Form 2

Science Chapter 4
Interdependence among Living
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Organisms and the Environment

Content
1. Interdependence Among Living
Organisms
2. Interaction Between Living Organisms
3. Food Webs
4. Photosynthesis
5. The Importance of The Conservation and
Preservation Of Living Organisms
6. Role of Man in Maintaining the Balance
in Nature
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4.1
Interdependence Among
Living Organisms

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Habitat
A habitat is the natural living place of
plants and animals.
A habitat provides an organism with air,
space, food, shelter and a place in which
to breed.

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Species

A species is a group of organisms that

have the same shape and structure.
They can also breed together to produce
offspring that are fertile.
Penguins , rat, cat and elephant are
examples of the different species of
organisms.

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Population
A population is a group of organisms
comprising the same species that live
together in a habitat.
For example,
(a) a population of monkeys
in a tree
(b) a population of elephants
on a grassland
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Community
A community consists of
several species of animal and
plant population that live
together and interact with one
another in a habitat.

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Ecosystem
An ecosystem consists of several
communities that interact with one another
and with the physical environment (nonliving things such as water, air, soil, light
and mineral salts).
For example,
(a) a pond ecosystem
(b) a tropical rainforest ecosystem
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Learn more :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJ6VtduDSyY&feature=related
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4.2
Interaction Between
Living Organisms

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1. Prey-predator
A predator is an organism that kills and
eats another organism.
A prey is the organism that is eaten.
predator

prey
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1. Prey-predator
A predator usually has special physical
characteristics such as sharp claws and
fangs, or a sharp beak, with which to kill its
prey.
A prey usually has the ability to run away a
from a predator.

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Symbiosis

Symbiosis basically
means living together .

There are three types of

symbiotic relationships,
namely
i. Commensalism
ii. parasitism and
iii. mutualism.

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I .Commensalism (Symbiosis)
In commensalism
one species
benefits from the
interaction, as the
other is unaffected.
The unaffected
species is the host.

Staghorn fern obtains sunlight,

Tree is not effected .

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I .Commensalism (Symbiosis)

remora and the shark

The anemonefish lives among the
forest of tentacles of an anemone
and is protected from potential
predators.
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ii. Parasitism (Symbiosis)

Parasitism is another
type of interaction
between two
organisms.

Louse
suck blood
from their
host

Only one organism

benefits.
The other organism
suffers some
disadvantage.
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Rafflesia absorb
minerals from roots
of other plants.

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ii. Parasitism (Symbiosis)

A parasite is an
organism that lives
on or inside the
other organism.
The host is the
organism on or in
which the parasite
lives.
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Two groups of parasites :

1. Parasites that live
out side the host
organism.
For example
mosquitoes, lice and
fleas suck blood
from their host .

2. Parasites that live

inside the host
organism.
For example,
tapeworms and
hookworms inside the
intestines of humans
and animals.

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iii. Mutualism (Symbiosis)

In mutualism, the interaction is beneficial
to both species.
Mutualism is a form of cooperation.
They obtain nutrition and shelter from
each other.
The bird eats the fragments of food left
between the crocodile teeth.
So the crocodile gets its teeth cleaned.
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iii. Mutualism (Symbiosis)

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Competition
Competition occurs when organisms
compete for the same basic resources.
Animals compete to obtain water, food,
living space and mates for reproduction.

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Competition
Plants compete to obtain water, sunlight,
minerals and living space.

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Summary so far ...

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Biological control
Biological control is a method in which a
predator, the natural enemy to a certain
pest, is used to control the population of
that pest in an area.
The aphid is a pest to the
gardeners, damaging his
plants.
The ladybirds helps the
gardener by ridding him of
these pests

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Biological control
Biological control has many advantages as
compared with using pesticides.
Some of them are:
(a) it does not pollute the environment
(b) it does not kill other organisms except
the pests
(c) it is cheap and safe to use
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Biological control

Barn Owls (Tyto alba) a

proven natural predator
of rats in Oil Palm

When the eggs hatch,

the ichneumon larvae
feed on the body of the
host .

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Biological weed
control involves the
release of
organisms that
attack plants to
control weeds.

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4.3
Food Webs

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Food Chain
A food chain is an energy flow showing how
energy in food is passed from plants (producers)
to animals (consumers).

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Food Webs
A food web consists of several food chains that
are interlinked to one another

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Pyramid of numbers
A pyramid of
numbers shows
the number of
organisms at
each stage of the
food chain.

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Pyramid of numbers
From the base of the pyramid to its peak:
(a) the number of organisms decreases
(b) the size of the organisms increases
(c) more energy is lost

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4.4
Photosynthesis

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 Photosynthesis is a process that occurs

in green plants, in which food is made
from water and carbon dioxide in the
presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.
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Photosynthesis equation
chlorophyll
Carbon
dioxide

water

Glucose
(food)

oxygen

sunlight

The glucose produced is transported to

other parts of the plant to be:
(a) oxidised through the process of
respiration to provide energy
(b) stored as starch
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The role of photosynthesis

a) enable green plants to make their own
food.
b) regulate and maintain carbon dioxide
content in the atmosphere.
c) increase oxygen content in the
atmosphere.

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Experiment 1
break the
cells.

Test for starch .

Turn blue-black.

soften the
leaf

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remove
chlorophyll

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Experiment 2
Aim :
To show plant need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis .

Info :
Sodium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide

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The carbon cycle

The carbon cycle is the circulation of the
carbon element on the Earth.
These processes take place continuously.
The carbon cycle maintains the content of
carbon dioxide in the air.
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The carbon cycle

The processes that release carbon dioxide
into the air include:
(a) respiration and breathing
(b) combustion
(c) decomposition
Photosynthesis, which takes place in
green plants, removes carbon dioxide from
the air.
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The oxygen cycle

The oxygen cycle is the circulation of oxygen on
the Earth.
These processes take place continuously.
The oxygen cycle maintains the content of
oxygen in the air.

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The oxygen cycle

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4.5
The Importance of The
Conservation and Preservation
Of Living Organisms
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The greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect occurs because a layer
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prevents a
portion of heat from escaping to the outer space.

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The greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect raises the Earth's
temperature.
This is known as global warming.
warming
This phenomenon causes changes in the
world's weather and climate.

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Result of global warming

The sea level

increases and this
results in
the flooding of low-Iying
coastal areas.

The melting of ice

caps at both of the
Earth's poles.
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The depletion of the ozone layer

The ozone layer absorbs most
of the ultraviolet rays before it
reaches the Earth's surface.
Chemicals such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
used in the manufacture of
aerosol sprays, refrigerators
and air conditioners, are
pollutants that break down the
ozone molecules in the ozone
layer.
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Ozone hole

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Ozone depletion effects

Ultraviolet rays that reach the Earth cause:
(a) skin cancer
(b) cataract of the eyes
(c) the human immune system to
malfunction

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Acid rain
Gases such as
sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide
dissolve in
rainwater to form
acid rain.

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Acid rain effects

Acid rain can:
a) destroy sculptures .
b) lower the soil pH value and make it
unsuitable for plants.
c) River water that is polluted by acid rain is
no longer suitable for aquatic organisms.

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4.6
The Importance of The
Conservation and Preservation
Of Living Organisms
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 Managing environmental pollution can save our

Earth.
The following are steps that can be taken to
reduce environmental pollution:
(a) use unleaded petrol
(b) ban nuclear testing
(c) create special places to burn rubbish
(d) implement stricter law enforcement on the
disposal of toxic waste from factories
(e) hold campaigns to prevent pollution
(f) recycle, reuse and reduce materials
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