225
:4226

Co Alloys
L-605
i 5537, 5759
Haynes Alloy! 5608, 5772,
No. 188 : 1042
WI-52
i 653, 654
MAR-M-509 i 647
MAR-M-302 : 657
Haynes Alloy 5382
No. 31
Stellite
5382
No. 31
1

Mg Alloys
AZ 61A
QE 22A
AZ 92A
EZ 33A

. 4350
4418
14434
4442

I
M
I
Recommended I
Condition2 Use Temp, p3 !
I
I
I
T6
300
T3, T4
300
T62
600
600
T61
300
T6
F
500
T6
300
T6
300
T6
300
T6
300
550
T6
T7
550

AC
AC
AC
AC

1900
2000

1800
1800
1800
2000

120 min
100 min
llOmin
115 min
80 min
80 min
65-95
75-110
65-95
70-105
80 min

l 248-302 max
: 293-302 max

353 max

319 max

AC

1500

319 max

F
T6
T6
T5

300
600
300
600

50 min
62-85
70-95
48-60

1. Identifies PWA Spec.

2. Temper designations given for Al and Mg alloys:
AC - as-cast; S - solution heat-treated.
3. Approximate

114

Hardness
HB

. I Typical
.
Elastic

Modulus I UTS
700F
700F
ksi
psi x 106

'
!:
Density
lb/cu in

I
Coefficient . !

x
[f :;,i
foai;1!
Temp 'F

Thermal
Conductivity
in/in/'F x 10-61 Btu-in/sq ft/hr/'F
600F 1200F 700F 600'F 1200'F

70
69
60
64
45
32
35
42
33
40
38
57

0.101
0.100
0.102
0.100
0.098
0.101
0.098
0.098
0.097
0.097
0.102
0.102

13.7
13.7
13.7
13.5
14.2
13.6
13.8
13.8
13.0
13.0
13.7
13.7

130 min
130 min

0.329
0.324

7.55
7.4

8.25
8.7

32.5
33.5
35.1
32.7

96.1 min
95.4 min
135
108

0.323
0.317
0.333
0.311

7.51
7.01
7.14
7.7

8.25
8.0
7.8
8.5

32.8

95

0.311

7.74

8.50

6.5
6.4
6.4
6.5

43
38
40
23

0.065
0.066
0.066
0.066

15.5
15.7
15.7
15.5

10.6
10.5
10.6
10.8
10.0
11.2
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.5
10.6
34.3
33.5

1070
840
960
1070
11070
667

1240
1295
1220
1240
1240

1150
1150
1044
1044
1075 1170
1 960 1220

105.2 149
112 165
145
145
145
120

Ii

1
i 530

197.6
197.6
197.6
160

118.7 161.6
740

1690

115

Properties of Materials

Metals and Alloys (continued)

AMS or
Common
Designation PWA* Specl

Ni and Ni Alloys
A Nickel
6000, 6005*
1480
Alloy 455
I
1013
Astroloy
663
B-1900,
I
l
B-1900 + Hf 1455*
C-263
5872
Hastelloy N
5607, 577!'
5711
Hastelloy S
Hastelloy W 5755
Hastelloy X
5536, 5754
658
IN 100
Incoloy 901
5661, 1003
lnconel 600
5540, 5665
lnconel 625
5599, 5666
Inconel 706
5606, 5702
1025*
655*
Inconel 713
lnconel 718
5596, 5662
lnconel 738
1451*
Inconel X-750 5598, 5671
lnconel 792
1456
MAR-M-200 1422
DS4
MAR-M-247 1447*
1484*
SC2000
TD Nickel
5865
689
U-700
5544, 5704,
Waspalo
5707

Max.
Recommended
Condition2 Use Temp, F3
A

FHT
FHT

s
s
s
s
s

FHT
FHT
A

s
s

AC
FHT
FHT
FHT
FHT
FHT
FHT

S-R
FHT
FHT

600
2000
1400
1900

1500
1400
2000
1400
2000
1900
1300
1800
1800
1200

1600
1200
1600
1350
1800
1900

75-140

313-403
255 max
241 max
170-241
241-277
319-409
302-388
187 max
287 max
285-321
331 min
319-409
298-302

1900

2000
2100
1600
1400

I. Identifies PWA Spec.

2. A - annealed; AC - as-cast; FHT = fully heat-treated;
S solution heat-treated; S-R stress-relieved.
3. Approximate
4. DS directionally solidified

116

Hardness
HB

329-382
313-403

Coefficient
Thermal Exp ansion
from 70F to Ind.
Thermal
Temp 'F
Conductivity
inlinl'F x 10-6
t u-in/sq ft/hr/'F
600'F
1200'F 70'F 600'F 1200'F

Elastic
Modulus
70F
psi x 106

Typical
UTS
70'F
ksi

Density
lb/cu in .

30.0
18.2
31.S
29.5

63
ISO
205
141

0.321
0.314
0.290
0.296

8.3
6.77
7.5
7.0

8.9
7.42
8.0
7.6

0.302
0.317
0.316
0.325
0.298
0.280
0.294
0.305
0.305
0.292

7.08
6.9
7.0
6.9
7.9
7.2
8.15
7.8
7.4
8.42

8.20
7.4
7.6
7.4
8.6
7.8
8.7
8.4
8.2
8.96

32.3
31.6
30.7
30.6
30.0
29.5
28.0
31.0
29.8
30.5
30.2
29.7
29.2
31.0
29.6
18.6

123
198
159
174
153
145

0.286
0.297
0.294
0.298
0.299
0.309

7.3
7.9
6.9
7.5
6.7
6.8

8.0
8.45
7.7
8.3
7.3
7.5

29.6
18.2
18.4
32.0
31.0

140
147
65
204
185

0.311
0.323
0.322
0.288
0.298

7.1
6.77
7.4
1.5
7.5

7.6
7.42
8.0
8.0
8.1

73
70

340
79.1
102
95

380
112.l
140
127

82.0 114.0 153.3

l95 132 158
llO 155

60

105
100
90 112
04 133
65
97
87.7 124.4
62
80
74
82
70
60

ISO
130
135
172
130

95
110
100
llO
95
90

137
145
138
142
120
122

88
79.1
350
102
95

120
112.l
300
140
130

117

Properties of Materials

Metals and Alloys (continued)

Common
Designation

AMS or
PWA* Spec l

Max.
Recommended
Condition2 Use Temp, F3

Steel - Carbon and Low-Alloy

Low Carbon 5042, 5062
Steel
6414, 6415
AISI 4340
6260, 6265
AISI 9310
6304, 733,
17-22A
768*
Steel - Stainless
5521, 5651
AISI 310
AISI 316
5524, 5648
5510, 5645
AISI 321
AISI 347
5512, 5646
798*
AM 363
5504, 5613
AISI 410
Greek Ascoloy 5616
5643
17-4PH
5528
17-7PH
A-286
5525, 5732
Ti and Ti Alloys
4901, 4921
Ti-75A
AIIOAT,
4910, 4926
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn
Ti-6Al-4V
4911, 4928
Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V 1202
1214
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-2Mo
12!6
Ti-6Al-2Sn4Zr-6Mo

Hardness
HB

700

90-110

FHT
FHT
FHT

700
400
1000

336-370
285-370
336-370

s
s
s
s

800
800
1500
1500

187 max
140-255
140-255
140-255
236-265
285-352
285-352
336-400
352-432
248-341

A
FHT
FHT
FHT
FHT
FHT

900

850
1000
600
600
1300

A
A

400
800

A
FHT
FHT

1000

900

352 max

FHT

800

400 max

600

I. Identifies PWA Spec.

2. A - annealed; FHT - fully heat-treated; S - solution heat-treated.
3. Approximate

118

Coefficient

Typical
Elastic
UTS
Modulus
70 F
70F
ksi
psi x ion

Density
lb/cu in.

Thermal Expansion)
from 70'F to Ind.
Thermal
! Conductivity
Temp F
in/in/"F x 10-6 ;Btu-in/sq ftlhr/'F
600"F 1200'F j 70F 600'F 1200'F

31.0

44

0.283

7.3

8.3

31.0
30.8
30.7

168
150
166

0.283
0.283
0.283

7.1
7.1
7.3

8.2
7.7
8.0

29.0
28.S
29.0
29.0
27.6
31.8
31.8
29.8
29.0
29.0

8S
85
85
8S
123
150
150
175
190
146

0.286
0.286
0.285
0.286
0.283
0.279
0.285
0.283
0.276
0.287

9.0
9.6
9.7
9.7
6.3
6.2
5.9
6.5
6.3
9.5

9.95

90

15.6
15.5

96
125

0.163
0.161

5.3
5.3

5.6
5.5

16.6
17.2
17.4

143
140
150

0.160
0.158
0.164

5.1
5.0
5.4

5.5
5.7

17.2

188

0.168

5.25

386

324

240

308

278
278
278

220
220
220

9.8
10.3
10.3
10.3

115
126
133
130

145
158
165
164

6.7
6.5

187
187

200
200

135
127

174

121

118
76

133
107

46
41

72
67
72

102
95

119

Liquid Rocket Engine Symbols

Ao

Design Area Ratio

A,,

Nozzle Exit Area

in. 2

A1

Throat Area

in. 2

Effective Exhaust Velocity

ft/sec

Cp

Thrust Coefficient

CpID

Ideal Thrust Coefficient

(for an optimum expansion
ratio nozzle)

Cs

Stream Thrust Coefficient

(ratio of actual to theoretical
vacuum thrust coefficient)

Cv

Velocity Coefficient
(ratio of actual to ideal thrust
coefficient at constant chamber
to ambient pressure ratio, area
ratio not necessarily constant)

Characteristic Exhaust Velocity

'le

Characteristic Exhaust Velocity

Efficiency

De

Nozzle Exit Diameter

in.

D1

Nozzle Throat Diameter

in.

dr

Fuel Specific Gravity

do

Oxidizer Specific Gravity

dp

Propellant Bulk Specific

Gravity

120

ft/sec

fe

Nozzle Exit to Throat

Area Ratio - Ae,I At

Thrust

Gravitational Constant 32.174

lbm ft/lb,sec2

t,h

Turbopump Head Rise

ft.

hsv

Pump Suction Head

Above Vapor Pressure

ft.

Is

Specific Impulse
(instantaneous)

lb1sec/lbm

ls

Time-Averaged Specific
Impulse (when operating in
changing ambient pressure)

lb1sec/lbm

Isl

Sea Level Specific Impulse

lb1 sec/lbm

Ivac

Specific Impulse at Pa = 0

lb,sec/lbm

k or y

Ratio of Specific Heats

L*

Characteristic Chamber Length in.

Mach Number

Molecular Weight of
Exhaust Products

Rotational Speed

rpm

Ns

Pump Specific Speed

Parameter

(rpm) (gpm)Y..
ft%

Pc

Chamber Pressure
(throat total)

psia

lbr

lb mole

121

Liquid Rocket Engine Symbols (continued)

Pa

Ambient Pressure

psia

Pse

Nozzle Exit Pressure (static)

psia

<I>

Pump Flow Coefficient

tp

Pump Head Coefficient

Volume Flow Rate

Universal Gas Constant

gal/min.
1546 lbr-ft
lb mole-0R

Mixture Ratio (oxidizer

to fuel) by weight
Propellant Bulk Density

lbm/ft3

er

Fuel Density

lbm/ft3

eo

Oxidizer Density

lbm/ft3

Pump Suction Specific

Speed Parameter

(rpm) (gpm)v,
ft'!.

Tc

Combustion Chamber
Temperature

Ue

Actual Exhaust Velocity

ft/sec

U1

Tip Velocity

ft/sec

Ve

Combustion Chamber Volume

(measured from injector face
to chamber throat)

in. 3

Wr

Fuel Flow Rate

lbm/sec

Wo

Oxidizer Flow Rate

lbm/sec

WP

Propellant Flow Rate

lbm/sec

Qp

lndicates Theoretical Value

122

Rocket Engine Equations

Velocity Coefficient, c;. _S:_
CpIO

constant

Effective Exhaust Velocity, c ue + (Pse - pa) Aeo

WP
Characteristic Chamber Length, L* Ve/At Specific
Impulse,

Is - Ivac - I
vac -
goPc
Wp
Propellant Flow Rate, WP Wr + W0
Propellant Bulk
I + r
Specific Gravity, 0
Propellant Bulk P
IIor + r Io0
1 + r
Density, Qp
IIQc + rlQ0
Turbopump Head Rise, Ah = AP

144
Q

AP

2.31
0

Pump Specific Speed, N5 N (Q)V:i/(Ah)'4

Pump Suction Specific Speed, S N (Q)'A/(h5v)l4
Pump Flow Coefficient, cl> = cm/Ut
Pump Head Coefficient, ip

123

Rocket

Formulas
At
Throat
Area
in.2

At

c =

A tPcCF&o
Wp

c* "'

A1Pcgo
WP

A1PcCF

Is

A1CFPc

..

