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MR-2203 TEORI & METODOLOGI PERANCANGAN

7. TRIZ: THEORY OF INVENTIVE


PROBLEM SOLVING
LUCIA DIAWATI
Lab. Perencanaan & Optimasi Sistem Industri
Program Studi Teknik Industri
Fakultas Teknologi Industri
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

1. PENDAHULUAN
TRIZ

TeoriyaResheniyaIzobreatatelskikhZadatch

TheoryofInventiveProblemSolving (TIPS)

TeoriPemecahanMasalahInventif

Referensi

Frey,VictorandEugeneRivin(2005).Innovationon
Demand.Cambridge,Cambridge UniversityPress.

Savransky,SemyonD.(2000).Engineeringofcreativity:
IntroductiontoTRIZMethodologyofInventiveProblem
Solving.NewYork,CRCPress.
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1. PENDAHULUAN
TIPS/TRIZ:TheoryofInventiveProblemSolving.
DikembangkanolehGenrikhS.Altshuller(formerUSSR)awal1940s.
Basis: penemuanpola(prinsipkerja)yangadapadaklaimpaten.

Jumlahpatentsekarang>2,5Juta
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1. PENDAHULUAN
Klasifikasipaten:
I. Routinedesign: desaintanpainovasipentinglebihdariteknologi
yangada:
1) Basicparametricadvancement
2) Changeorrearrangmentinconfiguration
II. Designwithinventivesolutions:
1) Identifyingconflicts&solvingthemwithknownphysical
principles
2) Identifyingnewprinciples
3) Identifyingnewproductfunctions&solvingthemwithknownor
newprinciples.

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1. PENDAHULUAN
LevelofInvention:
LEVEL1 Routinedesignproblemssolvedbymethodswellknownwithin
thespecialty.Usuallynoinventionneeded.
LEVEL2 Minor improvements toanexistingsystemusingmethods
knownwithintheindustry.
LEVEL3 Fundamentalimprovementtoanexistingsystemusing
methodsknownoutsidetheindustry.
LEVEL4 Anewgenerationofasystemthatentailsanewprinciplefor
performingthesystem'sprimaryfunctions.Solutionsarefoundmore
ofteninsciencethantechnology.
LEVEL5 Ararescientificdiscoveryorpioneeringinventionofan
essentiallyanewsystem.

Good design is about giving customers what they want.


Great design is about giving customers what they didnt expect
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1. PENDAHULUAN

Example: Aheavymachinevibratesexcessively,creatingproblemsinadjoiningsystems.
Alevel1solutioncanbeoffered:placingarubberpadunderthemachinetoabsorbthe
vibration.Ifthisisnotadequate,wecantrytocompensateforthevibrationusinganti
vibration,alevel3solution.Ifthisdoesn'tworkwemighttryanairormagnetic"pillow,"
alevel4solution,andsoon.
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1. PENDAHULUAN
INVENTIVEPROBLEM
NEWKNOWLEDGEAPPLIEDTO NEWKNOWLEDGEAPPLIEDTO
KNOWNPROBLEMS.
NEWPROBLEMS.
Example:Newplasticsprovide Example:Varioususesfor
strong,lightweightproducts.
lasers(surgery,etc).
EXISTINGKNOWLEDGE
APPLIEDTOKNOWN
PROBLEMS.
Example:Alltaskswith
generallyknownsolutions.
KNOWNPROBLEM

EXISTINGKNOWLEDGEDOES
NOTPROVIDESATISFACTORY
SOLUTION.
Wearedealingwithan
INVENTIVEPROBLEM
NEWPROBLEM
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2. ROUTINE AND INVENTIVE PROBLEMS


Problem=gapbetweenaninitial(existing)situationandthedesirable
situation.
Problemsolving:asingle ormultisteptransformationoftheexisting
situationtothedesirablesituationortoasituationclosertothedesirable
onethanistheinitialsituation.
Problemsareroutineifallcriticalstepstoasolutionareknown.
Astepiscriticalifasolvercannotresolvetheproblemwithoutit.
Aproblemisnonroutineifatleastonecriticalsteptoasolutionis
unknown.
TRIZdefinestechnicalproblemsforwhichatleastonecriticalsteptoa
solutionaswellasthesolutionitselfisunknownastheinventive
problems.

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2. ROUTINE AND INVENTIVE PROBLEMS


Technicalsolutionsmustsatisfythreerequirements:Theymustbe
physicallypossible(correspondingtothelawsofnature).
technicallypossible(correspondingtoresourcesandthescientificand
technicalabilityofasociety).
economicallyprofitable.
Inthestatementofaproblem,asolutionmodelisformulatedatthe
economiclevelandonlypartiallyatthetechnicallevel.
However,thesolutionissoughtfirstatthephysical(orotheradequate
naturalsciences)level,thenatthetechnicallevel.

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2. ROUTINE AND INVENTIVE PROBLEMS


DIFFICULTY OF A PROBLEM
Tingkatkesulitanmasalahdicirikanoleh:
Jumlahvariabel
Hubunganantarvariabel
Ketergantunganataswaktu.
Thesolutionspaceisdefinedintermsoftheuniquenessofacceptable
solutions.
Thesolutionspaceisconsideredclosed ifthereisafinitenumberof
correctsolutionsofananalyticproblemformulationthatwillsatisfythe
requirements.Oftenonlyoneacceptablesolutionexistsforaproblem.
Ifseveralsolutionsarepossible,theproblemsolutionspaceisconsidered
open.Sinceanopensolutionspaceacceptsmanyalternativesolutions,
traditionaloptimizingproceduresarenotapplicableforsuchproblems,
especiallywhenthedirectiontosearchforsolutionsisunknown.
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2. ROUTINE AND INVENTIVE PROBLEMS


Aninventiveproblemisaproblemthat:
Suggestsnoknownmeansforsolution
Isespeciallypronetopsychologicalinertia
Involvesoneormorecontradictions.Acontradictionisasituationwherean
attempttoimproveonefeatureofthesystemleadstothedegradationof
anotherfeature.
PsychologicalInertia

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2. ROUTINE AND INVENTIVE PROBLEMS


Psychological Inertia

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2. ROUTINE AND INVENTIVE PROBLEMS


INVENTIVEPROBLEMS&NECESSARYKNOWLEDGETOSOLVE
LEVELS
1
2
3
4
5

DEGREEOF
%OF
SOURCEOF
APPROXIMATE
INVENTIVENESS SOLUTIONS
KNOWLEDGE
#OFTRIALS
Apparent
68,30% Personalknowledge
10
solution
Minor
Knowledgewithin
27,10%
100
improvement
thecompany
Major
Knowledgewithin
4,30%
1000
improvement
theindustry
Knowledgeoutside
Newparadigm
0,24%
100,000
theindustry
Discovery
0,06% Allthatisknowable
1,000,000
JUMLAH
100,00%

FromaTRIZstandpoint,tomakeagoodinventionmeanstoresolveasystem
conflictwithoutacompromise.

