Professional Documents
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Design Report
Project Team: Dec06-01
Client
Iowa State University-Senior Design
Faculty Advisor
Dr. John W. Lamont
Prof. Ralph E. Patterson III
Team Members
Grant Blythe
Luke Erichsen
Tony Hunziker
Jacob Sloat
Disclaimer Notice:
This document was developed as a part of the requirements of an electrical and computer
engineering course at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. This document does not
constitute a professional engineering design or a professional land surveying document.
Although the information is intended to be accurate, the associated students, faculty, and
Iowa State University make no claims, promises, or guarantees about the accuracy,
completeness, quality, or adequacy of the information. The user of this document shall
ensure that any such use does not violate any laws with regard to professional licensing
and certification requirements. This use includes any work resulting from this studentprepared document that is required to be under the responsible charge of a licensed
engineer or surveyor. This document is copyrighted by the students who produced this
document and the associated faculty advisors. No part may be reproduced without the
written permission of the senior design course coordinator.
Date Submitted
May 3, 2006
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Definitions
Executive Summary
1. Introduction Materials
1.1 Problem Statement
1.2.1 General Problem Statement
1.2.2 General Solution Approach
1.2 Operating Environment
1.3 Intended User(s) and Intended Use(s)
1.3.1 Intended User(s)
1.3.2 Intended Use(s)
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.4.1 List of Assumptions
1.4.2 List of Limitations
1.5 Expected End-Product and Other Deliverables
ii
iii
iv
1
3
3
3
3
4
4
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4
5
5
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6
7
7
7
8
10
11
12
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13
14
20
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24
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28
4.1 Client
4.2 Faculty Advisors
4.3 Team Members
28
28
29
5. Closing Summary
6. References
30
31
List of Figures
Figure 1: Block diagram of device systems.......................................................................13
Figure 2: PIC16F873A Microcontroller............................................................................16
Figure 3: Rohm BH1415F.................................................................................................17
Figure 4: Data Packet Diagram..........................................................................................18
Figure 5: Transmission Frequency Encoding....................................................................19
Figure 6: BH1415F Package and Dimensions...................................................................19
Figure 7: VIM-404-DP-FC-S-HV.....................................................................................20
Figure 8: Overall circuit schematic....................................................................................21
Figure 9: Gantt chart of expected project flow and time span...........................................26
Figure 10: Revised Gantt chart of expected project flow and time span...........................27
Figure 11: Gantt chart of schedule of deliverables............................................................27
List of Tables
Table 1: Original personal effort time table.......................................................................22
Table 2: Revised personal effort time table.......................................................................22
Table 3: Original other costs..............................................................................................24
Table 4: Revised other costs..............................................................................................24
Table 5: Original product cost analysis..............................................................................25
Table 6: Revised project cost analysis...............................................................................25
List of Definitions
FCC: Federal Communications Commission
Gantt chart: a schedule showing the specific tasks of a project, start dates, and completion
dates.
LCD: liquid crystal display
MP3 player: digital music player, (i.e. ipod)
Satellite radio: subscription radio signal sent via satellite, (i.e. XM radio, Sirius radio)
Transmission frequency: The frequency at which the device is transmitting the FM
modulated signal to the FM radio.
Wall wart: AC power transformer designed to plug into a standard wall outlet
Executive Summary
The FM transmitter project solves a problem facing many consumers with linking their
personal music device to car audio systems. With no inputs readily available on most car
stereos, this project uses FM transmission to solve the problem. The audio signal that is
generated by personal music devices is accepted by a device, manipulated into an FM
signal, and transmitted to the FM tuner in their car. This device offers flexibility by
accepting a range of personal music devices and transmitting to a wide range of car stereo
systems.
The project adheres to a wide collection of requirements. The transmission frequency
will be chosen by the user between 88MHz and 108 MHz, in compliance with the FCC
regulations. The transmission range is a minimum of 12 feet. To operate in a car the
device must to accept power from a car cigarette lighter. The on/off operation is to be
dictated by the input signal. With the presence of an input signal the device would turn
on. The absence would turn it off after a short period of time. The controls of the device
need to include a set of 4 preset stations to transmit at, much like the preset stations of a
radio. The current transmission frequency will be displayed on an LCD screen, for the
user to be able to tune the station in on their car radio.