WP

,.

c
Characteristic
Exhaust
Velocity
ft/sec
cwp
Pcgo
cCp

c
c*

F -

Pc

124

cWP
PcCF&o

CF

c
Exhaust
Velocity
ft/sec

A1CF

80

c*CFWp
&o
cCp

8o

8o

c*Wp

CFAt8o

At&o
c*Cp

WP
Weight
Flow
Rate
lbm/sec

Cp
Thrust
Coefficient

F
Thrust
lbr

Is
Specific
Impulse
lbrsec/lbm

Pc
Chamber
Pressure
lbr/in.2

F
CpPc

F
CpPc

l8Wp
PcCF

F
PcCF

Wpc*

Cpe*

Fgo
WP

lsgo

PcCFAtgo
WP

F go
WP

Cp

Fgo
CpWp

Cp

PcAtgo
WP

Fgo
WpCF

lsgo
c*

F
PcAt

Fgo
Wpc*

l8Wp

PcCFAt

Wpls

PcCFAt
WP

F
WP

A1Pc
CpA1Pc
Cpe*
go

F
WP

F
CpA1

F
CpA1

l8WP
CpA1

F
Is

F
Is

Cpe*

Pcgo

Wpc*
Atgo
PcAtgo
c

125

Cryogenic Liquid Rocket Fuels

Fuel
Hydrogen
Methane
Oxygen

126

Lb/cu ft
(Saturation at one
Atmosphere Normal
Boiling Point)
4.418
26.5
71.27

Liquid Rocket Engine Cycles

There are three basic liquid rocket engine cycles: the expander cycle, the
gas generator cycle, and the staged combustion cycle. A simple flow
schematic is shown for each cycle in Figures 1, 2 and 3.
The Expander Cycle - A typical expander cycle rocket engine cools
the chamber Inozzle components with the fuel flow. The energy picked
up by the fuel then provides the power to drive the turbopumps. From
the turbine discharge, the fuel proceeds to the combustion chamber and
combines with the oxidizer and is expanded through the nozzle to
produce thrust. The expander cycle is a simple, efficient, and reliable
process with a relatively benign turbine environment. The cycle is capable
of thrust levels up to a million pounds but is limited to chamber pressures
below 2000 psia. An example of an expander cycle engine is Pratt &
Whitney's highly successful RLIO.
The Gas Generator Cycle - Like the expander, the gas generator cycle
engine typically uses its fuel to cool the hot gas components. However,
a small portion of the fuel and oxidizer are routed to a gas generator
where they are combusted. The resultant combustion products are used
to drive the turbopumps, exhausting to a low (ambient) pressure. The
remaining propellants are combined in the main chamber and expanded
through the nozzle to produce the engine's main thrust. The gas generator
engine uses the turbine's higher temperature and large pressure ratio,
to attain high chamber pressure and, because the turbine power is not
dependent on nozzle heat transfer, thrust above 2 million pounds is
possible. However, due to the inefficient use of the turbine exhaust
products, cycle performance of the gas generator is lower than the
expander. The gas generator cycle is the most common liquid rocket
engine used with the LR-87, LR-91 and MA-5 as examples.
The Staged Combustion Cycle - The typical staged combustion cycle
engine, like the gas generator, uses combustion products to power the
turbopumps. However, in this cycle the turbine exhaust gases are routed
to the main chamber requiring high flow and low pressure ratio turbines.
The cycle requires very high pressures and temperatures to make it
capable of high chamber pressure and high thrust levels demonstrated
by the gas generator cycle but, because it makes efficient use of its turbine
exhaust gases, it can match the expander cycle's performance efficiency
level. The only staged combustion cycle engine currently in today's U.S.
inventory is the Space Shuttle Main Engine.

127

Liquid Rocket Engine Power Cycle

EXPANDER CYCLE
FUEL
IN

OXIDIZER IN
OXIDIZER
PUMP

RL 10...CENTAUR

128

,Liquid Rocket Engine Power Cycle

GAS GENERATOR CYCLE

OXIDIZER
TURBINE

F-1, J-2... SATURN 18/V

MA-5, MA-3...ATLAS
H-1 ...SATURN I
RS-27 ...THOR
LR87, LR91 ...TITAN II
129

Liquid Rocket Engine Power Cycle

STAGED COMBUSTION CYCLE

FUEL
IN

SSME ... SPACE SHUTTLE

130

Theoretical Rocket Engine Propellant Summary

(Oxygen and Flourine Oxidizers vs. Various Fuels
at Pc = 1000 psia)
Oxidant

Fuel

0/F

op

02

H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C2H2
C2H4
RP-1
N2H4
UMDH
NH3

6.00
3.50
2.95

0.362
0.832
0.898

3.20
1.60
2.45
2.90
0.90
1.67

0.932

H2
B2H6
B5H9
CH4
N2H4
CN2H6
UDMH
N 2H4-UDMH
NH3

8.00
5.45
4.60
4.35
2.25
2.38
2.45
2.50
3.30

F2

1.41

0.857
0.887
1.022
1.068
0.978
0.890
0.463
1.091
1.198
1.019
1.304
1.240
1.188
1.260
1.171

Tc

C*

6296.0 7577.0
6419.0 6017.0
6490.0 6025.0
6584.0 5890.0
7382.0 6522.0
6795.0 6127.0
6680.0 5811.0
6122.0 6218.0
6485.0 6104.0
5537.0 5840.0
7152.0
9264.0
9463.0
7377.0
8498.0
7834.0
7462.0
8033.0
8294.0

8380.0
7316.0
7047.0
6746.0
7290.0
6775.0
6590.0
6870.0
7199.0

131

Theoretical Rocket Engine Propellant

Summary (continued)
(Oxygen and Flourine Oxidizers vs. Various Fuels
at Pc 1000 psia)
lvAC

Oxidant

Fuel

AR=20

R70

AR-150

Oz

H2
CH,i
CzH 6
C3Hs

436.4
353.7
351.4
347.3
371.7
356.6
342.5
336.8
354.4
334.8

462.6
379.0
374.8
373.7
392.2
379.9
368.4

474.1
390.7
385.4
386.l
401.l

465.5
423.6
408.6
397.5
415.9

484.9
453.3
437.5
423.8
437.3

398.6
391.7

424.7

445.9
435.7

418.9
427.0
430.2

430.6
438.2
438.3

CzH2

C2H4
RP-I
N2H4
UDMH
NH3
F2

Hz
B2H6
B5H9
CH4
NzH4
CN2H6
UDMH
N2H4-UDMH
NH3

132

401.1
409.7

377.3
376.8
354.3

390.6
380.6
386.1
387.0
362.7
492.5
468.2
451.9
435.2

-500 ---.-....-.-........--.....,........,.....,.,.........._...,.....,.........__.,.........,.__,...,....,....,...,., -40

+60
-400
+160
-300
It+260 u.i
cc
::>
UJ
a..

+300 l----+--1--+-+4' !l'....4l--1+ +760

'-::l,,,lPl"....i:--+-+-+-Fl"'---p, +860
+400
+500 L.--J....-i-J...W...J.J..J.J.-..-'-w............_-1-..J.....E::!loJ..l-l.-!...I...J..I..I.U +960
0.o1
0.1
1.0
10
100

VAPOR PRESSURE, ATM

133

VAPOR PRESSURE OF LIQUID PROPELLANTS

UJ
I-

TEMPERATURE, 0 R
1.6
1.4

160

60

260

360

460

-200

-100

560

660

+1 00

+200

LIQUID'
FLUORINE

1.2

a:

(...'.;

u::

0..
(/)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-300

TEMPERATURE, F
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF LIQUID PROPELLANTS

Gas Turbine Engine Symbols Used

By Pratt & Whitney
A
a
c
c
CLB
CON
CRZ
D
EGT
F
f
g
hp
H
h
I
LHV
m
M
M
MCL
MCR
MCT
N

n
p
p

Pr
Q
q
q

cross-sectional area
linear acceleration
speed of sound
specific heat
coefficient, factor of proportionality,
correction factor
maximum climb rating
maximum continuous rating
maximum cruise rating
diameter
exhaust gas temperature
2.718281828459045 {the base of the natural
system of logarithms)
thrust, force
frequency
acceleration due to gravity
horsepower
enthalpy
specific enthalpy
length
lower heating value of fuel
mass
moment
mach number
maximum climb rating
maximum cruise rating
maximum continuous rating
rotational speed
polytropic exponent
pressure {absolute)
pressure {gage)
Prandtl number
volume rate of flow
quantity of heat {specific)
dynamic pressure

135

Gas Turbine Engine Symbols Used

By Pratt & Whitney (continued)
R
Re
r

$
SFC
TSFC
T
T
t

TO
TOD
TOW
u
u

v
v

v
w
w
y

d
Ii
11
e

ll

136

gas constant
Reynolds number
radius
entropy
specific entropy
specific fuel consumption
(esfc, bsfc, equiv., brake)
thrust specific fuel consumption
torque
temperature (absolute)
temperature
time
takeoff rating
dry takeoff rating
wet takeoff rating
internal energy (specific)
linear gas velocity
velocity
volume
specific volume
weight
weight rate of flow
angle of attack
angular acceleration
ratio of specific heats (cplcv)
relative pressure ratio, PIP0
finite difference
efficiency
relative temperature ratio, TIT0
absolute viscosity
kinematic viscosity
3.141592653589793 (ratio of circumference
of a circle to its diameter)
density
relative density ratio, QIe0
gross thrust parameter
angular velocity

Gas Turbine Engine Subscripts

1 , 2, 3 , etc.
a

AIB
am
av
ax

bl

er

ej

f
g
H
h
j

px
s
T
t

th
w

engine station designations

air (Va); added (qa)
afterburner
ambient <tam )
average
axial
burner, combustion chamber (Pb )
bleed
compressor (fie); compressible (qc)
critical (Pc,)
diffuser; duct; discharge
exhaust; exit
ejector (Pej)
fuel (wj); fluid (hj); fan
gas (wg); gross (Fg)
hub (DH)
heat exchanger; intercooler
inlet (rJ;); indicated (V;)
jet (Aj)
mixed (P1m )
nozzle (rJn ); net (Fn )
standard sea level value; free stream condition
propeller (rJp); propulsion; airplane; constant
pressure (cp); primary
power extraction
ram (rJ,); radial (V,); rejected (q,); reverse
static (p5); shaft; secondary
tip (Dr)
total (p 1); turbine (rJ1)
thermal (f/ih)
constant volume (cy); velocity (cy)
wall (Tw); work (q w); wake (Vw)

137

Gas Turbine Parameter

Correction Procedures
The corrected (generalized) gas turbine performance parameters, defined
below, provide a basis for the eomparison of the performance of engines
operated at different atmospheric and flight conditions. The Greek letters
d and e. are factors representing the ratio of the pressure and temperature
of the air stream at the chosen reference station relative to sea level
standard atmospheric conditions. With these factors, the observed
performance parameters of rotor speed(s), thrust, fuel flow, airflow and
exhaust gas temperature are referenced to a common condition, either
that of ambient air or stagnation conditions at the engine inlet, whichever
is most appropriate. The values of d and 6 are determined by:

where "x" denotes the reference condition, i.e., ambient or engine station
2 (stagnation).
Gas turbine parameters are corrected as follows:
Corrected net thrust
Corrected fuel flow
Corrected fuel
consumption

TSFC (corr)

Corrected air flow

Wa (observed) (JO.S
Wa (corr) =
0

Corrected exhaust
gas temperature

EGT (corr) =

Corrected rotor speed

;: :::::; =

EGT (observed)

6*
N (observed)
N (corr) _
90.s

*The exponent for theta , El, is a function of the engine cycle and is
developed from theoretical and empirical data. The exponent is
approximately 0.5 for correcting fuel flow and TSFC and approximately
1.0 for eorrecting temperatures.