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3. SYSTEM CONFLICTS
Example of system conflicts:
Systemconflictsassociatedwiththeuseofaluminumandplasticsincars
PROS

CONS
Aluminum

Fivetimesmoreexpensivethansteel(per
45%70%lighterthansteel.
unitofweight).
Canbeshapedusingmanyconventional
Onlyaboutonethirdthestiffnessofsteel.
steelformingtechnologies.
Stiffnesscanbeenhancedbymakingthe Thiswouldnegatetheweightadvantageand
increasethecosts.
panelsthicker.
Plastics
Stiffnessofordinaryplasticsisonly1/60
Muchlighterthansteelandaluminum.
Canbeformedintoamuchwidervariety 1/30thatofsteel;forreinforcedplasticsitis
1/151/5thatofsteel.
ofshapesthansteelandaluminum.
Upto10timesmoreexpensivethansteel
Require30%fewerpartsthanmetal
bodies.
(perunitofweight).
Thestateoftheartassemblyprocessesfor
plasticstructurescannotprovidefortight
tolerances.

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3. SYSTEM CONFLICTS
System Conflict Diagram:
SYSTEMCONFLICTDIAGRAM

DESCRIPTION

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3. SYSTEM CONFLICTS
System Conflict Diagram:
SYSTEMCONFLICTDIAGRAM

DESCRIPTION

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5. PENDEKATAN
QFD DAN TRIZ:
QFD (HOQ):
Prinsipdasar:Mendorongpengembangandesainproduk/jasadengan
pengumpulaninformasiyangrelevantentangkebutuhankonsumenmelalui
survei,interview,tes,benchmark,dll.
Fungsiutama: identifikasiisudanparameterpentingprodukdan
menghubungkanprioritasdannilaitarget(spesifikasidesain)untukmemenuhi
kebutuhantersebut.

TRIZ:
Prinsipdasar:Menghilangkan/mereduksikonflikmelalui:(1)hukumevolusi
sistemrekayasa(produk),(2)efekfisikal,dan(3)prinsipsolusi(desain).
Fungsiutama: membuatkonsepuntukmereduksiefeknegatif(kontradiksi
teknikalataufisikal)gunamemperbaikikinerjadaridesainyangada..
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5. PENDEKATAN
DEFINISI
TRIZ:
A humanorientedknowledgebasedsystematicmethodologyofinventive
problemsolving.

Knowledge:
The knowledgeaboutthegenericproblemsolvingheuristics(i.e.,rulesfor
makingstepsduringproblemsolving)isextractedfromavastnumberof
patentsworldwideindifferentengineeringfields.
Itusesknowledgeofeffects inthenaturalandengineeringsciences.Thislarge
storehouseofinformationissummarizedandreorganizedforefficientuse
duringproblemsolving.
Itusesknowledgeaboutthedomainwheretheproblemoccurs.This
knowledgeincludesinformationaboutthetechniqueitself,aswellasthe
similaroroppositesystemsandprocesses,techniqueenvironment,andits
evolutionordevelopment.
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5. PENDEKATAN
Human-oriented:
Heuristicsareorientedforusebyahumanbeing,notamachine.TheTRIZpracticeis
basedondividingatechniqueintosubsystems,distinguishingtheusefulandharmful
functionsofatechnique,andsoon.Suchoperationsarearbitrary,becausethey
dependontheproblemitselfandonsocioeconomiccircumstances,sotheycannotbe
performedbyacomputer.

Systematic:
Genericanddetailedmodelsofartificialsystemsandprocessesareconsideredwithin
theframeworkofTRIZspecialanalysis,andthesystematicknowledgeaboutthese
systemsandprocessesisimportant;
Proceduresforproblemsolvingandtheheuristicsaresystematicallystructuredin
ordertoprovideeffectiveapplicationofknownsolutionstonewproblems.

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5. PENDEKATAN
Inventive problems and solving:
PrimaryTRIZabstractionsforinventiveproblemsolvinginclude:
often theunknownstepappearsbecauseofcontradictoryrequirementsforthe
system;
oftentheunknowndesirablesituationcanbereplacedtemporarilybyanimaginary
idealsolution;
usuallytheidealsolutioncanbeobtainedduetoresourcesfromtheenvironmentor
frominsidethetechnique;
usuallytheidealsolutioncanbeprojectedfromknowntrendsoftechniqueevolution.

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5. PENDEKATAN
MATRIKS KONTRADIKSI TEKNIKAL
Menawarkanpendekatanuntukmengeliminasikonflikantaratributteknikprodukyang
akandikembangkan
ParameterTeknis
2:PARAMETER
YANGAKAN
DIPERLEMAH

Matrikskorelasi
antaratribut
teknis

HouseofQuality

Parameter
Teknis1:
PARAMETER
YANGAKAN
DIPERKUAT

Prinsipuntuk
mengeliminasi
konflik

MatriksKontradiksi

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6. PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK


(1) PARAMETER REKAYASA UMUM METRIKS PRODUK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

Weightofmovingobject
Weightofstationaryobject
Lengthofmovingobject
Lengthofstationaryobject
Areaofmovingobject
Areaofstationaryobject
Volumeofmovingobject
Volumeofstationaryobject
Velocity
Force
Stressorpressure
Shape
Stabilityofobjectscomposition
Strength
Durationofactiongeneralizedbymovingobject
Durationofactiongeneralizedbystationaryobject
Temperature
Brighthness
Energyconsumedbymovingobject
Energyconsumedbystationaryobject

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21. Power
22. Energyloss
23. Substanceloss
24. Informationloss
25. Wasteoftime
26. Quantityofsubstance
27. Reliability
28. Accuracyofmeasurement
29. Manufacturingprecision
30. Harmfulactionaffectingthedesignobject
31. Harmfulactiongeneratedbythedesignobject
32. Manufacturability
33. Userfriendliness
34. Repairability
35. Flexibility
36. Complexityofdesignobject
37. Difficultytocontrolormeasure
38. Levelofautomation
39. Productivity

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6. PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK


KLASTER PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK
1. Commonphysicalandgeometricparameters(mass,size,energy,);
2. Techniqueindependentnegativeparameters(wasteofsubstanceor
time,lossofinformation,harm,etc.);
3. Techniqueindependentpositiveparameters(productivity,
manufacturability,etc.).

