ENCI425 Steel Structures

ENCI 425 STEEL STRUCTURES

University of Canterbury

Low-Rise Frame Design

ENCI425:

member design
second order analysis
plastic analysis
construction details

Beams

STEEL STRUCTURES
T4_L1 Composite Beams 1
Gregory MacRae

COMPOSITE BEAMS

- torsion
- composite action
- fatigue
- floor vibrations
- plate girders

Seismic Frames
+ external speakers

COMPOSITE BEAMS

Common Types of Composite Construction:

1.1 INTRODUCTION
SRC Steel Reinforced Concrete
columns are steel columns surrounded
by reinforced concrete.
Columns are generally:

(a) Slab on beam

(c) Reinforced Concrete Steel (RCS)

(b) Concrete-Filled Tube (CFT)

(d) Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC)

COMPOSITE BEAMS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
RCS Reinforced Concrete Steel columns
are reinforced concrete columns through
which hot-formed beams pass.

- square (or circular)

- less susceptible to buckling that the steel
sections alone
- have some protection against corrosion
- increased stiffness/strength
- increased fire rating

These are addressed in NZS 3404 Ch 13. We will

COMPOSITE
BEAMS
consider gravity loading only in this class.
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Composite beams are generally made from steel

I-shapes which support a concrete slab, or a
concrete deck floor system. Because the
concrete is there, it may be used to increase the
strength of the beam.

CFT Concrete Filled Tubular columns have

- high construction speed (no formwork)
- high stiffness/strength/ductility

These are addressed in NZS 3404 Ch 13. We will

consider gravity loading only in this class.

COMPOSITE BEAMS

COMPOSITE BEAMS

Welded mesh reinforcement for crack

control, transverse load distribution and
fire resistance

Concrete cast in situ

Conventional composite construction

Headed stud connectors for shear

connection to the composite beam and,
when required, end anchorage to the slab
(from Hicks, HERA)

COMPOSITE BEAMS

(from Hicks, HERA)

COMPOSITE BEAMS

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Typical composite beams:
Reinforced Concrete
Shear studs

Steel Decking
Air

Concrete
Re-entrant profiled steel
sheet

Shear studs
I beam

I beam

Reinforced concrete
slab on beam

Concrete slab steel

decking on beam

Open trough profiled steel

sheet

Types of profiled steel sheeting defined in EN 1994-1-1

COMPOSITE BEAMS

COMPOSITE BEAMS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 COMPOSITE ACTION

(from Hicks)

Advantages of composite beams

- erection

higher flexural strength

higher flexural stiffness

(3-4.5 times)

(1.5-2.5 times)

- economy

- Safety - sheeting acts as working platform

- Fast formwork
- unpropped
- Flexibility for irregular structures
- Sheeting stabilizes beams
- Sheeting can provide all main reinforcement
- Increased span length (span:depth 25)
- Shallower steel beams (easy
accommodation of building services)
- total weight savings of 20-30% typically
- steel weight savings of 30-50% typically
- ease of modification

Two identical rectangular beams

sitting on top of each other

Each beam has depth d

and breadth b, strength fy
Displaced shape:

L
Non-Composite

Composite

Second moment of area, I:

INC = 2 x (bd3)/12

IC

= (b(2d)3)/12 = 4INC

Displacement, d:

dNC = PL3
48EINC

dC

Strength, My:

My,NC = 2 x (bd2)/6.fy

My,C = b(2d)2/6.fy = 2My,NC

dNC
4

(based on Hicks, HERA)

COMPOSITE BEAMS

COMPOSITE BEAMS

1.2 COMPOSITE ACTION - ELASTIC

1.2 COMPOSITE ACTION - ELASTIC

Where are the best locations for shear studs?

For infinitely stiff shear connectors, what strength must they have?

The maximum slip occurs at the beam ends, so this is the best place to make
connection.
To make a beam fully composite, shear connectors should have sufficient
strength and stiffness to ensure that there is no slip between the beams.

COMPOSITE BEAMS
1.2
COMPOSITE ACTION
ELASTIC Shear Review
5. FLEXURAL
MEMBERS
P

dx

Normal stress, f, is:

f = My/I

Shear stress, v, is:

v = VQ/Ib

Shear flow, q, is:

q = VQ/I

L
SFD

BMD

COMPOSITE BEAMS
1.2
COMPOSITE ACTION
ELASTIC Shear Review
5. FLEXURAL
MEMBERS
x

Rectangular Section

dx

At the centre of the section, y = 0

dx

ds = dM.y
I

dy
d

Slice along length

Cross-Section

tbdx =

M(x)+ dM

M(x)

ds = dM.y
I

dx

M(x)

Cross-Section

Net Stresses

/2
sdA

ds = dM.y
I

dy
M(x)+ dM

Slice along length

ds = dM.y
I

y y

Net Stresses

At the centre of the section:

COMPOSITE BEAMS
1.2
COMPOSITE ACTION
ELASTIC Shear Review
5. FLEXURAL
MEMBERS
dx

dx

ds = dM.y
I

dy
d
Cross-Section

M(x)

M(x)+ dM

Slice along length

yy

ds = dM.y
I

Net Stresses

The shear force per unit length of beam (or shear flow), q, is:
q = tb = VQ/(Ib) * b = VQ/I
If the studs are stiff enough to provide no slip, then the required strength per stud, Vss,
is equal to the shear flow at the stud, q, multiplied by the spacing between studs, s.
That is:
fVss > q.s
In reality, shear studs are not stiff and their strength is obtained at significant
deformations. Plastic, rather than elastic, analysis is used to find the ultimate strength.