138

Approximate Inlet and Jet

Wake Danger Areas
MAXIMUM
(AFTERBURNING)
350

300

250

Iii

200

150

50

139

Theta (0) Tables

(:) = TITO
p
-80
-79
-78
-77
-76
-75
-74
-73
-72
-71
-70
-69
-68
-67
-66
-65
-64
-63
-62
-61
-60

-59

-58
-57
-56
-55
-54
-53
-52
- 51

140

-62.2
-61.7
-61.1
-60.6
-60.0
-59.4
-58.9
-58.3
-57.8
-57.2
-56.7
-56.l
-55.6
-55.0
-54.4
-53.9
-53.3
-52.8
-52.2
-51.7
-51.1
-50.6
-50.0
-49.4
-48.9
-48.3
-47.8
-47.2
-46.7
-46.l

l('F) + 459.67
t("C) + 273.15
[
]= [
]
518.67
288.15
(:)

(:)0.5

(:)0.62

90.67

(:)0.91

0.7320
0.7339
0.7359
0.7378
0.7397
0.7416
0.7436
0.7455
0.7474
0.7494
0.7513
0.7532
0.7551
0.7571
0.7590
0.7609
0.7629
0.7648
0.7667
0.7686
0.7706
0.7725
0.7744
0.7764
0.7783
0.7802
0.7821
0.7841
0.7860
0.7879

0.8556
0.8567
0.8578
0.8589
0.8601
0.8612
0.8623
0.8634
0.8645
0.8657
0.8668
0.8679
0.8690
0.8701
0.8712
0.8723
0.8734
0.8745
0.8756
0.8767
0.8778
0.8789
0.8800
0.8811
0.8822
0.8833
0.8844
0.8855
0.8866
0.8876

0.8241
0.8255
0.8268
0.8282
0.8295
0.8308
0.8322
0.8335
0.8349
0.8362
0.8375
0.8389
0.8402
0.8415
0.8428
0.8442
0.8455
0.8468
0.8481
0.8495
0.8508
0.8521
0.8534
0.8547
0.8561
0.8574
0.8587
0.8600
0.8613
0.8626

0.8114
0.8128
0.8142
0.8157
0.8171
0.8185
0.8200
0.8214
0.8228
0.8242
0.8256
0.8271
0.8285
0.8299
0.8313
0.8327
0.8341
0.8355
0.8370
0.8384
0.8398
0.8412
0.8426
0.8440
0.8454
0.8468
0.8482
0.8496
0.8510
0.8524

0.7529
0.7547
0.7565
0.7583
0.7601
0.7619
0.7637
0.7655
0.7673
0.769)
0.7709
0.7727
0.7745
0.7763
0.7781
0.7799
0.7817
0.7835
0.7853
0.7871
0.7889
0.7907
0.7924
0.7942
0.7960
0.7978
0.7996
0.8014
0.8032
0.8050

p
- 50
-49
-48
-47
-46
-45

-44
-43
-42
-41
-40
-39
-36
-35
-34
-33
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16

90.5

90.62

90.67

90.91

-45.6
-45.0
-44.4
-43.9
-43.3
-42.8
-42.2
-41.7
-41.1
-40.6
-40.0
-39.4
-38.9
-38.3
-37.8
-37.2
-36.7
-36.1
-35.6
-35.0
-34.4
-33.9
-33.3
-32.8
-32.2
-31.7
-31.1
-30.6
-30.0
-29.4
-28.9
-28.3
-27.8
-27.2
-26.7

0.7898
0.7918
0.7937
0.7956
0.7976
0.7995
0.8014
0.8033
0.8053
0.8072
0.8091
0.8111
0.8130
0.8149
0.8168
0.8188
0.8207
0.8226
0.8246
0.8265
0.8284
0.8303
0.8323
0.8342
0.8361
0.8380
0.8400
0.8419
0.8438
0.8458
0.8477
0.8496
0.8515
0.8535
0.8554

0.8887
0.8898
0.8909
0.8920
0.8931
0.8941
0.8952
0.8963
0.8974
0.8984
0.8995
0.9006
0.9017
0.9027
0.9038
0.9049
0.9059
0.9070
0.9080
0.9091
0.9102
0.9112
0.9123
0.9133
0.9144
0.9154
0.9165
0.9176
0.9186
0.9197
0.9207
0.9217
0.9228
0.9238
0.9249

0.8639
0.8652
0.8665
0.8678
0.8691
0.8704
0.8717
0.8730
0.8743
0.8756
0.8769
0.8782
0.8795
0.8808
0.8821
0.8834
0.8847
0.8860
0.8873
0.8886
0.8898
0.8911
0.8924
0.8937
0.8950
0.8962
0.8975
0.8988
0.9001
0.9013
0.9026
0.9039
0.9052
0.9064
0.9077

0.8538
0.8552
0.8566
0.8580
0.8594
0.8608
0.8622
0.8635
0.8649
0.8663
0.8677
0.8691
0.8705
0.8719
0.8732
0.8746
0.8760
0.8774
0.8788
0.8801
0.8815
0.8829
0.8842
0.8856
0.8870
0.8884
0.8897
0.8911
0.8925
0.8938
0.8952
0.8966
0.8979
0.8993
0.9006

0.8068
0.8086
0.8104
0.8122
0.8140
0.8158
0.8175
0.8193
0.8211
0.8229
0.8247
0.8265
0.8283
0.8301
0.8318
0.8336
0.8354
0.8372
0.8390
0.8408
0.8426
0.8443
0.8461
0.8479
0.8497
0.8515
0.8533
0.8550
0.8568
0.8586
0.8604
0.8622
0.8639
0.8657
0.8675

141

Theta (0) Tables (continued)

0
p

-15
-14
-13
-12
-11

10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12

13
14

142

TIT0 = [

c
-26.1
-25.6
-25.0
-24.4
-23.9
-23.3
-22.8
-22.2
-21.7
-21.1
-20.6
-20.0
-19.4
-18.9
-18.3
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0

t(0F) + 459.67
]
518.67
(:)

0.8573
0.8593
0.8612
0.8631
0.8650
0.8670
0.8689
0.8708
0.8728
0.8747
0.8766
0.8785
0.8805
0.8824
0.8843
0.8862
0.8882
0.8901
0.8920
0.8940
0.8959
0.8978
0.8997
0.9017
0.9036
0.9055
0.9075
0.9094
0.9113
0.9132

t("C) + 273.15
]
288.15

(:)0.5

(:)0.62

90.67

(:)0.91

0.9259
0.9270
0.9280
0.9290
0.9301
0.9311
0.9321
0.9332
0.9342
0.9352
0.9363
0.9373
0.9383
0.9394
0.9404
0.9414
0.9424
0.9435
0.9445
0.9455
0.9465
0.9475
0.9485
0.9496
0.9506
0.9516
0.9526
0.9536
0.9546
0.9556

0.9090
0.9102
0.9115
0.9128
0.9140
0.9153
0.9166
0.9178
0.9191
0.9203
0.9216
0.9228
0.9241
0.9254
0.9266
0.9279
0.9291
0.9304
0.9316
0.9329
0.9341
0.9354
0.9366
0.9378
0.9391
0.9403
0.9416
0.9428
0.9440
0.9453

0.9020
0.9034
0.9047
0.9061
0.9074
0.9088
0.9101
0.9115
0.9128
0.9142
0.9155
0.9169
0.9182
0.9196
0.9209
0.9223
0.9236
0.9250
0.9263
0.9276
0.9290
0.9303
0.9317
0.9330
0.9343
0.9357
0.9370
0.9383
0.9397
0.9410

0.8693
0.8711
0.8728
0.8746
0.8764
0.8782
0.8800
0.8817
0.8835
0.8853
0.8871
0.8888
0.8906
0.8924
0.8942
0.8959
0.8977
0.8995
0.9013
0.9030
0.9048
0.9066
0.9083
0.9101
0.9119
0.9137
0.9154
0.9172
0.9190
0.9207

15
16

17

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

c
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
-6.7
-6.1
-5.6

-5.0
-4.4
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
-1.1

-0.6
0.0
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.0
5.6

6.1
6.7
7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4

(:)

(:)0.5

(:)0.62

90.67

(:)0.91

0.9152
0.9171
0.9190
0.9210
0.9229
0.9248
0.9267
0.9287
0.9306
0.9325
0.9344
0.9364
0.9383
0.9402
0.9422
0.9441
0.9460
0.9479
0.9499
0.9518
0.9537
0.9557
0.9576
0.9595
0.9614
0.9634
0.9653
0.9672
0.9692
0.9711
0.9730
0.9749
0.9769
0.9788
0.9807

0.9566
0.9577
0.9587
0.9597
0.9607
0.9617
0.9627
0.9637
0.9647
0.9657
0.9667
0.9677
0.9687
0.9697
0.9706
0.9716
0.9726
0.9736
0.9746
0.9756
0.9766
0.9776
0.9786
0.9795
0.9805
0.9815
0.9825
0.9835
0.9845
0.9854
0.9864
0.9874
0.9884
0.9893
0.9903

0.9465
0.9478
0.9490
0.9502
0.9515
0.9527
0.9539
0.9552
0.9564
0.9576
0.9588
0.9601
0.9613
0.9625
0.9637
0.9650
0.9662
0.9674
0.9686
0.9698
0.9711
0.9723
0.9735
0.9747
0.9759
0.9771
0.9783
0.9796
0.9808
0.9820
0.9832
0.9844
0.9856
0.9868
0.9880

0.9423
0.9437
0.9450
0.9463
0.9476
0.9490
0.9503
0.9516
0.9529
0.9543
0.9556
0.9569
0.9582
0.9595
0.9609
0.9622
0.9635
0.9648
0.9661
0.9674
0.9688
0.9701
0.9714
0.9727
0.9740
0.9753
0.9766
0.9779
0.9792
0.9805
0.9818
0.9831
0.9844
0.9857
0.9870

0.9225
0.9243
0.9260
0.9278
0.9296
0.9313
0.9331
0.9349
0.9366
0.9384
0.9402
0.9419
0.9437
0.9455
0.9472
0.9490
0.9508
0.9525
0.9543
0.9560
0.9578
0.9596
0.9613
0.9631
0.9648
0.9666
0.9684
0.9701
0.9719
0.9736
0.9754
0.9772
0.9789
0.9807
0.9824

143

Theta (0) Tables (continued)

0
p

50
51

52

53
54
55
56

57
58
59

60
61
62
63
64
65

66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

144

TITO

[ t( F) + 459.67 ] = [ /( C) + 273.15]
518.67
288.15

(:)

(:)0.5

(:)0.62

90.67

(:)0.91

10.0
10.6
11.l
11.7
12.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
15.6
16.l
16.7
17.2
17.8
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
21.l
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.l

0.9826
0.9846
0.9865
0.9884
0.9904
0.9923
0.9942
0.9961
0.9981
1.0000
1.0019
l.0039
1.0058
1.0077
1.0096
1.0116
1.0135
1.0154
1.0174
l.0193
1.0212
1.0231
1.0251
1.0270
1.0289
1.0308
1.0328
l.0347
1.0366
1.0386

0.9913
0.9923
0.9932
0.9942
0.9952
0.9961
0.9971
0.9981
0.9990
1.0000
1.0010
1.0019
l.0029
1.0038
1.0048
1.0058
1.0067
1.0077
1.0086
1.0096
l.0105
l.0115
1.0125
1.0134
1.0144
1.0153
1.0163
1.0172
1.0182
1.0191

0.9892
0.9904
0.9916
0.9928
0.9940
0.9952
0.9964
0.9976
0.9988
1.0000
1.0012
1.0024
1.0036
1.0048
1.0060
1.0072
1.0083
1.0095
1.0107
l.0119
l.0131
1.0143
1.0155
1.0167
1.0178
1.0190
1.0202
1.0214
l.0226
1.0237

0.9883
0.9896
0.9909
0.9922
0.9935
0.9948
0.9961
0.9974
0.9987
1.0000
1.0013
l.0026
1.0039
1.0052
l.0064
1.0077
1.0090
1.0103
1.0116
l.0129
1.0142
1.0154
1.0167
1.0180
1.0193
1.0206
1.0218
1.0231
1.0244
1.0257

0.9842
0.9860
0.9877
0.9895
0.9912
0.9930
0.9947
0.9965
0.9982
1.0000
l.0018
1.0035
l.0053
1.0070
1.0088
l.0105
l.0123
1.0140
1.0158
1.0175
1.0193
1.0210
1.0228
1.0245
1.0263
1.0280
1.0298
1.0315
1.0333
1.0350

80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96

97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
llO
111

112
113

ll4

26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.l
31.7
32.2
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.4
35.0
35.6
36.1
36.7
37.2
37.8
38.3
38.9
39.4
40.0
40.6
41.I
41.7
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.9
44.4
45.0
45.6

(:)

1.0405
1.0424
1.0443
1.0463
1.0482
l.0501
1.0521
1.0540

l.0559

1.0578
1.0598
1.0617
1.0636
1.0656
1.0675
1.0694
1.0713
1.0733
1.0752
1.0771
1.0790
1.0810
1.0829
1.0848
1.0868
1.0887
1.0906
l.0925
1.0945
1.0964
1.0983
l.1003
1.1022
1.1041
1.1060

(:)0.5

(:)0.62

90.67

1.0200 l.0249 1.0269

1.0210 1.0261 1.0282
1.0219 1.0273 1.0295
1.0229 1.0284 1.0308
l.0238 1.0296 l.0320
1.0248 1.0308 l.0333
1.0257 1.0320 1.0346
1.0266 1.0331 1.0359
1.0276 1.0343 1.0371
l.0285 1.0355 l.0384
1.0295 1.0366 1.0397
1.0304 1.0378 1.0409
1.0313 1.0390 1.0422
1.0323 1.0402 1.0435
1.0332 1.0413 1.0447
1.0341 1.0425 1.0460
1.0351 1.0436 1.0472
1.0360 1.0448 1.0485
1.0369 1.0460 1.0498
1.0378 1.0471 1.0510
1.0388 1.0483 1.0523
1.0397 1.0495 1.0536
l.0406 l.0506 1.0548
l.0416 l.0518 1.0561
1.0425 1.0529 1.0573
1.0434 l.0541 1.0586
1.0443 1.0553 l.0598
1.0452 1.0564 l.0611
1.0462 1.0576 1.0623
1.0471 1.0587 1.0636
1.0480 1.0599 1.0649
1.0489 1.0610 l.0661
1.0498 1.0622 l.0674
1.0508 l.0633 1.0686
1.0517 1.0645 1.0699