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6. PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK


CLUSTER 1. COMMON PHYSICAL AND GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS
1and2 Weight:
Themassofthesubsystem,element,ortechniqueinagravitationalfield.Theforcethat
thebodyexertsonitssupportorsuspension,oronthesurfaceonwhichitrests.
3and4 Length:
Ageometriccharacteristicdescribedbythepartofaline(straightorcurvedandnot
necessarilythelongest)thatcanbemeasuredbyanyunitoflineardimension,suchas
meter,inch,etc.
5and6 Area:
Ageometriccharacteristicdescribedbythepartofaplaneenclosedbyafinitecontinuous
linethatcanbemeasuredinasquareunitofdimension.Thepartofasurfaceoccupiedby
thesubsystem.
7and8 Volume:
Ageometriccharacteristicdescribedbythepartofaspacethatcanbemeasuredina
cubicunitofdimension.Thepartofaspace,eitherinternalorexternal,occupiedbythe
subsystem.
9 Speed:
Thevelocityofthesubsystem.Therateofaprocessoractionintimethatcanbe
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measuredbyanylinearunitoflengthdividedbyatimeunit.
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6. PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK


CLUSTER 1. COMMON PHYSICAL AND GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS
10 Force:
Anyinteractionthatcanchangethesubsystemsconditionduetotheinteraction
betweensubsystems.
11 Stressorpressure:
Tensiononorinsidethesubsystem.
12 Shape:
Theexternalcontours,boundaries,thatseparatethesubsystemfromtheenvironment
orothersubsystems.Theappearanceofthesubsysteminthespace.
17 Temperature:
Thethermalconditionofthesubsystem.Liberallyincludesotherthermalparameters,
suchasheatcapacity,thataffecttherateoftemperaturechange.
18 Brightness:
Lightfluxperunitarea.Alsoanyotherilluminationcharacteristicsofthesubsystem,
suchaslightintensity,degreeofillumination.
21 Power:
Thetimerateofenergyusageduetowhichthesubsystemsfunctionsareperformed.
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6. PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK


CLUSTER 2. TECHNIQUE-INDEPENDENT NEGATIVE PARAMETERS
15and16 Durationofaction:
Thetimeduringwhichthesubsystemcanperformusefuland/orneutralfunctions
(durability).Itcanbeestimatedastheaverageperiodbetweenfailures,theservicelife.
19and20 Energyspentbythesubsystem:
Thesubsystemsrequirement(suchaselectricityorrotation)toperformaparticular
function.Oftenenergyisprovidedbythetechniqueorsupersystem.
22 Wasteofenergy:
Useofenergy(suchasheat)thatdoesnotcontributetothejobbeingdone(compare
with19and20).Reducingenergylosssometimesrequiresheuristicsthataredifferent
fromtheheuristicsforimprovingenergyusage.Consequently,energywasteisa
separateParameter.
23 Wasteofsubstance:
Partialorcomplete,permanentortemporarylossofsomeofthesubsystemsmaterials
orelements.
24 Lossofinformation:
Partialorcomplete,permanentortemporarylossofdataoraccesstodatainorbythe
subsystem.Frequentlyincludessensorydatasuchasaroma,texture,etc.
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6. PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK


CLUSTER 2. TECHNIQUE-INDEPENDENT NEGATIVE PARAMETERS
25 Wasteoftime:
Timeisthedurationofanactivity.Improvingthelossoftimemeansreducingthetime
takenoutoftheactivity.Cycletimereductionisacommonterm.
26 Amountofsubstance:
Thenumberofthesubsystemsmaterialsorelementsthatmightbechangedfullyor
partially,permanentlyortemporarily.
30 Harmfulfactorsactingonsubsystem:
Susceptibilityofthesubsystemtoexternallygeneratedharmfuleffects.
31 Harmfulsideeffects:
Aharmfuleffectthatisgeneratedbythesubsystemaspartofitsoperationwithinthe
technique,andthatreducestheefficiencyorqualityofthefunctioningofthesubsystem
orwholetechnique.

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6. PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK


CLUSTER 2. TECHNIQUE-INDEPENDENT POSITIVE PARAMETERS
13 Stabilityofthesubsystem:
Theabilityofthesubsystemtokeepitsintegrity(wholeness).Steadinessofthe
subsystemselementsintime.Wear,chemicaldecomposition,disassembly,andgrowth
ofentropyarealldecreasesinstability.
14 Strength:
Theabilityofthesubsystemtoresistachangeinresponsetoforce.Resistanceto
breaking.
27 Reliability:
Thesubsystemsabilitytoperformitsintendedfunctionsinpredictablewaysand
conditions.
28 Accuracyofmeasurement:
Theclosenessofthemeasuredvaluetotheactualvalueofthesubsystemparameter.
29 Accuracyofmanufacturing:
Theclosenessoftheactualcharacteristicsofthesubsystemtothespecifiedorrequired
characteristicsthatcanbeachievedduringthesubsystemproduction.(Notethat
manufacturingprecisionisoftenconnectedwithqualityofthesubsystem.)
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6. PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK


CLUSTER 2. TECHNIQUE-INDEPENDENT POSITIVE PARAMETERS
32 Manufacturability:
Thedegreeoffacility,comfort,ease,oreffortlessnessinmanufacturingorfabricatingof
thesubsystem.
33 Convenienceofuse:
Simplicityandeaseofoperation.Thetechniqueisnotconvenientifitrequiresmany
stepstooperateorneedsspecialtools,manyhighlyskilledworkers,etc.Oftena
convenientprocesshashighyieldduetothepossibilitytodoitright.
34 Repairability:
Qualitycharacteristicssuchasconvenience,comfort,simplicity,andtimetorepairfaults,
failures,ordefectsinthesubsystem.
35 Adaptability:
Theabilityofthesubsystemtorespondpositivelytoexternalchanges,andtheversatility
ofthesubsystemthatcanbeusedinmultiplewaysunderavarietyofcircumstances.
36 Complexity:
Thenumberanddiversityofelementsandelementinterrelationshipswithinthe
subsystem.Theusermaybeanelementofthesubsystemthatincreasesthecomplexity.
Thedifficultyofmasteringthesubsystemisameasureofitscomplexity.
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6. PARAMETER REKAYASA GENERIK


CLUSTER 2. TECHNIQUE-INDEPENDENT POSITIVE PARAMETERS
37 Complexityofcontrol:
Measuringormonitoringthesubsystemsthataredifficult,costly,andrequiremuchtime
andlabortosetupanduse,thathavefuzzyrelationshipsbetweencomponents,orthat
havecomponentsthatinterferewitheachother,demonstratingdifficulttodetectand
measure.
38 Levelofautomation:
Theabilityofthesubsystemtoperformitsfunctionswithouthumaninterface.The
lowestlevelofautomationistheuseofamanuallyoperatedtool.Forintermediate
levels,humansprogramthetool,observeitsoperation,andinterruptorreprogramas
needed.Forthehighestlevel,themachinesensestheoperationneeded,programs
itself,andmonitorsitsownoperations.
39 Productivity:
Thenumberoffunctionsoroperationsperformedbythesubsystemorwholetechnique
perunitoftime.Thetimeforaunitfunctionoroperation.Theoutputperunitoftimeor
thecostperunitofoutput.
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7. PRINSIP DESAIN TRIZ


PRINSIP DESAIN TRIZ UNTUK MEMECAHKAN KONFLIK TEKNIKAL (1)

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7. PRINSIP DESAIN TRIZ


PRINSIP DESAIN TRIZ UNTUK MEMECAHKAN KONFLIK TEKNIKAL (2)

