Home Work-1

CAP211:COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND

ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

JITESHVER ANAND SURENDRA

MCA 3nd SEM

ROLL NO- D3804A15

REGD NO- 10806601

Question 1.Identify at least two application areas (discuss their roles also) for

(a) Encoder/Decoder

(b) Multiplexer/De multiplexers

(c) Flip flops

ANSWER:

(a) Application of encoder:

1. One of the application of encoder is to convert octal to binary.

2. Encoder is used in integrated circuits.

3. Encoder is opposite of decoder.

Application of decoder:

1) First application of decoder is it convert binary to octal.

2) Used in circuits.

3) Used in multiplexer.

(b) Application of Multiplexer:

I. It is used in communication system.

II. Multiplexer is used in parallel to series conversion and logic function generator.

Application of demultiplexer :

1. The demultiplexer enables the bidirectional 800 Mbit/s-High-speed-data-transmission

accordingly to the IEEE 1394-standard.

2. The demultiplexer contains a patent pending optical lenses system correctiving geometric
aberrations in a large spectral range.
 (c) Application of flip flop.

1) A flip-flop in combination with a Schmitt trigger can be used for the

implementation of an arbiter in asynchronous circuits.

2) One use is to build finite state machines from electronic logic. The flip-
flops remember the machine's previous state, and digital logic uses that
state to calculate the next state.

3) It stores smallest unit of memory.

Question 2.Discuss the basic logic behind counter i.e. how will you obtain 1000(8) from
0111(7)? How will you implement the same? How many flip flops will be complemented in a
10 bit binary counter to reach the next count after 1001100111?

ANSWER:

A register that goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the application of input
pulses is called a counter. The input pulses may be clock pulses or may originate from an external
source. They may occur at uniform interval of time or at random. Counter are found in almost all
equipment containing digital logic. They are used for counting the no. of occurrence of an event
and are useful for generating timing signals to control the sequence of operations in digital
computers.

Going through the sequence of binary no. such as 0000,0001,0010,0011 and so on, we note that
the lower-order bit is completed from one count to the next if and only if all its lower order bits are
equal to 1.for example binary count from 0111(7) to 1000(8) is obtained by

 Complimenting the lower order bit.

 Compliment the second-order bit because the first bit of 0111 is 1.
 Complimenting the third-order bit because the first two bits of 0111 are 1’s.
 Complimenting the forth-order bit because the first three bits of 0111 are 1’s.
Three flip-flop be complimented to reach the next count after 1001100111.

Question 3.What will happen if buffer gate in the clock input of the register is removed?
What is the role of clear and load signals in designing register with parallel load?

ANSWER:

BUFFER GATE:-

The buffer gate in the clock input reduces the power requirement from the clock generator .less
power is required when the clock is connected to only one input gate instead of power
consumption that four inputs would have required if the buffer will not used.

LOAD SIGNAL:-
The load input in the register determines the action to be taken with each clock pulse. When load
input is 1,the data in the four inputs are transferred into the register with the next positive
transition of a clock pulse. When the load input is 0, the data inputs are inhibited and the D inputs
of the flip-flop are connected to their outputs.

CLEAR SIGNAL:-

The clear signal goes to the special terminal in each flip-flop. When the input goes to 0, all flip-
flops are reset asynchronously. The clear input is useful for clearing the register to all zeros prior
to its clocked operation. The clear input must be maintained at logic 1 during normal clocked
operation. The clock signal enables the D input but that the clear input is independent of the clock.

Question 4.The content of a four bit register is initially 1101. The register is shifted six times
to the right with the serial input being 101101.what is the content of the register after each
shift?

ANSWER:

The content of a 4-bit counter is initially 1101.

Serial input = 101101

We use the last 4 bits (1101)

After 1st shift 1110

After 2nd shift 0111

After 3rd shift 1011

After 4th shift 1101

After 5th shift 0110

After 6th shift 1011

Question 5.Draw the block diagram to implement following register transfer statement

yT2:R2 R1, R1 R2

ANSWER:
 This simultaneous operation is possible with registers that have edge-triggered flip-flops. The
registers are connected to each other and the signal from the AND-gate serves as LD (load)
signal.

Question 6.A digital computer has a common bus system for 16 registers of 32 bit each. The
bus is constructed with multiplexers.

(a) How many selection inputs are there in each multiplexer?

(b) What sizes of multiplexers are needed?

(c) How many multiplexers are there in the bus?

ANSWER:

a) 16 registers = 24 => 4 selection inputs

b) 16 registers => 16 x 1 line multiplexers

c) 32 bits / register => 32 multiplexers