(:)0.91

1.0368
1.0385
1.0403
1.0420
1.0438
1.0455
l.0473
1.0490
1.0508
1.0525
1.0542
1.0560
1.0577
1.0595
1.0612
1.0630
1.0647
1.0665
1.0682
1.0699
1.0717
l.0734
1.0752
1.0769
1.0787
l.0804
1.0821
1.0839
1.0856
1.0874
1.0891
1.0908
1.0926
1.0943
1.0961

145

Theta (0) Tables (continued)

[ t( F) + 459.67 ] = [ t(OC) + 273.15]

518.67
288.15

0 = T!T0
p

115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144

146

46.l
46.7
47.2
47.8
48.3
48.9
49.4
50.0
50.6
51.1
51.7
52.2
52.8
53.3
53.9
54.4
55.0
55.6

56.1
56.7
57.2
57.8
58.3
58.9

59.4

60.0
60.6
61.1
61.7
62.2

(:)

(:)0.5

(:)0.62

90.67

(:)0.91

1.1 80
1.1099
l.lll8
l.1138
1.1157
1.1176
1.1195
l.1215
1.1234
1.1253
1.1272
1.1292
1.1311
1.1330
1.1350
1.1369
1.1388
1.1407
1.1427
1.1446
1.1465
1.1485
1.1504
1.1523
1.1542
1.1562
1.1581
1.1600
1.1620
1.1639

1.0526
1.0535
J.0544
1.0553
1.0563
1.0572
1.0581
1.0590
J.0599
1.0608
1.0617
1.0626
1.0635
1.0644
1.0653
1.0662
1.0672
1.0681
1.0690
1.0699
l.0708
1.0717
1.0726
1.0735
1.0744
1.0753
1.0761
1.0770
1.0779
1.0788

1.0656
1.0668
J.0679
1.0691
1.0702
1.0714
1.0725
1.0737
1.0748
1.0759
1.0771
1.0782
1.0794
J.0805
1.0817
1.0828
1.0839
J.0851
1.0862
1.0873
1.0885
J.0896
1.0907
1.0919
1.0930
1.0941
1.0953
1.0964
1.0975
1.0987

1.0711
1.0724
J.0736
I.0749
l.0761
l.0773
1.0786
1.0798
1.0811
1.0823
1.0836
1.0848
1.0860
1.0873
1.0885
J.0898
1.0910
1.0922
1.0935
1.0947
1.0959
1.0972
1.0984
1.0996
1.1009
1.1021
J.1033
1.1046
1.1058
1.1070

1.0978
1.0995
1.1013
1.1030
1.1047
J.1065
1.1082
J.llOO
1.1117
1.1134
1.1152
1.1169
1.1186
1.1204
1.1221
J.1238
1.1256
1.1273
1.1290
1.1308
1.1325
1.1342
1.1360
1.1377
1.1394
1.1412
1.1429
1.1446
J.1464
1.1481

145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164

62.8
63.3
63.9
64.4
65.0
65.6
66.1
66.7
67.2
67.8
68.3
68.9
69.4
70.0
70.6
71.l
71.7
72.2
72.8
73.3

(:)

(:)0.5

(:)0.62

90.67

(:)0.91

1.1658
1.1677
l.1697
1.1716
1.1735
1.1754
1.1774
1.1793
1.1812
1.1832
1.1851
1.1870
1.1889
1.1909
1.1928
1.1947
l.1966
1.1986
1.2005
1.2024

1.0797
1.0806
1.0815
1.0824
1.0833
1.0842
1.0851
1.0860
1.0868
1.0877
1.0886
1.0895
1.0904
I.0913
1.0922
1.0930
1.0939
1.0948
1.0957
1.0965

1.0998
1.1009
1.1020
1.1032
1.1043
1.1054
1.1065
1.1077
1.1088
1.1099
1.1110
1.1121
I.ll33
1.1144
1.1155
l.ll66
l.ll77
1.1188
1.1200
1.l2ll

1.1083
1.1095
1.1107
1.1119
1.1132
1.1144
1.1156
1.1168
1.1181
1.1193
1.1205
1.1217
1.1229
1.1242
1.1254
l.1266
1.1278
l.1290
1.1302
1.1314

1.1498
1.1516
1.1533
1.1550
1.1567
1.1585
1.1602
1.1619
1.1637
1.1654
1.1671
1.1688
1.1706
1.1723
1.1740
l.1758
1.1774
1.1792
1.1809
1.1826

147

Gas Turbine Engine Station Designations

- Early System
The numbering system presented on pages 144, 145, and 146 refers to
all P&W engine models prior to and including the JT9D.

Single-Rotor Turbojet JT12, J60

j II l

h )11! =

Dual-Rotor Turbojet JT3, JT4, J52

148

Dual-Rotor Turbofan JT3D, JT9D

Dual-Rotor Turbofan Full Duct JTSD

149

v,
0

Dual-Rotor Turbofan Full Duct Afterburning TF30

' .....

-+----...==;:..::.::::.--------------.;./-/

11111

10

New System (subsequent to JT9D)

Subsequent to the JT9D, Pratt & Whitney adopted the ARP 755A
(Aerospace Recommended Practice), Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., system of designating engine stations which adequately covers all
possible design configurations. The new system includes station numbers
I through 9 for the primary flowpath. Extension of primary flowpath
designation to bypass flow is accomplished by prefixing a digit to the
number in the primary path. The prefix I is used for a bypass duct
immediately adjacent to the core engine (e.g. 13, fan discharge). The
preftx 9 is used to designate ejector nozzle stations (e.g. 92, the injector
nozzle inlet). Numerical suffixes to the engine station numbers identify
intermediate stations within a major subsystem (e.g. 45, high pressure
turbine/low pressure turbine interface).

Single-Rotor Turbojet

.......Di c--

11==1

15

151

Single-Rotor Turbojet Afterburning

LOWPRE88U..
COIIPRuaoR

:u

BURNER

lt!!1 !1!

.. ....

Dual-Rotor Turbojet

1=11

COMIIU1110N
CHAMBER

EXHAUIT
NOZD..E

Dual-Rotor Turbojet Afterburning

Dual-Rotor Turbofan

,-11
[:==]='!

Dual-Rotor Turbofan Full Duct

Dual-Rotor Turbofan Full Duct Afterbuming

Thrust - Horsepower Conversion

Piston, turboshaft, and turboprop engines deliver power through a
rotating shaft to a propeller which produces a force (thrust). The power
output of these engines can be determined in a test stand equipped with
a dynamometer which uses the rotating speed and torque of the shaft
to measure horsepower. Turbojet and turbofan engines develop thrust
that cannot be conveniently measured in terms of horsepower. The
thrust that a piston, turboshaft, or turboprop engine will produce can
be expressed by the relation:
Fn

_ 550 l'Jp SHP

-

Va

where l'Jp is propeller efficiency; SHP is shaft horsepower; Va, true

airspeed, is in ft/sec; and Fn, thrust, is in pounds.
For turbojet and turbofan engines, the comparable relation is;
THP =

F n x mph

375

Therefore, one pound of turbojet or turbofan thrust is equivalent to

one horsepower at an airspeed of 375 mph.
When considering the thrust produced by a piston, turboshaft or
turboprop engine, it is common practice to assume a propeller efficiency
of 80 percent. Using this efficiency and airspeed in miles per hour, the
thrust produced by these engines can be expressed as;
Fn =

300 SHP
mph

This equation is not usable under static conditions, hence a conversion

of 2.5 pounds thrust per one SHP is used at zero airspeed to convert
thrust to shaft horsepower.

155

Turbojet and Turbofan

Engine Noise
Noise Sources
The noise generated by turbojet and turbofan engines is normally
dominated by two sources: the fan/compressor and the jet exhaust.
Fan I Compressor: Noise from this source is generated primarily by flow
interactions between rotating airfoils and stationary objects in the flow
stream such as stators and struts. This noise appears predominantly
at discrete frequencies in the noise spectrum (Figure 1) with the acoustic
energy concentrated at multiples of blade passage frequency. This noise
propagates forward from turbojet engines, and both forward and
rearward from turbofan engines.
Jet Exhaust Noise: Noise from this source is generated in the turbulent
mixing region behind the engine where high velocity exhaust gases mix
with ambient air. This noise is broadband in nature with the acoustic
energy distributed broadly over the frequency spectrum.
Secondary Sources: Other sources, such as the turbine and combustor,

can also contribute to the total engine noise, becoming more significant
as the two primary noise sources arc reduced in level.

156

TYPICAL TURBOFAN ENGINE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

COMMON OCTAVE BANDS

f--1...,_2...;-,,.3......-4-J-5...;-..s.....,_1-i--s

MIDDLE

PIANOKrBOARO

- TYPICAL LIMITS OF HUMAN EAR SENSITIVllY

50

100

200

500

1000

2000

5000

10,000

20,000

FREQUENCY IN CYCLES PER SECONDS

FIGURE 1
157

Turbojet and Turbofan

Engine Noise (continued)
Noise Measurement Units
Measurements of aircraft/engine noise can be categorized into two basic
types of units: physical and subjective.
The physical quantity normally measured when dealing with noise is
the RMS sound pressure. Typically, the audible range varies from 0.0002
dynes/ cm2, the threshold of hearing, to about 1,000 dynes/ cm2, the
threshold of pain. Because of the very large range of sound pressures
encountered in our acoustic environment and because the human ear
normally responds to the relative loudness of two sounds by the ratio
of their intensities rather than in an absolute way, a logarithmic scale,
sound pressure level, is used.
Sound pressure level, expressed in deciBels (dB) equals:
20 togL
Po
where P is the sound pressure measured and PO is the reference pressure
of 0.0002 dynes/cm2 .. Figure 2 displays the relationship between the
sound pressure and sound pressure level scales for various common
noises covering the audible range of interest.
Aircraft noise measurements generally are presented in terms of a
subjective rather than a physical unit to provide an indication of the
level of annoyance. Subjective units utilize different weighting factors
that are a function of frequency to approximate perceived annoyance.
In general, higher frequency noises are assigned greater weightings.
Commonly used subjective units are dBA and Perceived Noise deciBels
(PNdB). Another subjective unit is used in the noise certification process
for large transport airplanes. This unit, Effective Perceived Noise deciBel
(EPNdB), is basically PNdB with additional corrections for the duration
of the flyover noise and the presence of tones.
158

Relation between sound pressure

and sound pressure level

200
100
50
10

120 AUTOMOBILE HORN (3 FEET)

110

I Ni!J?lbo
H
o ':J1
100
RIVETER
AT 60 M.P.H.
MOTORCYCLE
90

ISES

T
IB
FROM AIRPORT
BENEATH THE
FLIGHT PA TH

80

70
0.5

GASOLINE POWERED
LAWN MOWER

60
0.1

0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001

0.0005
0.0002
SOUND
PRESSURE
DYNES/CM'

50

QUIET RESIDENTIAL AREA

40
30

SOFT WHISPER

20
10

SOUND
PRESSURE
LEVEL-DB
REFERENCED TO
0.0002 DYNES/CM'

FIGURE 2
159

Turbojet and Turbofan

Engine Noise (continued)
Noise Regulations
In response to Congressional action, the U.S. Federal Aviation Agency,
in 1969, prescribed noise standards for new type aircraft by adding Part
36 to the Federal Aviation Regulations. Noise limits as a function of
maximum takeoff weight were established in terms of EPNdB for three
conditions: approach, takeoff, and sideline during takeoff. Noise
measuring locations for each of these conditions are shown in Figure 3.
An amendment to Part 36 in 1973 established dates after which all
transport
with
production aircraft were required to
those
Part 36 noise
Except for JT3D-powered airplanes
75,000 pounds or less, compliance was required by December 1, 1973.
The exceptions were required to comply by December 1, 1974. In 1976,
Federal Aviation Regulation Part 91 was amended to require all aircraft
operated in the U.S. by domestic airlines to be brought into compliance
with Part 36 requirements. This was accomplished in accordance with
a phased schedule for all aircraft on January 1, 1985.
An amendment to Part 36 in 1978 established more stringent noise limits,
called Stage 3 limits, for future new type airplanes. The original limits
established in 1969 were referred to as Stage 2 limits. These limits are
4. International airplane noise limits established by
shown in
the
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and defined in
Annex 16, Chapters 2 and 3, are nearly identical to Part 36 Stages 2
and 3 limits, respectively.
In 1980, the FAA amended Part 91 to require airplanes engaged in
foreign air commerce in the U.S. to comply with applicable Part 36
noise standards by January 1, 1985. The phased compliance requirement
remained applicable only to airplanes in U.S. domestic air commerce.
This amendment also introduced exemptions applicable to domestic or
foreign operators that extended compliance dates for certain exempted
airplanes to as late as 1-1-88.