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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 1. Segmentation (Fragmentation)
A.Divideanobjectintoindependentparts.
Examples
Multiwirecables
Replacemainframecomputerwithpersonalcomputersandnetwork.
Acargoshipisdividedintoidenticalsections.Ifnecessary,theshipcanbemade
longerorshorter.
Gardenhosescanbejoinedtogethertoformanylengthneeded.
Alargeairducthasa90degreeelbowthatissegmentedtoavoidstrongturbulence
andtoimproveairflow.
B.Makeanobjectmodular.
Examples
Modularfurniture,modularcomputercomponents,foldingwoodenruler.
Thepoleofatemporarystreetlightconsistsofafewelementslinkedbyflexible
jointsforeasytransportationandinstallation.
Quickdisconnectjointsinplumbing.
C.Increasethedegreeoffragmentationorsegmentation.
Examples
ReplacesolidshadeswithVenetianblinds.
Usepowderedweldingmetalinsteadoffoilorrodtogetbetterpenetrationofthe
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joint.
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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 2. Removal/Extraction
A. Separate(extract)aninterferingpartorpropertyfromanobject,orsingleouttheonly
necessarypart(orproperty)ofanobject.
Examples
Placeanoisycompressoroutsidethebuildingwherecompressedairisused.
Usefiberopticsoralightpipetoseparateahotlightsourcefromwherethelightis
needed.
Frightenbirdsawayfromtheairportbyusingataperecordertoreproduceasound
knowntoscarebirds.(Thesoundisthusseparatedfromthebirds).

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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 3. Local quality
A. Changeanobjectsstructurefromuniform(homogeneous)tononuniform,changean
externalenvironment(orexternalinfluence)fromuniformtononuniform.
Example
Dopingsiliconwafersinspecialwindowspreparedinaphotolithographyprocess*
allowsformakingsemiconductordevicesfromthismaterial.
B. Makeeachpartofanobjectfunctioninconditionsmostsuitableforitsoperation.
Example
Lunchboxwithspecialcompartmentsforhotandcoldsolidfoodsandliquids.
C.Makeeachpartofanobjectfulfilladifferentandusefulfunction.
Examples
Pencilwitheraser,hammerwithnailpuller.
Multifunctiontoolthatscalesfishandactsaspliers,wirestripper,flathead
screwdriver,Phillipsscrewdriver,manicureset,etc.
Ultrasonicdrillconsistsofheatconductiveheadandheatresistantbody.
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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 4. Asymmetry
A. Changetheshapeofanobjectfromsymmetricaltoasymmetrical.
Examples
Asymmetricalmixingvesselsorasymmetricalvanesinsymmetricalvesselsimprove
mixing(cementtrucks,cakemixers,blenders).
Theoutersideofacarstirehashigherstrengthinordertoimproveresistanceto
impactwithacurb.
Putaflatspotonacylindricalshafttoattachaknobsecurely.
Dustfiltermembraneshavedifferentporosities.
ChangefromcircularOrings,toovalcrosssection,tospecializedshapestoimprove
sealing.
B. Ifanobjectisasymmetrical,increaseitsdegreeofasymmetry.
Examples
Useastigmaticopticstomergecolors.
Makeonesideofatirestrongerthantheothertowithstandimpactwiththecurb.

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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 5. Merging (Joining/Combining)
A. Mergeidenticalorsimilarobjects,assembleidenticalorsimilarpartstoperform
paralleloperations.
Examples
Personalcomputersinanetwork.
Millionsoftransistorsinasinglemicroprocessorchip.
Catamaran.
B. Makeoperationscontiguousorparallel;bringthemtogetherintime.
Examples
LinkslatstogetherinVenetianorverticalblinds.
Medicaldiagnosticinstrumentsthatsimultaneouslyanalyzemultipleblood
parameters.
Theworkingelementofarotaryexcavatorhasspecialsteamnozzlestodefrostand
softenthefrozenground.
Mulchinglawnmower(demonstratesalsoPrinciple6).
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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 6. Universality
A. Makeapartorobjectperformmultiplefunctions;eliminatetheneedforotherparts.
Examples
Handleofatoothbrushcontainstoothpaste.
Childscarsafetyseatconvertstoastroller.
Sofaconvertsintoabed.
Minivansseatadjuststoaccommodateseating,sleeping,orcargocarrying.
Chargecoupleddevicewithmicrolensesonthesurface.
PCinalibraryfunctionsasareference,instructionalaid,newssource,etc.

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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 7. Nested structures
A. Placeoneobjectintoanother;placeeachobject,inturn,insidetheother.
Examples
Measuringcupsorspoons
Russiannestingdoll(Matrioshka)(oftenthisnameitselfisusedforPrinciple7).
Portableaudiosystem(microphonefitsinsidetransmitter,whichfitsinsideamplifier
case).
B. Makeonepartpassthroughacavityoftheother.
Examples
Telescopingradioantenna.
Extendingpointer.
Zoomlens.
Mechanicalpencilwithleadstoredinside.
Chairsthatstackontopofeachotherforstorage.
Seatbeltretractionmechanism.
Retractableaircraftlandinggearstowinsidethefuselage(alsodemonstrates
Principle15,Dynamism).

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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 8. Anti-weight (Counterweight)
A. Tocountertheweightofanobject,mergeitwithotherobjectsthatprovidelift.
Examples
Injectfoamingagentintoabundleoflogs,tomakeitfloatbetter.
Boatwithhydrofoils.
Arearwinginracingcarsthatincreasespressurefromthecartotheground.
Useofheliumballoontosupportadvertisingsignsoracableaboveariver.
Paintbrushwithlightweighthandlethatfloats.
B. Tocompensatefortheweightofanobject,makeitinteractwiththeenvironment(e.g.,
useaerodynamic,hydrodynamic,buoyancy,andotherforces).
Examples
Shapeofaircraftwingreducesairdensityabovethewing,increasesdensity
belowthewing,tocreatelift.(ThisalsodemonstratesPrinciple4,
Asymmetry.)
Vortexstripsimproveliftofaircraftwings.
Hydrofoilsliftshipoutofthewatertoreducedrag.
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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 9. Preliminary anti-action (counter-action)
A. Ifitisnecessarytodoanactionwithbothharmfulandusefuleffects,thisactionshould
bereplacedwithantiactionstocontrolharmfuleffects.
Examples
BufferasolutiontopreventharmfromextremesofpH.
Acuttingmethodusingadishcutterrotatingonitsgeometricaxisduringthecutting
process.Inordertopreventvibrations,thedishcutterischargedinadvancewith
forcescloseinsizeanddirectionanddirectlycontrarytotheforcesarisingincutting
process.
B. Createactionsinanobjectthatwilllateropposeknownundesirableworkingactions.
Examples
Prestressrebarbeforepouringconcrete.
Reinforcedconcretecolumn.
Reinforcedshaftmadefromseveralpipeswhichhavebeenpreviouslytwistedtoa
specifiedangle.
Corrugatedandcoveredpaperforcartonsisbentinoppositedirections.
Cartonbecomesflatwhenthegluebetweenthepapersdries.
Maskingbeforeharmfulexposure:leadaproncoverspartsofthebodybeing
41
exposedtoXrays;maskingtapetoprotectthepartofanobjectnotbeingpainted.
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Principle 10. Preliminary action
A. Perform,beforenecessary,arequiredchangeofanobject(eitherfullyorpartially).
Carryoutallorpartoftherequiredactioninadvance.
Examples
Prepastedwallpaper.
Selfadhesivestamps.
Rubbercementinabottleisdifficulttoapplyneatlyanduniformly.However,if
formedintoatape,theproperamountcanbeappliedmoreeasily.
Sterilizeallinstrumentsneededforasurgicalprocedureonasinglesealedtray.
WorldWideWebsearchengines(Lycos,AltaVista)browsethroughallpossiblelinks
andcreateafastaccessindexofkeywordstoInternetlocations.
Thequeryenginethenlooksupanswersinthelocalindexdatabaseinsteadof
directlyretrievingwebpages,whichwouldtakemuchmoretime.
B. Prearrangeobjectssothattheycanactfromthemostconvenientplaceandwithout
losingtimefortheirdelivery.
Examples
Predepositedbladeinsurgerycast.Thebladeworksduringcastremoval.
Utilityknifeblademadewithagrooveallowingthedullpartofthebladetobe
42
brokenoff,restoringsharpness.
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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 11. Beforehand cushioning (Cushion in advance)
A. Prepareemergencymeansbeforehandtocompensatetherelativelylowreliabilityof
anobject.
Examples
Astriponphotographicfilmthatdirectsthedevelopertocompensateforpoor
exposure.
Backupparachute.Tapebackupofcriticaldata(unreliablecomputersorpower
systems).
Alternateairsystemforaircraftinstruments.
Merchandiseismagnetizedtodetershoplifting.
Usageofoldtiresatsharproadturnsforsafety.
Acoverofsteelbyamaterialthatresistsoxidation.

