Professional Documents
Culture Documents
repair of concrete structure by means of decrement filling or application of some new, additional layers.
where:
fctd design value of concrete tensile strength determined
for lower class concrete,
c coefficient dependent on the precast concrete surface
type.
Since different types of technologies are applied to
produce interface, some surface kinds of precast surfaces
were described:
very smooth surface obtained from steel casting mould, plastic or smooth wooden mould,
smooth surface obtained from slide mold or
press moulding. After vibration free surfaces
are left without any additional treatment,
rough surface prepared after application of
concrete layer with grooves at least 3 mm deep
and spacing not bigger than 40 mm or by uncovering aggregate layer or using other methods with the same effect,
indented construction joint specially prepared
as shown in the figure below.
In addition, the following conditions must be fulfilled in order to consider a structure to be a composite
construction (PN-B-03264:2002):
sufficient longitudinal shear capacity is preserved in the interface of precast and complementary concrete,
continuity in transmission of normal forces by
co-operating elements and between them is observed,
complementary concrete class is not lower than
C 16/20,
the concrete layer thickness is not smaller than
40 mm.
In this case, the condition that the component elements must have transverse reinforcement crossing the
interface is not required. This is due to the application of
topping, i. e. a thin layer of complementary/additional
concrete applied in the floors of multi-storey buildings.
The basic calculation condition is then to preserve the
longitudinal shear capacity of interface which can be
determined according to the following formula (Eurocode 2) (Fig 2):
Rdi = Rd 1 + Rd 2 + Rd 3 0,5f cd ,
(1)
where:
Rd1 is a capacity component resulting from element
adhesion in the interface layer,
Rd2 is a capacity component resulting from friction on
the interface surface,
Rd3 is a capacity component resulting from the presence of reinforcement crossing the interface surface,
fcd design value of concrete compressive strength,
the reduction coefficient of shear cracked concrete
strength.
Adhesion
One of the components of interface capacity of the
two concrete layers is their natural adhesion. The most
important physico-chemical effects which occur in interface are as follows: mechanical adhesion, adsorption, and
diffusion (Krl et al. 1997). When concrete mixture is
being applied on the existing precast concrete element,
cement grout penetrates its pores and coarse parts and
after its hardening mechanical mesh occurs. In addition,
as a result of chemical reactions between cement grout an
adhesion stitch appears. Value of adhesion forces depends on the way that old concrete layer was prepared
and also its roughness. Capacity component can be calculated by means of the following formula:
Rd 1 = cf ctd
Surface type
Eurocode 2
CEB-FIP
Very smooth
Smooth
Smooth
Indented
0.0250.10
0.20
0.40
0.50
0.10
0.20
0.40
0.40
PN-B03264:2002
0.02
0.35
0.45
0.50
(2)
692
rough,
cleaned,
without cement milk runs,
sufficiently moisturized before cementation,
using agents increasing adhesion of concrete
layers is allowed,
consistency of additional concrete layer should
allow for better concrete workability without
segregation of components and its full thickening in site conditions.
However, in case of higher class concrete and its
high leak proof qualities, moisture content may have
adverse effect on interface strength (Ligza 1993) because excess of water prevents cement grout penetration
through pores of the precast concrete layers.
Friction
The second component of the longitudinal shear capacity is connected with friction of the interface surfaces.
Here, as in physics, value of stress depends on the friction
coefficient:
Rd 2 = n ,
(3)
where:
n stress generated by force vertical to the interface
surface,
is shear friction coefficient.
Shear reinforcement
Table 2. Coefficient of friction depends on the type of precast
element surface (Eurocode 2)
Type of surface
Very smooth
Smooth
Rough
Indented
Monolith
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.0
Rd 3 = f yd ( sin + cos ) ,
(4)
where:
= As / Ai reinforcement ratio for the longitudinal shear
reinforcement,
As cross-sectionial area of reinforcement in interface/joint,
Ai area of the interface,
angle between the interface surface and shear reinforcement included in interval 45 90 .