160

FAA NOISE-MEASURING POINTS

FAR 36-8 NOISE

CERTIFICATION LIMITS
110

TAKEOFF

[D

105

a_

f- 100

:::i

95

0
z

90

(/)

85

20

110

40

60

80 100

200

400

TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT 1000 LB

600

1000

APPROACH

[D
"O

i[ 105
w

f 100
:::i

w
(/)

0
z

95

90

20

110

40

60

80 100

200

400

TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT 1000 LB

600

1000

SIDELINE

[D
"O

i[ 105
w

f 100

w
(/)

0
z

95

90

20

40

60

80 100

200

FIGURE 4
162

400

TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT 1000 LB

600

1000

Aerodynamic Relationships
b = Span

ft

Angle of down wash deg

Angle of attack - deg
Flight-path angle deg
Density - lb sec2/ft4
absolute viscosity
kinematic viscosity
length

c = Chord - ft

D = Drag - lb

y =
Cl =
=
=
M Pitching moment - lb-ft
=
N = Yawing moment - lb-ft
Dynamic
pressure
lb/sq
ft
q
S
Area - sq ft
AR Aspect ratio
L = Lift
lb
L
Rolling moment - lb-ft

Lift coefficient, CL = _!:._

Drag coefficient, CD =

qS

.!!.
qS

Pitching moment coefficient, CM = ..!::!_

qcS

Rolling moment coefficient, CM = _!:._

qbS

ib c2 db

Mean aerodynamic chord = _o__

_
b
.[ cdb

Yawing moment coefficient, CN = .!:!_

qbS

Reynolds number, Re

Re for airfoils =

VI

VI

Q-=-

105 V x chord
(incompressible)
v
163

Airspeed Relationships
IAS - indicated airspeed (read from cockpit instrumentation, includes cockpit instrument
error correction)
CAS -calibrated airspeed (indicated airspeed corrected for airspeed instrumentation position
error)
EAS -equivalent airspeed (calibrated airspeed corrected for compressibility effects)
TAS -true airspeed (equivalent airspeed corrected for change in atmospheric density)
TAS

= _EA_S ___

Vo

Airspeed Correction

Cockpit
Instrument ---
Reading
Error
Correction Indicated
Airspeed

Airspeed
Sensor
Position
Error
Correction Calibrated __.___
Airspeed Compress
ibility
I
Correction Equivalent
Airspeed Air Density __..___
Correction
True
Airspeed

Airspeed Relationships
Mach number
where

M = = Val V ygRT

Va = true airspeed
C = sonic velocity

= specific heat ratio

g = gravitational constant
R = gas constant
T
ambient temperature

Change in velocity with change in air density at constant THP,

V2 =

v1

YiQ2

(approximate)

Change in velocity with change in power at constant air density,

(approximate)
hP1
Reynolds Number Effects
When air in motion (or the movement of a body through air) is studied,
there are three principal factors to consider: the velocity, the density,
and the viscosity of the air. The effect of the changing viscosity does
not become pronounced until the air density drops to a relatively low
value. At the airspeeds normal for a turbojet aircraft, the effect of low
air density is usually encountered at altitudes of approximately 35,000
feet and above. At these high altitudes, the cohesive force between the
individual air molecules (called viscosity) and the inertial (ram) force
of a cubic inch of molecules in motion are both reduced below the
normal sea level value for any given airspeed. However, the inertial
force is reduced more, in proportion, than the viscosity. The term that
is used to describe these effects is called "Reynolds number." Reynolds
number is a dimensionless parameter that relates airflow inertia to the
viscosity of the air. At low Reynolds number, airflow is predominantly
laminar, or straight and smooth. At high Reynolds numbers, the airflow
is turbulent.
166

Airspeed Relationships (continued)

Above the critical Reynolds number, the transition from laminar to
turbulent flow takes place soon enough to provide a relatively thick,
turbulent boundary layer which transfers considerable energy from the
free stream, and successfully follows the airfoil contour down to the
trailing edge. However, below the critical Reynolds number, the
viscous forces predominate, and make the boundary layer air
incapable of making the transition from laminar to turbulent flow,
with the result that the low energy, laminar layer slows down and
begins to separate from the airfoil surface, helped along by the
pressure gradients existing at the upper surface of the airfoil.
Consequently, the drag and friction losses of the wing or compressor
blade begin to increase and the lifto decrease noticeably, above an
altitude of roughly 35,000 feet. This, in turn, reduces the operating
efficiency of the aircraft or engine involved. The effect becomes
greater as. altitude is increased. This effect is expressed by a factor
called Reynolds number index, which is applied to the performance
values obtained at or near sea level in order to correct the sea level
performance to that which actually will be obtained at high
altitudes.
Mach Number
There is a characteristic of gases which makes it very difficult for a
certain velocity to be exceeded, .either when the gas, itself, is in
motion or when an object is moving through the gas. A few
examples of the 'restricting' effect would be .the flow of a gas
through a nozzle, an aircraft in flight, and the movement of a
sound wave through air or some other medium. All of these reach a
velocity above which it is difficult or impossible to accelerate
further. In case of sound, this gas characteristic actually determines
the maximum speed at which a pressure wave or a warning signal
can be transmitted upstream. Because the speed of sound is the most
common evidence of this characteristic, as well as the most easily
measured, it is used as the basis for determining Mach number,
which is the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in
the same medium and at the same temperature. The restricting
tendency is dependent only on the temperature of the air, and not
its density. Mach number also varies with different gases, liquids,
and solids. It has been found to be a very convenient parameter in
studying high velocity flow and as a measure of speed for high
performance aircraft.
167

AIRSPEED CONVERSION
45000FT
40000FT
1 . 1 35000FT
30000FT
25000 FT
1.0 20000FT
15000FT
10000FT
0.9
5000FT
SEA LEVEL
w 0.8
ro

0.7
I
()

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3

1 EAS
M= 661.5
FOR ALL TAM'S

o.2:...L.....JL.....___L_
100 150

168

__.__----1,__

___J__

__J

200 250 300 350 400

EAS-KTS

AIRSPEED CONVERSION
PRESSURE ALTITUDE, 1000 FEET
40
50
1.20
10

Cf)

o
z

1.10

::i::::

s:
<C

r:

LJ

1.00
5

?:.

r:

.90

.80

0
SL 6
I
0
w
w
a..
Cf)
700 Q;
<(
w
:::>
c:r:
1600

L._.L._ 0-._L__L_=4 _L_ '-L--L-6 ___.J500

500
00
30
00
CALIBRATED AIRSPEED, KNOTS
169

AIRSPEED CONVERSION
PRESSURE ALTITUDE, 1000 FEET
60 50 40 30
20
10
0.1------

0.2

0.1
50

170

200

100
150
250
350
450
CALIBRATED AIRSPEED, KNOTS

Climatic Data For Selected U.S. Cities

Temperature 'F

City
Albuquerque, NM
Amarillo, TX
Atlanta, GA
Asheville, NC
Bismarck, ND
Boise, ID
Boston, MA
Brownsville, TX
Buffalo, NY
Burlington, VT
Charleston, SC
Cheyenne, WY
Chicago, IL
Cincinnati, OH
Cleveland, OH
Denver, CO
Des Moines, IA
Detroit, MI
El Paso, TX
Fort Worth, TX
Galveston, TX
Helena, MT
Huron, SD
Jacksonville, FL
Jackson, MS
Kansas City, MO
Knoxville, TN
Little Rock, AR
Los Angeles, CA
Memphis, TN
Miami, FL
Minneapolis, MN

Winter

Summer

36.4
34.9
44.0
39.2
12.0
32.5
29.7
61.2
25.5
20.2
51.3
27.1
27.0
33.6
26.7
32.1
24.0
26.4
46.6
47.5
55.6
23.l
16.0
56.6
49.5
31.9
40.S
43.6
56.4
43.0
68.2
16.7

74.4
74.0
77.9
71.6
67.3
69.8
69.4
83.3
67.8
67.4
80.4
64.2
70.9
75.1
69.9
70.2
73.6
70.4
80.9
83.0
82.6
64.6
70.3
81.2
80.8
77.1
76.1
79.8
69.S
79.6
81.4
70.4

Precipitation
(ln)(i;;)
Rain
Snow

8.06
20.99
49.75
38.02
16.39
12.66
40.14
31.05
36.00
32.30
45.22
14.99
32.81
38.40
33.82
13.98
31.74
31.47
8.86
32.16
46.55

12.69
19.51
49.74
51.46
36.32
48.10
47.61
15.40
47.66
58.83
27.19

7.0
20.1
2.3
10.5
34.3
15.0
43.1
74.9
65.6
0.3
56.7
33.4
18.2
41.4
55.1
32.3
39.7
2.3
0.2
0.2
54.4
28.2
1.3
21.4
9.4
4.8
T
5.2
41.1

Sunshine
hours

3,408
3,495
2,776
2,519
2,658
2,768
2,561
2,723
2,346
2,144
2,945
2,926
2,645
2,670
2,344
2,966
2,766
2,367
3,546
3,610
2,850
2,666
2,856
2,802
2,880
2,603
2,831
3,217
2,808
2,931
2,614

171

50.0 80.8 51.50

Montgomery, AL
0.7 2,866
New Orleans, LA
56.0
82.l 60.27
0.2 2,642
New York, NY
32.4
71.9 42.99 30.9 2,685
42.5
Norfolk, VA
9.1 2,735
76.9 42.25
39.2
Oklahoma City, OK
79.8 31.65
7.6 2,999
74.9 27.83 27.7 2,817
25.3
Omaha, NE
Pensacola, FL
54.2
80.4 58.60
0.1 2,914
34.3
Philadelphia, PA
74.l 40.41 22.4 2,627
53.4
88.l
Phoenix, AZ
3,752
7.81
Pittsburgh, PA
32.0
72.4 35.95 34.2 2,303
Portland, ME
65.7 42.16 70.6 2,586
24.7
40.9
Portland, OR
65.3 41.62 12.9 2,155
42.9
7.6 2,724
Raleigh, NC
77.3 46.56
34.l
Reno, NV
67.5
7.16 28.6 3,370
Roseburg, OR
5.9 2,293
42.6
65.6 32.28
34.l
St, Louis, MO
77.5 39.23 17.5 2,693
29.8
Salt Lake City, UT
72.7 13.72 46.2 3,064
82.9 27.09
0.5 2,721
54. l
San Antonio, TX
67.0 10.03
San Diego, CA
55.7
3,015
51.4
San Francisco, CA
59.0 22.08
0.2 2,935
14.1
Sault Ste. Marie, MI
60.3 29.94 79.3 2,125
41.8 62.9 33.33 11.2 2,049
Seattle, WA
30.0
Spokane, WA
67.3 15.78 35.8 2,583
61.9 81.4 48.91
Tampa, FL
3,019
T
35.6
Washington, DC
75.0 41.85 20.5 2,583
Wichita, KS
34.2
78.1 30.13 13.7 2,827
T -Trace
TEMPERATURE:
WINTER - The average of the daily maximum and minimum
temperatures for December, January, and February.
SUMMER The average of the daily maximum and minimum
temperatures for June, July, and August.
PRECIPITATION: Average annual.
RAIN - Includes actual rain plus the water equivalent of solid
forms (hail, sleet and snow).
SNOW -Average depth of unmelted snowfall.
U.S Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau.
172

P&W Commercial Engine Designations

Prior to 1982, P&W's commercial engines were given designations such
as JT8D-l 7A and JT9D-7R4. These letters and numbers were arranged
in a specific order to have a certain meaning. The JT means the basic
engine is a turbojet. The numbers such as the 8 and 9 indicate the
sequence in which the engine was developed. The "D" indicates that
a fan is used, which changes the engine from a turbojet to a turbofan.
Various models within each engine series have a suffix such as the -17A
and -7R4. Nothing in the suffix directly indicates engine size or
capability, but only relates to a specific engine model within an engine
family.
In the current system, P&W engines use designations such as PW2000,
PW4000, etc. These designations identify a particular engine series while
a designation such as PW2037 identifies a specific engine model within
the series. For example, in the engine designation "PW2037", the PW
obviously stands fo; Pratt & Whitney. The 2 identifies the specific engine
series. The zero indicates the aircraft manufacturer which uses the
engine. Generally, a zero or a two indicates a Boeing application, a
one indicates an Airbus Industrie application and a three or four
indicates a Douglas application. The 37 means the engine develops
approximately 37,000 pounds thrust. Thus a PW2037 designation means
that it is a Pratt & Whitney two thousand series engine which has the
capability of developing approximately 37,000 pounds thrust and is used
in a Boeing application, in this particular case, the Boeing 757 aircraft.

U.S. Military Aircraft Designations

Status Symbol (Prefix)
N - Special Test, Permanent

Basic or Modified Mission Symbols

A-Attack
B -Bomber
C -Cargo/Transport
D-Director
E -Special Electronic
Installation
F -Fighter
H-Search/Rescue
K Tanker
L Cold Weather

0 -Observation
P -Patrol
Q-Drone
R -Reconnaissance
S -Antisubmarine
T
Trainer
Utility
Staff
Weather
X- Research
173

Type Symbols*
H - Helicopter
V - VTOL or STOL
Always used with a modified mission symbol.
VTOL - Vertical Takeoff and Landing
STOL - Short Takeoff and Landing

Design Number
Number assigned for each basic mission or type.