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Principle 12. Equipotentiality
A. Inapotentialfield,limitpositionchanges(e.g.,changeoperatingconditionsto
eliminatetheneedtoraiseorlowerobjectsinagravityfield).
Examples
Springloadedpartsdeliverysysteminafactory.
Engineoilinacarischangedbyworkersinapittoavoidusingexpensivelifting
equipment.
Locksinachannelbetweentwobodiesofwater(suchasthePanamaCanal).
Adeviceforraisingandloweringheavypressesthattakestheformofanattachment
witharollgangfastenedtothepresstable.
Skilletsinanautomobileplantthatbringalltoolstotherightposition.

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Principle 13. Reverse (The other way around)
A.Inverttheactionsusedtosolveaproblem(e.g.,insteadofcoolinganobject,heatit).
Example
Toloosenstuckparts,cooltheinnerpartinsteadofheatingtheouterpart.
B. Insteadofanactiondictatedbytherequirements,oneimplementstheoppositeaction.
Example
Rotatethepartinsteadofthetool.
C. Makemovablepartsortheexternalenvironmentfixed,andfixedpartsmovable.
Examples
Flowwaterinshortpoolmovingagainstaswimmer.
Movingsidewalkwithstandingpeople.Treadmill(forwalkingorrunning
inplace)
Abrasivelycleaningpartsbyvibratingthepartsinsteadoftheabrasive.
D.Turntheobjectorprocessupsidedown.
Examples
Turnanassemblyupsidedowntoinsertfasteners(especiallyscrews).
Emptygrainfromcontainers(shiporrailroad)byinvertingthem.
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Principle 14. Spheroidality Curved
A.Insteadofusingrectilinearparts,surfaces,orforms,usecurvilinearones;movefrom
flatsurfacestospherical,frompartsshapedasacube(parallelepiped)toballshaped
structures.
Examples
Usearchesanddomesforstrengthinarchitecture.
Acircularlandingwayinairportswithunlimitedlength.
B. Userollers,balls,spirals,domes.
Examples
Spiralgear(Nautilus)producescontinuousresistanceforweightlifting.
Adeviceforweldingpipesintoalatticehaselectrodesintheformofrotatingballs.
Computermouseusesballconstructiontotransferlineartwoaxismotioninto
vectormotion.
Ballpointandrollerballpensforsmoothinkdistribution.
C. Gofromlineartorotarymotion,usecentrifugalforces.
Examples
Linearlymovethecursoronthecomputerscreenusingamouseoratrackball.
Spinningclothesinsteadofwringinginawashingmachinetoremovewater.
Usesphericalcastersinsteadofcylindricalwheelstomovefurniture.
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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 15. Dynamism
A.Allowordesignthecharacteristicsofanobject,externalenvironment,orprocessto
changetobeoptimalortofindanoptimaloperatingcondition.
Example
Adjustablecarsteeringwheel(orseat,backsupport,mirrorposition).
B.Divideanobjectintopartscapableofmovementrelativetoeachother.
Examples
Thebutterflycomputerkeyboard.(AlsodemonstratesPrinciple7,Nested
structures.)
Scissorsinsteadofknife.
Aflashlightwithaflexiblegooseneck.
Atransportvesselwithacylindricalbody.Toreducethedraftofthevesselunderfull
load,thebodyiscomposedoftwohinged,halfcylindricalpartswhichcanbeopened.
C.Ifanobject(orprocess)isrigidorinflexible,makeitmovableoradaptive.
Examples
Theflexibleboroscopeforexaminingengines.
Theflexibleendoscopeformedicalexamination.
Astripelectrodeinanautomaticarcweldingprebentatdifferentanglesalongits
lengththatallowscontroloftheshapeanddimensionsoftheweldbathduring 47
welding.
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Principle 16. Partial, satiated, or excessive actions
A.If100percentofanobjectishardtoachieveusingagivensolutionmethod,the
problemmaybeconsiderablyeasiertosolvebyusingslightlylessorslightlymoreof
thesamemethod.
Examples
Depositexcesschemicalforphotolithographyinsemiconductorproduction,then
removeexcessbyspinning.
Fill,thentopoffwhenfillingthegastankofacar.
Software:variousimageencodingalgorithmssuchasJPEG,GIF,etc.
Toobtainuniformdischargeofametallicpowderfromabin,thehopperhasa
specialinternalfunnel,whichiscontinuallyoverfilledtoprovidenearlyconstant
pressure.

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Principle 17. Another dimension
A. Difficultiesinvolvedinmovingorrelocatinganobjectalongalineareremovedifthe
objectacquirestheabilitytomoveintwodimensions(alongaplane).Accordingly,
problemsconnectedwithmovementorrelocationofanobjectononeplaneare
removedbyswitchingtoathreedimensionalspace.
Examples
Infraredcomputermousemovesinspace,insteadofonasurface,forpresentations.
Fiveaxiscuttingtoolcanbepositionedwhereneeded.
B. Useamultistoryarrangementofobjectsinsteadofasinglestoryarrangement.Usea
multilayeredassemblyofobjectsinsteadofasinglelayer.
Examples
CassettewithseveralCDstoincreasemusictimeandvariety.
Greenhousethathasaconcavereflectoronthenorthernpartofthehouseto
improveilluminationofthatpartofthehousebyreflectingsunlightduringtheday.
Fouriertransformbasedsoftware,inwhichdigitizedsignalsaretransformedfrom
thetimedomaintothefrequencydomainforprocessing.
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C. Tiltorreorienttheobject,layitonitsside.
Example
Dumptruck
D.Useanothersideofagivenarea.
Examples
AlldeviceswithMobiusbelt.
Electronicchipsonbothsidesofaprintedcircuitboard.
E. Useopticallinesfallingontoneighboringareasorontothereversesideofthearea
available.