Fig 4. Shear diagram representing the required interface reinforcement (Eurocode 2: Fig 6.10)
693
tion allows achieving the interface capacity (Fig 7). Decrease of stresses after the interface is cracked achieves
greater values when compared with non-reinforced interface. When minimum value is reached stabilization of
stresses occurs: line 1 or their increase: line 2. Line 3
resembles behaviour of the reinforced interfaces with
smooth surface and operating in a complex state of tangent stress and normal stretching (Halicka 2006). This
diagram was made based on other diagrams showing the
results of scientific research.
Fig 7. Strain dependence in shear interface from tangent stresses for the reinforced interface (Halicka
2006)
Fig 5. Some examples of reinforcement bounding precast beam with complementary concrete (Starosolski
2006): a) stirrups, b) loops, c) framework, d) stirrups inclined loops
When tangent stresses are transferred, a slide of interface surfaces occurs. In the reinforced interface there
appears the so called dilatancy effect which means that
horizontal dislocations cause vertical dislocations of the
interface surfaces.
In this way there occur stretching stresses in reinforcement and compressive stresses perpendicular to the
interface surface (Tur et al. 2001). In case of rough surface, the width of crack opening in interface can be calculated directly knowing the slide values (CEB-FIP 1998):
2
V = 0.6 ( L ) 3 ,
(5)
where:
V width of crack opening, in milimeters,
L value of sidle, in milimeters.
Fig 8. Shear transfer mechanism by means of bar pressure put upon concrete (Wilczyski 2005)
Longitudinal shear capacity determined by dependence (1) describes division of tangent forces on the part
transferred by adhesion, friction and stitching reinforcement. Analysis of the shear transfer mechanism of reinforcement shows that the reinforcement stretching force,
friction force of the composite concretes and pressure
force of bars put upon concrete occur in combination and
are interdependent (Wilczyski 2005). This kind of division described by standard formula is rather conventional.
It is reasonable to prepare theoretical model which should
include full description of the interface shear transfer
mechanism. It is especially significant for the part of
capacity resulting from the presence of the stitching reinforcement in cross-section. Optimum reinforcement ratio
should also be given. Calculation of the interface reinforcement according to Eurocode 2 might be insufficient
(Fig 4) because reinforcement influences the maximum
stresses value only in case of high reinforcement ratio.
Laboratory study confirms that in case of low reinforcement ratio significant capacity increase is not observed
(Halicka 2007).
Summary
Availability of models taking into account the real
behaviour of constructions suggests the possibility of
their implementation into standards. However, the comparative analysis of models (Halicka 2007) shows that
there exists quite a big dispersion of results both qualitative and quantitative. The presented analytical solutions
are based on the different parameter output and criteria of
achieving the ultimate limit state. Particularly, the different value of the concrete strength on the pressure near the
stitching reinforcement is assumed. The length of the
stitching rebar segment, where the stress resulting from
the opening of the interface appears, is assumed as well.
It can be observed nowadays that more multi parameter
models including many new factors are prepared. This
causes some difficulties to obtain a complete solution and
application of iteration methods. On the other hand there
exist other, more simplified methods such as those included in ACI 318-2 Standard. It was assumed there that
the only mechanism of shear transfer is shear friction,
and the artificially assumed higher values of friction coefficient take into account adhesion (Fig 6). Due to this
assumption this model is in compliance with laboratory
studies (Halicka 2007). Since laboratory results are quite
widely available, then both computer simulation and
finite element method can be applied to compare the presented methods. It can be a very helpful way to find a
solution which takes into account the construction behaviour and at the same time preserves some advantages of
analytical models.
References
Ackerman, G.; Burkhardt, M. 1992. Tragverhalten von Verbundfugen Fertigteilen und Oftbeton in den Grenzzustnden der Tragfhigkeit und Gebrauchstauglichkeit
[Load Bearing of Reinforced Composite Joints by Prefabricated Units and Concrete in Situ in the Ultimate and
Serviceability Limit States], Beton- und Stahlbetonbau
695
696