Series Symbol
Letter assigned to each series change of a basic design. The first design
carries the letter "A" and letters "I" and "O" are not used.

Block Numbers
Production block numbers start at 01, next 05, and progress in multiples
of 5 thereafter. Intermediate numbers are reserved for field
modifications.

Serial Numbers
Number assigned by the using military department.

Examples of Basic Designations

F-ll!F

TF-15A

Status
Modified
Mission
Basic Mission
Type Design No.
Series

XFV-12A
X (experimental)

T
(trainer)
F
(fighter)

F
(fighter)

FV
(VTOL fighter)

111

15

12

A complete designation would include the manufacturer's code, block

number, and serial number.

174

U.S. Military Engine Designations

Engine Manufacturer's Letter
Aerojet
Aeromarine
Aircooled
Allison
Am. Helicopter
Bell
Boeing
Buick
Chevrolet
Chrysler
Continental
Curtiss-Wright
Fairchild
Flader
Ford
Gen. Electric
Giannini
Hiller
Hughes Tool
Jacobs
Kaiser-Frazer
Kaiser

ANA Bulletin 306

Kellogg
K
Kiekhaefer
KA
Lycoming
L,BL
Marquardt
MA
McDonnell-Douglas
MD
NK
Nash-Kelvinator
Naval Aircraft Fact.
N
Naval Air Missile
Test Center
MT
Naval Ord. Test Center NO
NA
North American
Northrop Hendy
NH
Packard
PM
Pratt & Whitney
p
Radio Plane
RP
Reaction
RM
Solar
s
Studebaker
ST
Warner
G
Waukesha
M
WE
Westinghouse
Wright Aeronautical
w

AJ
AM
E
A
AH
BA
BO
B
C
D
T
CW
R
FF
F
GE
ON
H
HT
J
KF
KM

Turboprops (T) Military

ANA Bulletin 306

T30
T31
T32
T33
T34
T35
T36
T37
T38
T39
T40
T41
T42
T43
T44

T45
T46
T47
T48
T49
T50
T51
T52
T53
T54
T55
T56
T57
T58
T59

Westinghouse
GE
P&W
Flad er
P&W
Wright
Chrysler
GE
Allison
Allison
Allison
GE
DeLaval
Wright
Allison

P&W
Fairchild
Wright
P&W
Wright
Boeing
Continental
P&W
Lycoming
Allison
Lycoming
Allison
P&W
GE
Boeing

175

T60
T61
T62
T63
T64
T65
T66
T67
T68

Boeing
Allison
Solar
Allison
GE
Continental
Solar
Continental
Rolls-Royce

Turbojets (J) Military

J30
131
J32
J33
J34
J35
J36
J37
J38
J39
140
J4l
142
J43
144
145
146
147
148
149
J50
151
JS2
153
154

Westinghouse
GB
Westinghouse
Allison
Westinghouse
Allison
Allis-Chalmers
Wright
West Engrg. Co.
GE
Westinghouse
Packard
P&W
Westinghouse
Fairchild
Westinghouse
Westinghouse
GE
P&W
Packard
Westinghouse
Wright
P&W

Turbofans (TF) Military

T69

TIO

T71
T72
T73
T74
T76
T78
T80

ANA Bulletin 306

156
Allison
P&W
157
158
P&W
Wright
159
160
P&W
161
Wright
163
Ranger
165
Wright
167
Wright
169
Continental
171
Allison
173
GE
P&W
J75
177
GE
J79
GE
Westinghouse
J81
Fairchild
183
185
GE
187
Continental
Allison
189
191
P&W
193
GE
195
Continental
197
GE
Allison
199
ANA Bulletin 306
TF35
TF37
TF39
TF41

176

Continental
Westinghouse
Allison
Continental
P&W
UACL
Garrett
Allison
Allison

GE
GE
GE
Allison

U.S. Military Engine Designations (continued)

MIL-STD-879

NOTE: ANA Bulletin 306 was replaced 1 May 1968 by MIL-STD-879.

The latter document, summarized below, institutes a similar numbering

system but with more room for growth.

Summary:
The complete engine designation consists of three parts: type indicator,
manufacturer's symbol, and model indicator. The type indicator consists
of the appropriate type letter symbol together with a type number. The
type letter symbol is J for turbojet, T for turboshaft or turboprop, and
F for turbofan. The type number is assigned individually by the services.
Numbers starting with 100 are used by the Air Force, numbers starting
with 400 by the Navy, and numbers starting with 700 by the Army.
The manufacturer is identified by a two or three letter symbol. The
model indicator consists of a model number possibly followed by a suffix
letter. Model numbers also start with 100 for A.F., 400 for Navy, and
700 for Army.
An engine now designated with type indicator and manufacturer's
symbol, in accordance with ANA Bulletin No. 306, will continue to
use this type indicator and manufacturer's symbol for the remainder
of its in-service life. When a new model number is required for this
engine, the new model number will be assigned in accordance with MIL
STD-879. A given engine design and configuration will only have one
designation by this new system for all services.

Manufacturer's Symbols
Garrett AiResearch (GA)
Allison Div., GMC (AD)
Garrett/Allison (LHX)
Teledyne Continental (CA)
General Electric (GE)
Pratt & Whitney Canada (CP)
AVCO-Lycoming (LD)

Pratt & Whitney (PW)

Avco-Lycoming/P&W (APW)
Pratt-Rolls (PR)
Rolls-Royce (RR)
Curtiss-Wright (WA)
Williams Research (WR)
Pratt & Whitney
of West Virginia (WV)

177

Assigned Designations
Engine
FlOO-PW-100
FlOO-PW-200
FlOO-PW-220
FlOO-PW-229
FlOl-GE-100
Fl02-LD-100 (ALF-502)
Fl03-GE-100 (CF6-50)
Fl03-GA-100 (ATF3)
Fl05-PW-100 (JT9D-7)
Fl06-CA-100
Fl07-WR-100
Fl07-WR-102
Fl07-WR-400
FllO-GE-100
FllO-GE-129
F117-PW-100
F402-RR-401/402
F402-PR-403
F404-GE-400
JlOO.CA-100
JlOO.CA-101
J400-WR-400
J400-WR-401
J401-CA-400
J402-CA-400
J402-CA-700
T400-CP-400
T400-CP-401
T400-WV -402
T700.GE-700
TSOO-LHX-800

178

Aircraft
F-15
F-16
F-15, -16
F-15, -16 (proposed)
B-1
A-9A
YC-14
Compass Cope
SCAD/ALCM
SCAD/ALCM
GD/Convair ALCM
GD/Convair SLCM
F-16
F-15, -16 (proposed)
C-17
AV-SA
AV-16A
F-18
Special Purpose
Special Purpose
Northrop MQM-74A
MQM-74C
Harpoon Missile AGM-84A
Beech MQM-107 VSTI
Bell Helicopter AH-lJ, UH-IN
VH-lN
AH-lJ (Iran)
UH-60
LHX (Proposed)

U.S. Military Rockets

and Guided Missiles
Status Symbol (Prefix)
J - Special Test, Temporary
N - Special Test, Permanent

X - Experimental
Y -Prototype
Z -Planning
Launch Environment Symbols
M -Mobile
A - Air
P - Soft Pad
B -Multiple
R - Strip
C - Coffin
H - Silo Stored
U - Underwater
L - Silo Launched
Mission Symbols
Q - Drone
D - Decoy
T -Training
E - Special Electronic
U -Underwater Attack
G - Surface Attack
W-Weather
I - Intercept-Aerial
Type Symbols
R - Rocket
M - Guided Missile
N - Probe
Design Number
Number assigned for each basic mission or type.
Series Symbol
Letter assigned to denote major modification of basic design. The first
design carries the letter "A" and letters "I" and "O" are not used.
Manufacturer's Code
Two-letter code designating the manufacturer.
Serial Number
Number assigned by the using military department.

179

Aircraft National Registration Marks

Pakistan
Botswana
Tonga
Bhutan
United Arab Emirates
Qatar
Bahrain
Oman
China
Canada
Chile
cc
CCCP Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics
CN
Morocco
CP
Bolivia
CR,CS Portugal
cu
Cuba
ex
Uruguay
C2
Nauru
cs
Gambia
Bahamas
C6
Mozambique
C9
D
Germany,Federal
Republic of
DDR
German Democratic
Republic
DQ
Fiji
02
Angola
EC
Spain
El,EJ Ireland
EL
Liberia
Iran (Islamic Republic ot)
EP
ET
Ethiopia
France
F
United Kingdom
G
HA
Hungary
Switzerland,with national
HB
emblem
Liechtenstein, with
HB
national emblem
Ecuador
HC
HH
Haiti
Dominican Republic
HI
HK
Colombia

AP
A2
A3
AS
A6
A7
A9C
A40
B
C,CF

180

HL
HP
HR
HS
HZ
H4
I
JA
JY

Republic of Korea
Panama
Honduras
Thailand
Saudi Arabia
Solomon Islands
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Djibouti
12
J3
Grenada
Saint Lucia
16
Dominica
J7
LN
Norway
LQ,LV Argentina
LX
Luxembourg
LZ
Bulgaria
N
United States
Peru
OB
OD
Lebanon
OE
Austria
Finland
OH
OK
Czechoslovakia
Belgium
00
OY
Denmark
p
Democratic People's
Republic of Korea
Netherlands,
PH
Kingdom of the
PJ
Netherlands Antilles
Indonesia
PK
PK
West Irian
PP,PT Brazil
PZ
Suriname
P2
Papua New Guinea
RDPL Lao People's Democratic
Republic
RP
Philippines
SE
Sweden
SP
Poland
ST
Sudan
SU
Egypt
sx
Greece
Bangladesh
S2

S7
TC
TF
TG
TI
TJ

Seychelles
Turkey
Iceland
Guatemala
Costa Rica
United Republic of
Cameroon
TL
Central African Republic
TN
Congo
TR
Gabon
TS
Tunisia
TT
Chad
TU
Ivory Coast
TY
Benin
TZ
Mali
VH
Australia
VP,
United Kingdom Colonies
VQ,VR
and Protectorates
VT
India
V8
Belize
XA,
Mexico
XB,XC
XT
Upper Volta
XU
Democratic Kampuchea
xv
Viet Nam
XY,XZ Burma
Afghanistan
YA
YI
Iraq
YJ
Vanuatu
YK
Syrian Arab Republic
YN
Nicaragua
YR
Romania
YS
El Salvador
Yugoslavia
YU
YV
Venezuela
z
Zimbabwe
ZK, ZL, New Zealand
ZM
ZP
Paraguay
ZS, ZT, South Africa

zu

3A

Monaco

3B
3C

Mauritius
Equatorial Guinea
Swaziland
Guinea
3X
4R
Sri Lanka
4W
Yemen
4X
Israel
SA
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
SB
Cyprus
SH
United Republic of
Tanzania
SN
Nigeria
SR
Madagascar
ST
Mauritania
SU
Niger
SV
Togo
SW
Samoa
sx
Uganda
SY
Kenya
60
Somalia
6V, 6W Senegal
6Y
Jamaica
70
Democratic Yemen
7P
Lesotho
7QY
Malawi
7T
Algeria
8P
Barbados
8Q
Maldives
8R
Guyana
90
Ghana
9H
Malta
9J
Zambia
Kuwait
9K
Sierra Leone
9L
9M
Malaysia
9N
Nepal
9Q
Zaire
9U
Burundi
9V
Singapore
9XR
Rwanda
9Y
Trinidad and Tobago

3D

Source: ICAO International Standards, Annex 7, Supplement No. I,

Fourth Edition, July 1981

181

Two Letter Designation Codes

of Selected Airlines
Airline

Code

Airline

Code

American Airlines
American Eagle
Air Canada
Air Europe
Air France
Atlantic Airways
Air Algerie
Air India
Aeromexico-Aerovias de
Mexico S.A,. DE C.V.
Ansett Airlines of
Australia
Aviaco
Aloha Airlines
Aerolineas Argentinas
Alaska Airlines
Royal Air Maroc
Austral Lineas Aereas
Avianca
Aeroquetzal
Finnair
Alitalia
British Airways
Servicios Aereos
Nacionales SA (Sansa)
Brymon Airways
British Midland
Markair
Biman Bangladesh
Royal Brunei Airlines
Chalk's International
Airline
Aero Trasporti Italiani
Braniff Inc.
Bouraq Indonesia Airlines
Air Botswana
Aliblu Airways
British Caledonian
Airways
Ansett N.T.
Braathens S.A.F.E.
Airtransport