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Principle 18. Mechanical vibration
A.Oscillateorvibrateanobject.
Examples
Electriccarvingknifewithvibratingblades.
Vibrateacastingmoldwhileitisbeingfilledtoimproveflowandstructural
properties.
B.Ifoscillationexists,increaseitsfrequency.
Example
Distributepowderwithvibration.
C.Useanobjectsresonantfrequency.
Examples
Destroygallstonesorkidneystonesbyultrasonicresonance.
Aninstrumentforcuttingtimberwithoutasawwhosepulsefrequencyis
closetotheinherentfrequencyofvibrationofthetimber.
D.Usepiezoelectricvibratorsinsteadofmechanicalones.
Example
Quartzcrystaloscillationsdrivehighlyaccurateclocks.
E.Usecombinedultrasonicandelectromagneticfieldoscillations.
Example
Mixalloysinaninductionfurnace.
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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 19. Periodic action
A.Insteadofcontinuousaction,useperiodicorpulsatingactions.
Examples
Hittingsomethingrepeatedlywithahammer.
Replacecontinuoussirenwithpulsedsound.
Aflashingwarninglampismorenoticeablethanonethatiscontinuouslylit.
B.Ifanactionisalreadyperiodic,changetheperiodicmagnitudeorfrequency.
Examples
UseFrequencyModulationtoconveyinformationinsteadofMorsecode.
Replaceacontinuoussirenwithsoundthatchangesamplitudeandfrequency.

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Principle 20. Continuity of useful action (uninterrupted useful effect)
A.Continueonactions;makeallpartsofanobjectperformUFand/orNFatfullload,all
thetime.
Examples
Flywheel(orhydraulicsystem)storesenergywhenavehiclestops,sothemotorcan
keeprunningatoptimumpower.
Adrillwithcuttingedges,whichpermitscuttinginforwardandreversedirections.
B. Eliminateallidleorintermittentactions.
Examples
Printduringthereturnofaprintercarriage dotmatrixprinter,daisywheel
printers,inkjetprinters.
Crystalgrowingmachinewithpermanentrawmaterialsupplymechanism.

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Principle 21. Skipping (Rushing through)
A.Conductaprocessorcertainstages(e.g.,destructible,harmful,orhazardous
operations)athighspeed.
Examples
Useahighspeeddentistsdrilltoavoidheatingtissue.
Cutplasticfasterthanheatcanpropagateinthematerialtoavoiddeforming
theshape.

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Principle 22. Convert harm into benefit
A.Useharmfulfactors(particularlyharmfuleffectsoftheenvironmentorsurroundings)to
achieveapositiveeffect.
Examples
Usewasteheattogenerateelectricpower.
Sandorgravelfreezessolidwhentransportedthroughcoldclimates.
Overfreezing(usingliquidnitrogen)makestheicebrittle,permittingpouring.
Recyclewastematerialfromoneprocessasrawmaterialsforanother.
B. Eliminatetheprimaryharmfulactionbyaddingittoanotherharmfulactiontoresolve
theproblem.
Examples
Addabufferingmaterialtoacorrosivesolution.
Useaheliumoxygenmixfordivingtoeliminatebothnitrogennarcosisandoxygen
poisoningthatareadangerwithairandothernitroxmixes.

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C. Amplifyaharmfulfactortosuchadegreethatitisnolongerharmful.
Examples
Settingabackfiretoeliminatefuelfromaforestfire.
Whenusinghighfrequencycurrenttoheatmetal,onlytheouterlayerbecamehot.
Thisnegativeeffectwaslaterusedforsurfaceheattreating.
Applicationofextremelylowtemperaturestofrozenaggregatematerialstospeed
theprocessofrestoringtheirflowcapability.
InTRIZfolklore,thisprincipleisalsoknownasBlessingindisguise,
TurnLemonsintoLemonade,orSpinharmtogold.

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Principle 23. Feedback
A.Introducefeedback(referringback,crosschecking)toimproveaprocessoraction.
Examples
Automaticvolumecontrolinaudiocircuits.
Thelevelofliquidisselfadjustedbyafloatingvalveinsideatank.
Feedbackinsidethesoftwareprogram,analogoustofeedbackinmechanicalor
electricalsystems,iscommonlyusedtocontroltheoperationofvariouselements.
Signalfromgyrocompassisusedtocontrolsimpleaircraftautopilots.
B. Iffeedbackisalreadyused,changeitsmagnitudeorinfluence.
Examples
Changesensitivityofanautopilotwhenwithin5milesofanairport.
Changesensitivityofathermostatwhencoolingvs.heating,sinceitusesenergyless
efficientlywhencooling.

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Principle 24. Intermediary
A.Useanintermediarycarrierarticleorintermediaryprocess.
Examples
Carpentersnailset,usedbetweenthehammerandthenail.
Wordprocessorsandspreadsheetsincludeconversionfilterstoreadandwritefiles
incompetitiveproductformats.
B. Mergeoneobjecttemporarilywithanother(whichcanbeeasilyremoved).
Examples
Potholdertocarryhotdishestothetable.
Toreduceenergylosswhenapplyingcurrenttoaliquidmetal,cooledelectrodesand
intermediateliquidmetalwithalowermeltingtemperatureareused.
Suspensions(adhesivepartscanbedissolvedorburnedout).
InTRIZfolklorethisprincipleisalsoknownasGobetweenorMediator.

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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 25. Self-service and self-organization
A.Makeanobjectserveitselfbyperformingauxiliaryhelpfulfunctions.
Examples
Asodafountainpumpthatrunsonthepressureofthecarbondioxidethat
carbonatesthedrinks.Thisassuresthatdrinkswillnotbeflatandalsoeliminatesthe
needforsensors.
Toweldsteeltoaluminum,createaninterfacefromalternatingthinstripsofthetwo
materials.Coldweldthesurfaceintoasingleunitwithsteelononefaceandcopper
ontheother,thenusenormalweldingtechniquestoattachthesteelobjecttothe
interface,andtheinterfacetothealuminum.(Thisconceptalsohaselementsof
Principle24,Intermediary,andPrinciple4,Asymmetry).

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B. Theobjectshouldservice/organizeitselfandcarryoutsupplementaryandrepair
operations.
Examples
Halogenlampsregeneratethefilamentduringuse evaporatedmaterialis
redeposited.
Softwareprogramsemploysomeformofselfcheckingtoverifytheirintegrity.
C. Usewasteresources,energy,orsubstances.
Examples
Useheatfromaprocesstogenerateelectricity,Cogeneration.
Useanimalwasteasfertilizer.
Usefoodandlawnwastetocreatecompost.
Aconeshapedconcretedamsinkinsandonariversbottomwillsealitselfinthe
eventofanearthquake.

