Lecture 3 - Pressure Distribution in Fluid

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 3: Pressure Distribution in Fluid
Lecture3
PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
IN FLUID

MEHB223

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ChapterSummary
FluidPressureataPoint;Absolute,Vacuumand
GaugePressure
PressureVariationwithElevation
PressureMeasuringDevices Barometer,Open
EndManometer,DifferentialManometer
y
HydrostaticParadox
HydrostaticForcesonSubmergedSurfaces
Planesurface,CurvedSurfaces
Buoyancy
StabilityofImmersedandFloatingBodies

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3.1Introduction
Fluids
Fluids,ingeneral,exertsbothnormalandshearing
in general exerts both normal and shearing
forcesonsurfacesincontact
Shearingforcesareproducedonlywithrelative
motion
Withoutrelativemotion~onlynormalforce=>
calledPressureForces
NoRelativeMotionMeans:
No Relative Motion Means :
Stationary
Movingwiththesameconstantvelocity
Movingwiththesamevaryingvelocity

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3.2FluidPressureAtAPoint
By balancing the forces in the
vertical and horizontal directions : ~
Px = Pz = Pn
=> Pressure at a point is the same in all directions

=> PASCALs Law
=> The conclusion is also applicable if there is relative motion

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3.3PressureTransmission
In a closed system, due to Pascals
L
Law,
th
the pressure change
h
produced
d d
at one point in the system will be
transmitted throughout the entire
system
Principle of the Hydraulic Lift
F1
F
= 2
A1 A 2

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Example3.1
A hydraulic jack has dimensions as shown. If one exerts a
f
force
or 100N on the
h handle
h dl off the
h jack,
k what
h load
l d F2, can
the jack support? Neglect lifter weight.

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3.4Absolute,VacuumandGagePressure
Pressure
Pressurenormallymeasured
normally measured
aspressuredifference
Thepressureaboveabsolute
vacuum:AbsolutePressure
RelativePressureabove
atmosphericPressure:Gage
Pressure
RelativePressurebelow
atmosphericPressure:
VacuumPressure

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3.5PressureVariationWithElevation
Balancing the force in s direction : -
dP
= g sin
dl
But sin = dz/dl, so : dP
= g
dz
For incompressible fluid, is constant : -
P + gz = Constant = Piezometric Pressure (Pascal)
P g + z = Constant
= Piezometric Head (meter)

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3.5PressureVariationWithElevation...
IfA >B whichdistributioniscorrect?
If B > A which distribution is correct ?

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Therefore,forincompressiblefluid,inanystaticfluid
thepiezometricheadisconstantthroughoutthefluid
h
h d
h
h
h fl d
Thusatanypointwithinthefluid:
P1 g + z1 = P2 g + z 2 = (P g + z )Datum
1
2
z1
z2
3
z3
datum

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Example:Pressureatapoint,hbelow
the surface of a stationary fluid :
thesurfaceofastationaryfluid:
Ph = Pa + gh
Example : Case Involving 2 fluids.

Determine the gage pressure at the
bottom of the tank
The equation has to be applied to each

fluid separately

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CompressibleFluid(e.g.atmosphericair)
dP
Pg
= g =
dz
RT
Troposphere :
T = To ( z zo )
T (z zo )
P = Po o
To
Function of Temperature
Stratosphere :
T = Tcons
P = Po e
( z zo ) g
RT

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3.6PressureMeasuringDevices
Barometer usetomeasureatmosphericpressure
Applying the equation from 1 to 2 : -
P1 + m gz1 = P2 + m gz 2
P1 = Patm ; z2-z1 = h ; P2 = Pvap << Patm : -
Patm = m gh

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3.6PressureMeasuringDevices...
Piezometer Consistsofsinglevertical
t b
tubeopenatthetopinsertedintoapipe
t th t i
t di t
i
underpressurewhichrisesinthetube
dependingonthepressure.Ifthetopof
thetubeisopentoatmospherethenit
readsgagepressureatthatlocationin
thepipe
Pgage = f gh

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OpenendUtubeManometer:
P4 = Patm + m gh f gl
If f << m : P4 = Patm + m gh

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Differentialmanometer:
P1 - P2 = ( m f )gh 2 f g (b a )
Static pressure
change from
A to B
Static pressure
change due to
the system
Static pressure change

due to difference in
elevation

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Example:Obtaintheexpressionforpressureoftheairin
thetank.

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Example:Thepistonshownweigh100N.Initsoriginalposition,the
pistonisrestrainedfrommovingtothebottomofthecylinderby
meanofametalstop.Assumingthereisneitherfrictionnoleakage
betweenthepistonandcylinder,whatvolumeofoil(S=0.85)would
havetobeaddedtothe1cmtubetocausethepistontorise1cm
fromitsinitialposition?
1cm
6 cm
4 cm
4 cm
4 cm

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10

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3.7HydrostaticParadox
Pressureexertedbyafluidisonlydependentontheverticalheadanditsdensity
Itisindependentoftheweightofthefluidpresent
paradox
The pressures are the same although the weight of the

liquids are obviously different

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3.8HydrostaticForceonSubmergedSurfaces
Importance
p
off Hydrostatic
y
Force Calculations
Examples : -
11

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3.8.1HydrostaticForceonPlaneSurfaces
Consider the magnitude of the
hydrostatic force on one side
of the plane
h
h
Area, A
dF=PdA
x
edge
view
Atmospheric pressure is
ignored since both sides are
open to atmosphere
centroid
elemental area
dA
normal
view
Fh = g h A = g y sin A
Hydrostatic Force = Pressure at the Centroid x Area

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3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