AA
AA*
AC
AB
AF
AG
AH
AI
AM

BWIA International
Britannia Airways
CAAC
Trans-Provincial Airlines
Compania de Aviacion
Faucett
Bemidji Airlines
China Airlines
Flinders Island Airlines
Tempelhof Airways USA
Copa
Tropic Air
Continental Airlines
Canadian Airlines
International
Aerolinea Federal
Argentina
Air Toronto
Midcontinent Airlines
Cubana Airlines
Airline of the
Marshall Islands
Cathay Pacific Airways
Cyprus Airways
Dan-Air Services
Command Airways
Aero Coach Aviation
International
Air Provence
Internationale
Jet World Airways
Delta Air (Germany)
Air Djibouti
Air Corse
Delta Air Lines
Maersk Air
Dominicana de Aviacion
Air Senegal
TAAGAngola Airlines
Danair
A!yemdaYemen

BW
BY
CA
CD
CF

182

AN
AO
AQ
AR
AS
AT
AU
AV
AW
AY
AZ
BA
BB
BC
BD
BF
BO

BI

BK
BM
BN
BO
BP
BQ
BR
BT
BU

CH
CI
CK
CL
CM
CN

co

CP

CQ

cs
cu
cw

CT

ex

CY
DA
DD
DF
DO
DH
DI
DJ
DK
DL
DM
DO
DS
DT
DX

Airline
Eastern Airlines
Euro Berlin
Far Eastern Air Transport
Japan Asia Airways
SAETA - Sociedad
Ecuatoriana de
Transportes Aereos
LTDA
Aer Lingus
Emirates Airlines
Air Nippon Co.
Air Nordic Sweden KB
TAME C.A.
Air Atlantique
Ethiopian Airlines
Empresa Ecuatoriana de
Aviacion
Atlantic Southeast
Airlines
East-West Airlines
Eagle Airways
Europe Aero Service
Finnaviation
Promair Australia
Crane Air
Tower Air
Ariana Afghan Airlines
Icelandair
Air Pacific
Aeroleasing S.A.
Air Aruba
Ryanair
Suedavia Fluggesellschaft
M.B.H.
Express Air
Metroflight Airlines
Garuda Indonesian
Airways
Lina-Congo
Guernsey Airlines
Gulf Air Company
Tropical Airways
Ghana Airways
Air Guinee

Code

El
EK
EL
EO
EQ
ES
ET
EU
EV
EW
EX
EY
FA
FB
FD
FF
FG
FI
FJ
FP
FQ
FR
FV
FX
FY
GA
GC
GE
GF
GG
GH
GI

Airline

Code

Equatorial-International
Airlines of SAO Tome
Greenlandair
Air America
Air Gabon
Gambia Air Shuttle
Big Sky Airlines
Aviateca
Cimber Air
GMBH Germany
Russow Aviation
Guyana Airways
Air Rarotonga
Hawaiian Airlines
Air Melanesiae
Naske-Air
Somali Airlines
South Pacific Island
Airways
Air Seychelles
NLM-Dutch Airlines
America West Airlines
Business Express
Air North
Transavia Airlines
Hamburg Airlines
GMBH&Co
Metro Airlines
Agderfly A/S
Iraqi Airways
Iberia
Indian Airlines
Lizair AB
Solomon Islands Airlines
Interflug
Alisarda
Transport Aerien
Transregional
Islena Airlines
T.A.T. Export
Airlines of Tasmania
Iran Air the Airline of
the Islamic Republic
of Iran

GJ
GL
GM
ON
GO
GQ
GU
GW
GX
GY
GZ
HA
HB
HC
HH
HK
HM
HN
HP
HQ
HS
HV
HX
HY
HZ
IA
IB
IC
ID
IE
IF
IG

IJ

IL

IO
IP
IR

183

Two Letter Designation Codes

of Selected Airlines (continued)
Airline

Code

Airline

Code

Eagle Air Ltd.

(Arnarflug)
Air Inter
Yemenia Yemen Airways
Arkia Israeli Airlines
Japan Air System
Swedair AB
Nordeste-Linhas Aereas
Regionais
Jet Express
Brasil Central Linha
Aerea Regional
Sunworld International
Airways
Japan Airlines
Air Jamaica
Japan Air Commuter
Adria Airways
Trans-Jamaican Airlines
Yugoslav Airlines - JAT
Avia AB
Dragonair - Hong Kong
Dragon Airlines
Cook Islands
International
Kendell Airlines
Korean Air
Orion Airways
Cook Islandair
Air Guyane
Transportes Aereo
Regionais
KLM - Royal Dutch
Airlines
Air Malta
Temsco Airlines
Sungold Airlines
Safair Lines
Kenya Airways
Karair
Kuwait Airways
Cayman Airways
LAN-Chile

IS

Lloyd Aereo Boliviano

Loganair
Lineas Aereas del Estado
(LADE)
Linjeflyg
Luxair - Luxembourg
Airlines
Lufthansa German
Airlines
Giyani Airways
ALM - Antillean
Airlines
Jamahiriya Libyan Arab
Airlines
LOT - Polish Airlines
Nyge-Aero
LACSA
LAV-Linea Aeropostal
Venezolana
El Al Israel Airlines
Balkan - Bulgarian
Airlines
Malev - Hungarian
Airlines
Air Madagascar
Middle East
Airlines/AirLiban
Queensland Pacific
Airlines
MGM Grand Air
Malaysian Airline System
Lineas Aereas Privadas
Argentinas
Air Mauritius
Midway Airlines
Air Mauritanie
EgyptAir
Ansett W.A.
Mexicana de A viacion
Air Mali
Merpati Nusantara
Airlines

LB
LC
LD

184

IT
IY
IZ
JD
JG
JH
JI
JJ
JK
JL
JM
JN
JP
JQ
JU
JZ
KA
KC
KD
KE
KG
KH
KJ
KK
KL
KM
KN
KO
KP
KQ
KR
KU
KX
LA

LF
LG
LH
LK
LM
LN
LO
LP
LR
LV
LY
LZ
MA
MD
ME
MF
MG
MH
MJ
MK
ML
MR
MS
MV
MX
MY
MZ

Airline

Code

Airline

Code

National Airlines
Norskair
Nordair Metro
Air Vanuatu
Lauda Air
All Nippon Airways
Midtfly International
Airways
C.A.A.A. - Air
Martinique
Southwest Airlines
Northwest Territorial
Airways
Northwest Airlines
Nationair
Air New Zealand Domestic
Olympic Airways
Westair Airlines
Air Guadeloupe
Air St. Barthelemy
Czechoslovak Airlines
OL T - Ostfriesische
Luftransport GMBH
Air Nauru
Sky West Airlines
Air Panama International
Royale Airlines
Air Comores
Austrian Airlines
Evergreen Alaska
Sunaire
Pan American World
Airways
Air Burundi
Fuji Air
Pacifica Air
Vayudoot
Polynesian Airlines
Piedmont Aviation
Pakistan International
Airlines
Aeroperu
Coastal Airways

NB
NC
ND
NF
NO
NH
NI

Philippine Airlines
PBA-Provincetown
Boston Airline
Pluna
Panorama Air
Air Niugini
Surinam Airways
LAP - Lineas Aereas
Paraguayas (Air
Paraguay)
Quebecair
Air Zaire
Qantas Airways
Dynamic Air
West African Airways
Cimber Air
Air Nova
Lesotho Airways
Air Malawi
Airkenya Aviation
Air Satellite
Uganda Airlines
Lao Aviation
Turks and Caicos
National Airline
Horizon Air
Aero Virgin Islands
Zambia Airways
Royal Nepal Airlines
Syrian Arab Airlines
Avianova
VARIO
Royal Jordanian
Air Afrique
Aerolineas Nicaraguenses
A.A. (Aeronica)
Royal Air Inter
Romanian Air
Tarom
Transport
Reeve Aleutian Airways
Capitol Air Service
Air Rwanda
South African Airways
Air Caledonie
International

PR
PT

NN
NU
NV
NW
NX
NZ
OA
OE

00
OJ
OK
OL

ON

00

OP
OQ
OR
OS
OT
OY
PA
PB
PC
PE
PF
PH
PI
PK
PL
PN

PU
PY
PX
PY
PZ
QB
QC
QF
QO
QH
QI
QK
QL
QM
QP
QR
QU
QV
QW
QX
QY
QZ
RA
RB
RD
RO
RJ
RK
RL
RN
RO
RV
RX
RY
SA
SB
185

Two Letter Designation Codes

of Selected Airlines (continued)
Airline

Code

SC
Cruzeiro do Sul S.A.
Servicos Aereos
Sudan Airways
SD
SAHSA - Servido Aereo SH
de Honduras
Southern Air Limited
SJ
SAS - Scandinavian
SK
Airlines System
SN
Sabena Belgian World
Airlines
Singapore Airlines
SQ
Swissair
SR
Aeroflot Soviet Airlines
SU
Saudi Arabian Airlines
SV
TA
Taca International
Airlines
Air Tanzania
TC
Transavio
TD
TE
Air New Zealand International
Thai Airways
TO
International
T.A.S. Trasporti Aerei
TJ
Speciali S.R.L.
Turk Hava Yollari
TK
LAM - Linhas Aereas
TM
de Mocambique
Australian Airlines
TN
TAP Air Portugal
TP
TR
Transbrasil S/A Linhas
Aereas
Tunisavia
TT
Tunis Air
TU
Trans World Airlines
TW
Air Caledonie
TY
United Airlines
UA
Burma Airways
UB
Ladeco - Linea Del
UC
Cob re
Air Sardinia Spa
UF
Norlandair
UI
Air UK
UK
186

Airline

Code

Air Lanka
Air Zimbabwe
Eastern Australia Airlines
Bahamasair
Ryanair Europe
USAir
UTA - Union de
Transports Aeriens
Cameroon Airlines
VIASA
AVENSA
Air Burkina
Tyrolean Airways
VASP
TacV-Cabo Verde Airlines
Virgin Atlantic Airways
Air Tahiti
Air Ivoire
SAN (Servicos Aereos
Nacionales S.A.)
Wardair
Windward Island Airways
International N.V.
Southwest Airlines
Aloha Islandair
Nigeria Airways
Netherlines B.V.
Oman Aviation (SAO)
Swedewings AB
Aerovias, S.A.
Presidential Airways
Walker's International
Ryan Air
Golden Pacific Airlines
Salair AB
Cyprus Turkish Airlines
Aero Lloyd
Skywest Airlines
Aerolineas Dominicanas
S.A. - Dominair
ZAS Airline of Egypt
Monarch Airlines

UL
UM
UN
UP
UQ

us

UT
UY
VA
VE
VH
VO
VP
VR

vs

VT

vu

WB
WD
WM
WN
WP
WT
WU
WY
XP
XU

xv

xw

XY
YB
YD
YK
yp
YT
YU
ZA
ZB

Airline

Code

Airline

Code

Royal Swazi National

Airways
Ross Aviation
Air Caribe International
Sabair Airlines
Virgin Air
Ansett New Zealand
Satena

ZC

Hermens/Markair Express
Frontier Flying Service
Africana Air
Air Lift Associates
Equator Airlines
Frontier Air
Bellair
Aviair Aviation

2E
2F
3F
3L
3P
4F
SB
SV

ZD
ZE
ZG
ZP
ZQ
ZT

]87

Major International Airports

of the World
City

Airport

Abidjan
Addis-Ababa
Algiers
Amman
Amsterdam
Anchorage
Athens
Atlanta
Auckland
Azores
Baghdad
Bahrain
Bangkok
Beirut
Belem
Belgrade
Berlin
Berlin
Bermuda
Bogota
Bombay
Boston
Brisbane
Bucharest
Budapest
Buenos Aires
Cairo
Calcutta
Calgary
Capetown
Caracas

Abidjan Port Bouet

Bole Intl.
Dar el Beida
Amman Intl.
Schiphol
Anchorage Intl.
Athens Central
Hartsfield Atlanta Intl.
Auckland Intl.
Santa Maria
Baghdad Intl.
Bahrain Intl.
Bangkok
Beirut Intl.
Val de Cans
Belgrade Intl.
Tegel
Tempelhof
Kindley AFB
El Dorado
Bombay
Logan Intl.
Brisbane
Otopeni
Ferihegy
Ezeiza
Cairo Intl.
Calcutta
Calgary Intl.
D.F. Malan
Maiquetia

188

3-Letter
Code
ABJ
ADD
ALO
AMM
AMS
ANC
ATH
ATL
AKL
SMA
BOW
BAH
BKK
BEY
BEL
BEG
TXL
THF
BDA
BOG
BOM
BOS
BNE
BUH
BUD
BUE
CAI
CCU
YYC
CPT

ccs

Evaluation
in Ft.
20
7625
82
2539
-11
144
90
1026
23
305
113
12
SS
S2

331
121
164
11
83SS

27
20
18
312
449
66
381
17
3SS7

Runway
Dimen. Ft
8,858
12,139
11,483
10,781
11,329
10,900
10,991
10,000
10,797
10,004
10,827
12,995
11,647
10,663
8,289
ll,ISS

10,138
6,942
9,660
12,467
11,457
10,081
7,762
11,483
9,878
10,827
13,123
11,900
12,675