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Principle 26. Copying
A.Insteadofanunavailable,expensive,fragileobject,usesimplerandinexpensivecopies.
Examples
Virtualrealityviacomputerinsteadofanexpensivevacation.
Usethesoundofabarkingdog,withoutthedog,asaburglaralarm.
Modelingstageindesign.
Listentoanaudiotapeinsteadofattendingaseminar.
B. Replaceanobjectorprocesswithopticalcopies.
Examples
Dosurveyingfromspacephotographsinsteadofontheground.
Photolithographyinsemiconductorproduction.
Measureanobjectbymakingmeasurementsinthephotograph.
Theheightoftallobjectscanbedeterminedbymeasuringtheirshadows.
Usesonogramstoevaluatethehealthofafetus,insteadofriskingdamagebydirect
testing.
C. Ifvisibleopticalcopiesarealreadyused,movetoinfraredorultravioletcopies.
Example
Makeimagesininfraredtodetectheatsources,suchasdiseasesincropsor
61
intrudersinasecuritysystem.
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Principle 27. Inexpensive short-lived objects
A.Replaceanexpensiveobjectwithmultipleinexpensiveobjects,comprisingcertain
qualities(suchasservicelife,forinstance).
Examples
Usedisposablesuppliestoavoidthecostofcleaningandstoringdurableobjects.
Plasticcupsinmotels,disposablediapers,manykindsofmedicalsupplies.
Singlerolldisposablecamerafortourists.

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Principle 28. Mechanics substitution
A.Replaceamechanicalmeanswithasensory(optical,acoustic,taste,orolfactory)
means.
Examples
Replaceaphysicalfencetoconfineadogorcatwithanacoustic(electronic)fence
(signalaudibletotheanimal).
Useabadsmellingcompoundinnaturalgastoalertuserstoleakage,insteadofa
mechanicalorelectricalsensor.
B. Useelectric,magnetic,andelectromagneticfieldstointeractwiththeobject.
Examples
Tomix2powders,electrostaticallychargeonepositiveandtheothernegative.
Eitherusefieldstodirectthem,ormixthemmechanicallyandlettheiracquired
fieldscausethegrainsofpowdertopair.
Toincreasethebondbetweenmetalcoatingandathermoplasticmaterial,the
processiscarriedoutinsideanelectromagneticfieldwhichappliesforcetothe
metal.
Applicationofmagneticfieldsforreducingoxygeneffectsofperformanceof
semiconductorwafers.
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C. Changefromstatictomovablefields,fromunstructuredfieldstothosehavingstructure.
Example
Earlycommunicationsusedomnidirectionalbroadcasting.Wenowuseantennas
withaverydetailedstructureofthepatternofradiation.
D.Usefieldsinconjunctionwithfieldactivatedparticles(e.g.,ferromagnetic).
Example
Heatasubstancecontainingferromagneticmaterialbyusingavaryingmagnetic
field.WhenthetemperatureexceedstheCuriepoint,thematerialbecomes
paramagneticandnolongerabsorbsheat.

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Principle 29. Pneumatics and hydraulics
A.Usegasandliquidpartsofanobjectinsteadofsolidparts(e.g.,inflatable,filledwith
liquids,aircushion,hydrostatic,hydroreactive).
Examples
Comfortableshoesoleinsertsfilledwithgel.
Storeenergyfromdeceleratingavehicleinahydraulicsystem,thenusethestored
energytoacceleratelater.
Usingreducingairpressureinvacuumholders.
B. UsetheArchimedesforcestoreducetheweightofanobject.
Example
Toproduceanallmetalshelldirigiblewithouthighpricedadjustments,themontage
isrealizedbyfloatingonpontoonsinwater.

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C. Usenegativeoratmospherepressure.
Example
Inordertopreventdisplacementoffriablecargoinaship,attimeoftransportation
thefreesurfaceofcargoiscoveredbyahermeticrubberbandlayer,creatinga
vacuumwhichensuresshrinkingofthelayerbyatmosphericpressure.
D.Aspumeorfoamcanbeusedasacombinationofliquidandgaspropertieswithalight
weight.
Examples
Spumelubricantisusedforastampinstrument.
Cavitiesofelectricalsolderingpenarefilledbyspumemass.

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Principle 30. Flexible shells and thin films
A.Useflexibleshellsandthinfilmsinsteadofthreedimensionalstructures.
Examples
Useinflatable(thinfilm)structuresaswintercoversontenniscourts.
Coatingglasswindowswithsapphireforhightemperatureapplications.
B. Isolatetheobjectfromtheexternalenvironmentusingflexibleshellsandthinfilms.
Examples
Floatafilmofbipolarmaterial(oneendhydrophilic,oneendhydrophobic)ona
reservoirtolimitevaporation.
Forshippingfragileproducts,airbubbleenvelopesorfoamlikematerialsareused.

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Principle 31. Porous materials and membranes
A.Makeanobjectporousoraddporouselements(inserts,coatings,etc.).
Examples
Drillholesinastructuretoreducetheweight.
Toavoidpumpingcoolanttoamachine,someofitspartsarefilledwithaporous
materialsoakedincoolantliquid.Thecoolantevaporateswhenthemachineis
working,providingshorttermuniformcooling.
PorouswafersforGaAsdevices.
B. Ifanobjectisalreadyporous,usetheporestointroduceausefulsubstanceorfunction.
Examples
Useaporousmetalmeshtowickexcesssolderawayfromajoint.
Storehydrogenintheporesofapalladiumsponge.(Fueltankforthehydrogencar
muchsaferthanstoringhydrogengas).

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Principle 32. Color changes
A.Changethecolorofanobjectoritsexternalenvironment.
Example
Usesafelightsinaphotographicdarkroom.
B. Changethetransparencyofanobjectoritsexternalenvironment.
Example
Usephotolithographytochangetransparentmaterialtoasolidmaskfor
semiconductorprocessing.Similarly,changemaskmaterialfromtransparentto
opaqueforsilkscreenprocessing.
C. Inordertoobserveobjectsorprocessesthataredifficulttosee,usecoloredadditives.If
suchadditivesarealreadyused,employluminescencetraces.
Examples
FluorescentadditivesduringUVspectroscopy.
Awatercurtainusedtoprotectsteelmillworkersfromoverheatingblockedinfrared
raysbutnotthebrightlightfromthemeltedsteel.Acoloringwasaddedtothe
watertocreateafiltereffectwhilepreservingthetransparencyofthewater.
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Principle 33. Homogeneity
A.Makeobjectsinteractingwithagivenobjectofthesamematerial(ormaterialwith
identicalproperties).
Examples
Makethecontaineroutofthesamematerialasthecontents,toreducechemical
reactions.
Thesurfaceofafeederforabrasivegrainismadeofthesamematerialthatruns
throughthefeeder,allowingacontinuousrestorationofthesurface.
Makepartsofsemiconductorequipmentfromsilicon.

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Principle 34. Discarding and recovering
A.Discard(bydissolving,evaporating,etc.)portionsofanobjectthathavefulfilledtheir
functionsormodifythesedirectlyduringoperation.
Examples
Useadissolvingcapsuleformedicine.
Biodegradableplastics.
Rocketboostersseparateafterservingtheirfunction.
Sprinklewateroncornstarchbasedpackaging;itreducesitsvolumebymorethan
1000X!
B. Conversely,restoreconsumablepartsofanobjectdirectlyinoperation.
Examples
Selfsharpeninglawnmowerblades.
Automobileenginesthatgivethemselvesatuneupwhilerunning.