- The resultant hydrostatic force acts through the CENTRE OF PRESSURE (COP)
- The slanted distance of COP from the centroid, ycp, is determined by : -
y cp =
I xx
_
yA
- And xcp, is given by : -
Fh
Area, A
centroid
CP
ycp
x cp =
I xy
_
yA
- If the shape is symmetrical about y
axis xcp is zero
12

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- Centroid and Second Moment of Area, Ixx of regular shapes : -
This is given in
Appendix . No
Need to Remember

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Example 1 : Find the magnitude of the hydrostatic force and its line
of action from the hinge. Calculate the force F applied at the middle
of the gate required to hold the gate in its vertical position
w
gh
hinge
13

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Example 2 : Find the magnitude of the force, P required to just start
opening the 2m wide gate
gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.
gate

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Example 3 : Find the magnitude of the force
force, G required to just start
opening the gate. Neglect the weight of the gate.
h
hinge
14

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Example 4 : An elliptical gate covers the end of a pipe 4m in
diameter. If the gate is hinged at the top, what normal force, F is
required to open the gate when water is 8m deep above the top of the
pipe and the pipe is open to atmosphere on the other side? Neglect
the weight of the gate.

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

l
hv
dF=hdA
Cv
elemental area, dA
y
Area, A v
dFy
Vertical projection
dF
dFx
ds
15

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- Horizontal Component of the Force, Fx : _
Fx = g h V A V = P Centroid _ vert _ proj A vert _ proj

- Line of action of Fx : -
y cp _ v =
I xx _ v
_
hv Av
- Vertical Component of the Force, Fy : -
Fy = g above _ surface = Weight of Fluid Above Surface

- Line of action of Fy is through the centroid of the Fluid Above the
surface

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- The Resultant Hydrostatic Force, F is : -
F=
Fx + Fy
2
Centroid of
fluid above
surface
Cv
CP of vertical
projection
Fx
Fy
yCPv
Vertical projection
Note the Horizontal and Vertical Component of the Force Acts From Different Points
16

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- Water underneath the surface ?
Fy
Centroid of
imaginary fluid
above surface
Fy
- The force will be exactly of the same

magnitude but now acts in the opposite
direction.
CP off vertical
ti l
projection
- Need to use imaginary surface in order

to calculate vertical component
Fy = g imaginary _ above _ surface

F

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Example 1 : Surface AB is a circular arc with radius of 2m and a depth of a
m into the paper. The distance EB is 4m. The fluid above surface AB is water
and atmospheric pressure prevails on the free surface of water and on the
bottom side of surface AB. Find the magnitude and line of action of the
hydrostatic force acting on surface AB.
17

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Example 2 : Determine the hydrostatic force acting on this gate ?
B
D
B

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Example 3 : What force must be exerted through the bolts to hold the
dome in place? The metal dome and pipe weigh 6 kN.
kN The dome has
no bottom. Here = 80 cm.
18

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3.9 Bouyancy
- Definition : Vertical Force on a body immersed in a stationary fluid.
It arises because the pressure varies with depth.
depth
- Consider a body partly immersed in a fluid : Vol3
A
Vol2
Vol4
COG
Vol1
Mg
C
b
M = f g 1 = Fbouyancy
Mg
= Weight of displaced Vol
Archimedes Principle
- Act through the centroid of the displace volume => Centre of Bouyancy

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3.9 Bouyancy
Example 1 :A metal part (2) is hanged by a thin cord from a floating
wood
d block
bl k (1).
( ) The
h woodd block
bl k has
h a specific
f gravity off 0.3 andd
dimension 50 x 50 x 10 mm. The metal part has volume 6600 mm3.
Find the mass m2 of the metal part and the tension in the cord.
19

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3.9 Bouyancy
Example 2 : The partially submerged wood pole is attached to the
wall
ll by
b a hinge
h
as shown.
h
The
h pole
l is in equilibrium
lb
under
d the
h action
of weight and buoyant forces. Determine the density of the wood?

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3.9 Bouyancy
Hydrometry .. Hydrometer
is a device use to measure the
specific gravity of a liquid
Based on the buoyancy
principle
The depth of the hydrometer is
dependent on the specific
gravity of the liquid
20

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3.10 Stability of Immersed Body

- Stability depends on the relative position of Centre of Gravity (COG) and
Centre of Bouyancy (COB)
- If COB > COG = > Stable

- If COB < COG = > Unstable

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3.11 Stability of Floating Body

- The previous rule is not applicable to floating body because the
COB of displaced volume will change as the object is displaced : -
- Thus more involve d analysis is needed .
21

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End of Lecture 3
22

Lecture 3 - Pressure Distribution in Fluid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

=> Pressure at a point is the same in all directions

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

For incompressible fluid, is constant : -

P + gz = Constant = Piezometric Pressure (Pascal)

= Piezometric Head (meter)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

If B > A which distribution is correct ?

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Example : Case Involving 2 fluids.

The equation has to be applied to each

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Applying the equation from 1 to 2 : -

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Static pressure change

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

The pressures are the same although the weight of the

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Hydrostatic Force = Pressure at the Centroid x Area

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

- And xcp, is given by : -

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8.1 Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

Fx = g h V A V = P Centroid _ vert _ proj A vert _ proj

- Vertical Component of the Force, Fy : -

Fy = g above _ surface = Weight of Fluid Above Surface

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

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3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

- The force will be exactly of the same

- Need to use imaginary surface in order

Fy = g imaginary _ above _ surface

Department of Mechanical Engineering

3.8.2 Hydrostatic Force on Curve Surfaces

Department of Mechanical Engineering