ISi

IO,Sl2

235

11,483

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

164
148
197
ISi

148
200
197
ISO

148
148
ISO

200
200
147
148
148
ISi

140
ISO
ISi

150
148
200
148
197
262
148
ISO

200
200
ISO

City

Airport

Casablanca
Chicago
Copenhagen
Dakar
Dallas
Damascus
Darwin
Delhi
Denver
Douala
Dublin
Edmonton
Fairbanks
Frankfurt
Geneva
Guam
Halifax
Hamburg
Hartford
Helsinki
Hong Kong
Honolulu
Houston
Istanbul
Jakarta
Jeddah
Johannesburg
Kano
Kansas City
Karachi
Khartoum

Mohamed V Airport
O'Hare Intl.
Kastrup
Yoff
Dallas/Ft. Worth Intl.
Damascus Intl.
Darwin
Palam
Stapleton Intl.
Douala Airport
Dublin
Edmonton Intl.
Fairbanks Intl.
Rhein/Main
Geneva-Cointrin
Agana
Halifax Intl.
Hamburg
Bradley Intl.
Helsinki Intl.
Hong Kong Intl.
Honolulu Intl.
Intercontinental
Yesilkoy
Halim
King Abdulaziz Intl.
Jan Smuts
Kano Intl.
Kansas City Intl.
Karachi
Khartoum

3-Letter

Code

CMN
ORD
CPH
DKR
DFW
DAM
DRW
DEL
DEN
DLA
DUB
YEG
FAI
FRA
GVA
GUM
YHZ
HAM
BDL
HEL
HKG
HNL
IAH
IST
HLP
JED
JNB
KAM
MCI
KHI
KRT

Evalua
tion Runway
in Ft. Dimen. Ft
656
667
17
89
596
2020
102
744
5333
33
222
2373
434
365
1411
298
477
53
173
167
IS
13
98
157
86
69
SSS7
1565
1025
100
1261

12,205 x 148
11,600 x 200
11,811 x 148
11,450 x 148
11,387 x 200
11,811 x ISO
10,997 x 200
12,500 x 150
12,000 x 200
9,350 x 148
7,500 x 200
11,000 x 200
10,300 x ISO
15,052 x 148
12,795 x 164
10,000 x !SO
8,800 x 200
12,024 x ISO
9,502 x 220
10,SOO x 150
11,130 x 200
12,357 x ISO
12,000 x ISO
9,843 x !SO
9,843 x 150
10,499 x ISO
14,495 x 200
10,827 x 200
10,801 x ISO
10,500 x ISO
8,366 x 148
189

Major International Airports

of the World (continued)
City

Airport

Kinshasa
Kuwait
LaPaz
Lagos
Lima
Lisbon
London
Los Angeles
Madrid
Manila
Melbourne
Mexico City
Miami
Minn-St. Paul
Montreal
Montreal
Moscow
Moscow
Nairobi
Nandi
New Orleans
New York
Osaka
Oslo
Panama
Paris
Paris
Paris
Peking
Penh
Port Moresby

Ndjili
Kuwait Intl .
Kennedy
Lagos Intl.
Lima-Callao Intl.
Lisbon
Heathrow Intl.
Los Angeles
Barajas
Manila Intl.
Tullamarine
Mexico City Intl.
Miami Intl.
Minn .-St. Paul Intl.
Dorval Intl.
Mirabel Intl.
Sheremetyevo
Vnukovo
Nairobi
Nandi Intl.
Moisant Intl.
Kennedy Intl .
Osaka Intl .
Fornebu
Tocumen National
Charles B. DeGaulle
Le Bourget
Orly
Peking Intl .
Penh
Jacksons Aero

190

3-Letter
Code

FIH
KWI
LPB
LOS
LIM
LIS
LHR
LAX
MAD
MNL
MEL
MEX
MIA
MSP
YUL
YMX

svo

VKO
NBO
NAN
MSY
JFK
OSA
OSL
PTY
CDG
LBG
ORY
PEK
PER
POM

Evaluation
in Ft.

1027
189
13310
13S
112
374
80
126
1998
74
434
7341
11
841
117
270
623
676
S327
63
12
39
54
136
387
217
292
lOS
67
12S

Runway
Dlmen. Ft

lS,420
11,lSS
13,124
12,796
ll,S06
12,484
12,802
12,090
13,4S2
11,000
12,000
12,796
13,002
10,000
11,000
12,000
12,140
10,007
13,S07
10,SOO
9,227
14,S74
9,843
7,218
10,007
11,861
9,843
11,97S

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10,SOO x
11,299 x
9,022 x

200
lSl
ISO
197
ISO
148
299
ISO
148
200
200
148
200
200
200
200
197
197
ISO
ISO
ISO
148
197
164
148
148
ISO
150
ISO
ISO

ISO

City

Airport

Prestwick
Quito
Rangoon
Recife
Reykjavik
Rio de Janeiro
Riyadh
Rome
San Francisco
Santiago
Seattle
Seoul
Shanghai
Shannon
Sharjah
Singapore
Stockholm
Sydney
Taipei
Tananarive
Tehran
Tel Aviv
Tokyo
Tokyo
Toronto
Tunis
Vancouver
Wake
Warsaw
Washington
Zurich

Prestwick
Mariscal Sucre
Mingaladon
Guararapes
Keflavik NAS
Galeao
Riyadh Airport
Leonardo da Vinci
San Francisco Intl.
Pudahuel
Seattle-Tacoma Intl.
Kimpo Intl.
Shanghai Intl.
Shannon
Sharjah Intl.
Singapore
ArJanda
Kingsford-Smith
Chiang Kai-shek Intl.
Ivato Airport
Mehrabad
Ben Gurion Intl.
Tokyo Intl. (Haneda)
Tokyo Intl. (Narita)
Toronto Intl.
Carthage
Vancouver Intl.
Wake Island
Okecie
Dulles Intl.
Zurich

Evalua3-Letter tion
Code in Ft.
PIK
UIO
RON
REC
KES
GIG
RUH
FCO
SFO
SCL
SEA
SEL
SHA
SNN
SHJ
SIN
ARN
SYD
TPE
TNR
THR
TLV
TYO
NRT
YYZ
TUN
YVR
AWK
WAW
IAD
ZRH

66
9226
109
36
169
30
2082
14
11
1554
429
58
10
47
109
21
123
21
73
4196
3963
135
8
135
569
20
9
14
361
313
1416

Runway
Dimen. Ft
9,800
10,240
8,100
10,171
10,000
13,124
13,287
12,796
11,870
10,499
11,900
10,500
10,500
10,500
12,336
13,200
10,827
13,000
12,008
10,170
13,123
12,000
10,335
13,124
11,050
10,500
11,000
9,859
12,107
11,500
12,139

150
151
x 200
x 160
x 200
x 148
x 148
x 148
x 200
x 148
x 150
x 150
x 190
x 148
x 148
x 200
x 148
x 150
x 197
x 148
x 200
x 148
x 200
x 197
x 200
x 150
x 200
x 150
x 197
x 151
x 197
x
x

191

Engines Designed by Pratt & Whitney

P&W
Designation

Military
Designation

Air-Cooled
Reciprocating
Engines

R-985
Wasp, Jr.
Wasp
R-1340
Twin Wasp, Jr.
R-1535
Twin Wasp, A.B.C. R-1830
Twin Wasp D
R-2000
Twin Wasp E
R-2180
Double Wasp
R-2800
R-4360
Wasp Major
Hornet A, C, D, E R-1690
Hornet B
R-1860
R-2180A
Twin Hornet

Liquid-Cooled
Reciprocating
Engines

Yellow Jacket
X-1800

R-2060
H-2600
H-3130

Turboprop Gas
Turbine Engines

PTl
PT2
PT22
PT3
PT4
PT5
PT6
PWlOO
PW300

T32
T34
T48
T52
T45
T57
T74

Turbojet Gas
Turbine Engines

JT3
JT4
1T6
JT7
ITS

157
175

1T9

1Tll
JT12

192

142

148

152

191
158
160

Engines Designed by Pratt & Whitney

(continued)
P&W
Designation

Turbofan Gas
Turbine Engines

JT3D
JTSD
JT9D
PW2000
PW4000
JT!5D
PW300

Turboshaft Gas
Turbine Engines

PT6B
PT6T
PW200
PW900 (APU)

Free Turbine
Engine

JFTD12

Liquid Rocket
Engines

RLIO

Military
Designation
TF33
F!05
TF30
F!OO
Fll7-PW-!OO

Fl19-PW-100
T400

T73

193

Absolute Records for Aircraft

I. Speed: Around the world, nonstop, nonrefueled
Speed (mph)
115.65

Date
12/14/86
to
12/23/86

Aircraft
Voyager

Pilots
R. Rutan
J. Yeager

2. Distance: Great circle without landing

Distance (mi)

Date

Aircraft

Pilot

24,986.7

12/14/86
to
12/23/86

Voyager

R. Rutan
J. Yeager

3. Speed: Straight course

Speed (mph)

Date

Aircraft

Pilot

2,193.16

7/28/76

SR-71A

E. Joersz
(USAF)

4. Speed: Closed circuit

Speed (mph)

Date

Aircraft

Pilot

2,092.29

7/27/76

SR-71A

A. Bledsoe
(USAF)

5. Altitude:
Height (ft)

Date

Aircraft

Pilot

123,523.58

8/31/77

MIG-25

A. Fedotov
(USSR)

6. Altitude: Aircraft launched from an aircraft

194

Height (ft)

Date

Aircraft

Pilot

314,750.00

8/17/62

X-15-1

R. White
(USAF)

INCHES
2

MM
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

80

90

100

UNITED
TECHNOLOGIES
PRATT&WHITNEY

Pratt & Whitney

Commercial Engine Business
400 Main Street
East Hartford, Connecticut 06108

(203) 565-4321

Pratt & Whitney

Government Engines and Space Propulsion
Post Office Box 109600
West Palm Beach, Florida 33410-9600

(407) 796-2000

Pratt & Whitney

Operations
400 Main Street
East Hartford, Connecticut 06108

(203) 565-4321

Pratt & Whitney Canada Inc.

1000 Marie-Victorin
Longueuil, Quebec
Canada J4G IA!

(514) 677-9411

Field Offices
Bethpage
Pratt & Whitney
Government Engines and Space Propulsion
c/o Grumman Corporation
Mail Stop B04-04
Bethpage, New York 11714
Brussels, Belgium
United Technologies (Europe), Inc.
Avenue Lloyd George 7
B-1050
Brussels, Belgium

196

(516) 349-9296

32-26-402320

l!

UNITED
TECHNOLOGIES
PRATT&WHITNEY

Field Offices (continued)

Cleveland
Pratt & Whitney
Government Engines and Space Propulsion
24950 Great Northern Corporate Center
Suite IOI
North Olmsted, Ohio 44070

(216) 734-9060

Dayton
Pratt & Whitney
Government Engines and Space Propulsion
5100 Springfield Pike
Suite 410
Dayton, Ohio 45431-1231

(513) 256-7728

Fort Worth
Pratt & Whitney
Government Engines and Space Propulsion
P.O. Box 151377
Fort Worth, Texas 76108

(817) 737-2200

Hampton/Norfolk
Pratt & Whitney
Government Engines and Space Propulsion
Tower Box 54
2101 Executive Drive
Hampton, Virginia 23666

(804) 838-7980

Los Angeles
Pratt & Whitney
Commercial Engine Business
3780 Kilroy Airport Way
Suite 320
Long Beach, California 90806

(213) 988-2955

197

l!

UNITED

TECHNOLOGIES

PRATT&WHITNEY

Field Offices (continued)

St. Louis
Pratt & Whitney
Government Engines and Space Propulsion
500 Northwest Plaza
Suite 908
St. Ann, Missouri 63074

(314) 291-5720

Seattle
Pratt & Whitney
Commercial Engine Business
c/o The Boeing Company
P.O. Box 3707
Boeing Mail Stop 6W-04
Seattle, Washington 98124

(206)

Toulouse, France
UTIO/Pratt & Whitney
Centrada 2
Avenue Didier Daurat
F-31700 Blagnac
France
Washington
United Technologies Corporation
Pratt & Whitney
1825 I St. N.W.
Suite 700
Washington, D.C. 20006

198

237-3340

Ol l-33-61-304262

(202)

785-7400

UNITED
TECHNOLOGIES
PRATT&WHITNEY

Overhaul & Repair Facilities

United States
Pratt & Whitney
Overhaul & Repair
400 Main Street
East Hartford, CT 06108

(203) 565-6175

Pratt & Whitney

Engine Overhaul
500 Knotter Drive
P.O. Box 786
Cheshire, CT 06410

(203) 250-4329

Pratt & Whitney

Components Repair
Newell Street
Southington, CT 06489

(203) 2764482

International
Pratt & Whitney
Turbine Overhaul Services
5 Tuas Drive 2
Singapore 2263
PWA International, Ltd.
Naas Road
Rathcoole, Co.
Dublin, Ireland
Pratt & Whitney
Overhaul & Repair Center - Europe
Maastricht Airport
P.O. Box 269
6190 AG, Beek
The Netherlands

8621001

353-1-588100

(31) 43-664343

199