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Principle 35. Parameters and properties changes
A.Changeanobjectsphysicalaggregatestate(e.g.,toagas,liquid,orsolid).
Examples
Freezetheliquidcentersoffilledcandies,thendipinmeltedchocolate,insteadof
handlingthemessy,gooey,hotliquid.
Transportoxygen,nitrogen,orpetroleumgasasaliquid,insteadofagas,toreduce
volume.
B. Changetheconcentrationorconsistency(seealsoPrincipleFbelow).
Examples
Liquidhandsoapisconcentratedandmoreviscousthanbarsoapatthepointofuse,
makingiteasiertodispenseinthecorrectamountandmoresanitarywhenshared
byseveralpeople.
Asarule,theresistivityofsemiconductorschangesbyconcentrationofimpurities.

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C. Changethedegreeofflexibility(seealsoPrinciple15).
Examples
Useadjustabledamperstoreducethenoiseofpartsfallingintoacontainerby
restrictingthemotionofthecontainerswalls.
Vulcanizerubbertochangeitsflexibilityanddurability.
D.Changethetemperature.
Examples
RaisethetemperatureabovetheCuriepointtochangeaferromagneticsubstanceto
aparamagneticsubstance.
Raisethetemperatureoffoodtocookit.(Changestaste,aroma,texture,chemical
properties,etc.).
Lowerthetemperatureofmedicalspecimenstopreservethemforlateranalysis.
Dryobjectsbyhotair.
Thermocouple.
E. Changeothercharacteristicsofatechnique.
Example
Sphingometer.
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Principle 36. Phase transitions
A.Usephenomenathatoccurduringphasetransitions(e.g.,volumechanges,lossor
absorptionofheat,etc.).*
Examples
Heatpumpsusetheheatofvaporizationandheatofcondensationofaclosed
thermodynamiccycletodousefulwork.
Crystallization.
Superconductivity.

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Principle 37. Thermal expansion
A.Usethermalexpansion(orcontraction)ofmaterials.
Examples
Fitatightjointtogetherbycoolingtheinnerparttocontract,heatingtheouterpart
toexpand,puttingthejointtogether,andreturningtoequilibrium.
Tocontroltheexpansionofribbedpipes,theyarefilledwithwaterandcooledtoa
freezingtemperature.
B. Ifthermalexpansionisbeingused,usemultiplematerialswithdifferentcoefficientsof
thermalexpansion.
Examples
Thebasicleafspringthermostat:2metalswithdifferentcoefficientsofexpansion
arelinkedsothattheobjectbendsonewaywhenwarmerthannormalandthe
oppositewaywhencooler.Tocontroltheopeningofroofwindowsinagreenhouse,
bimetallicplatesareconnectedtothewindows,sotemperaturechangebendsthe
plates,causingthewindowtoopenorclose.
Alidofahothouseiscontrolledbyhingedhollowpipeswithspreadingwaterinside.
Thecenterofgravityofthepipesshiftswithachangeintemperatureandtherefore
thepipesraiseandlowerthelid.
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Principle 38. Strong oxidants
A.Replacecommonairwithoxygenenrichedair.
Example
Scubadivingwithnonairmixtureshavehighconcentrationofoxygenfor
extendedendurance.
B. Replaceenrichedairwithpureoxygen.
Examples
Cutatahighertemperatureusinganoxyacetylenetorch.
Treatwoundsinahighpressureoxygenenvironmenttokillanaerobicbacteriaand
aidhealing.
C. Exposeairoroxygentoionizingradiation.
Example
Ionizeairtotrappollutantsinanaircleanerforultracleanrooms(class
100andbetterinthesemiconductorindustry).
D.Useionizedoxygen.
Example
Ionizeoxygentoincreasethespeedofsemiconductorssurfaceoxidation.
E. Replaceozonized(orionized)oxygenwithozone.
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Example
Speedchemicalreactionsbyozone.
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Principle 39. Inert atmosphere
A.Replaceanormalenvironmentwithaninertone.
Examples
Preventdegradationofahotmetalfilamentbyusinganargonatmosphere.
Preventcottonfromcatchingfireinawarehousebytreatingitwithinertgaswhile
beingtransportedtothestoragearea.
Foamisusedtoisolateafirefromoxygeninair.
B. Addneutralpartsorinertadditivestoanobject.
Example
Increasethevolumeofpowdereddetergentbyaddinginertingredients.
Thismakesiteasiertomeasurewithconventionaltools.

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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Principle 40. Composite materials
A.Changefromuniformtocomposite(multiple)materials.
Examples
Composite(CopperCeramicCopper)substratesforpowersemiconductorshave
highthermalconductivityandhighelectricalinsulation.
Militaryaircraftwingsaremadeofcompositesofplasticsandcarbonfibersforhigh
strengthandlowweight.
Compositeferroelectricsforhighfrequencyapplicationsaresmaller,lighter,and
morereliablethantraditionalparts.

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7. PRINSIP INVENTIF ALTSHULLER


Statistics on the usage of the Inventive Principles in Altshullers Matrix.

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8. MATRIKS KONTRADIKSI TEKNIKAL


PRINSIP SOLUSI DESAIN (1)

ParameterTeknis1:PARAMETERYANGAKANDIPERKUAT

ParameterTeknis2:PARAMETERYANGAKANDIPERLEMAH

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8. MATRIKS KONTRADIKSI TEKNIKAL


ParameterTeknis1:PARAMETERYANGAKANDIPERKUAT

ParameterTeknis2:PARAMETERYANGAKANDIPERLEMAH

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8. MATRIKS KONTRADIKSI TEKNIKAL


ParameterTeknis1:PARAMETERYANGAKANDIPERKUAT

ParameterTeknis2:PARAMETERYANGAKANDIPERLEMAH

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8. MATRIKS KONTRADIKSI TEKNIKAL


ParameterTeknis1:PARAMETERYANGAKANDIPERKUAT

ParameterTeknis2:PARAMETERYANGAKANDIPERLEMAH

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9. PROSEDUR
(1)IntheMatrix,selectanattributethatneedstobeimproved.
(2)Answerthefollowingquestions.
(a)Howisitpossibletoimprovethisattributeusingconventionalmeans?
(b)Whichattributewouldworsen,ifconventionalmeanswereused?
(3)SelectanattributeintheMatrixcorrespondingtoStep2b.
(4)UsingtheMatrix,identifytheinventiveprinciplesforovercomingthesystem
conflict.
(5)Trytoidentifyanotherattribute,associatedwiththeproblemthatmightbe
improved.
(6)RepeatSteps2to4inrelationtotheattributeidentifiedatStep5.

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9. PROSEDUR

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9. APLIKASI TRIZ
PRODUKDENGANPRINSIPDESAINUNTUKMEMECAHKANKONFLIKTEKNIKAL
Prinsip Contoh
Desain

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