There are inherent requirements for this device as a result of its intended use. It must to
be small and rugged. The environment that this device is will work in includes extreme
temperatures, constant movement, and small space. The power consumption of the
device must be low in order to prevent drain on the power source, the car battery.
After considering numerous technologies, the team settled on a set of solutions that will
satisfy or exceed all requirements while still remaining inexpensive enough to remain
under budget and be completed in the given time frame.
The completed device design can be separated into three different sections; inputs,
processing, and outputs. The inputs to the device include frequency tuner, preset buttons,
power, and the source signal input. These are the only inputs to the device. The
processing category includes a transmission component that would include amplification
and modulation. It also includes a microcontroller circuit. This circuit manipulates the
transmission component and the LCD output based on the device inputs. An example of
the microcontrollers function is to determine whether an input exists and turn on the
surrounding components. The outputs of the device include a LCD display and an
antenna. The LCD is used to display the transmission frequency and be controlled by the
microcontroller. The antenna would simply be transmitting the actual signal from the
transmission component.
The transmission component has been found in a single IC from ROHM. This unit
includes the modulation circuit and amplification circuit in stereo. The information
signal and the carrier signal are kept in-line with a phase locked loop. This IC allows for
a variable frequency transmission with a mute feature that effectively turns the
transmission off. These features are controlled by the microcontroller. The fact that this
component is solid state allows it to function within the environment above. This IC
needs a clock signal so a 555 timer IC will be added to perform this function.
The microcontroller circuit will also be supplied in a single IC. This IC will be a PIC
processor from Microchip. This IC also uses the clock signal from a 555 timer. It
includes analog devices that would aid in implementing some evaluation functionality. It
also contains flash memory and EPROM programmable circuitry. These will be used to
implement most of the control of the other components including the LCD, transmission
circuit, and input data. The IC comes equipped with 28 pins that make a perfect
candidate to control an LCD screen.
At this time the team has been able to complete all design tasks successfully. The project
is on time and consistent with labor estimates. The team anticipates that the remainder of
the project can be completed meeting all requirements within the time frame and budget
specified. For these reasons the team recommends the project be continued.
The FM transmitter project creates a marketable solution to a problem facing many
portable audio consumers. Using available technology the team has designed a device to
link a portable music device to an FM radio. This device design meets or exceeds all
project requirements while meeting the desired product price point. The project is
currently on time and under budget. The FM transmitter project has been successful to
date and will continue to be so through to completion.
1. Introduction Materials
This section will introduce the project, including the abstract, acknowledgements,
problem statement and solution, operating environment, intended users and uses,
limitations and assumptions, expected end-product and other deliverables.
The device shall receive an input signal and broadcast it on the FM band.
The device will receive a stereo audio signal through a wired
connection. The device will transmit the signal using the standard
FM radio band.
The device shall receive its signal input from the output jack of an MP3
player or the output jack of a satellite radio.
The device will have one stereo input jack. This will accept
signals of various amplitudes. Varying outputs from the MP3 or
satellite radio will be connected using an adapter cable.
The device shall receive its power input from a cigarette lighter/power
socket in an automobile or a standard wall outlet.
An adapter will be provided for each of these two sources. Both
adapters will provide a common output to the device. The device
will have one power input jack that will be capable of connecting
to either adapter.
Note: These are the current design specifications of this project. Changes may
occur later during the design and implementation process. Functional applications
may also be added to improve the quality and market appeal of the product.
The figure above is a block diagram displaying the top level systems to be
implemented in the device. The diagram has been split up into three different
stages: inputs, processing, and outputs. Below each stage is elaborated on
2.2.1 Inputs
The inputs to the device are on the left section of the diagram. The three inputs
specified in the diagram are preset inputs, power supply, and audio input signal.
2.2.2 Processing
The processing consists of the microcontroller, modulator, and amplifier. The bulk
of the functions of the device are performed by these three systems. The following
is a detailed design of the three systems.
2.2.2.1 Microcontroller
The microcontroller will be the control center for the device. It will take in the
manual and preset inputs and tune the device to a transmission frequency
depending on which buttons are pushed. It will also allow the device to store
transmission frequencies into the preset buttons. The microcontroller will also
implement the auto turn on/turn off function with respect to the input signal. The
LCD display will also be controlled by the microcontroller. This can be taken
care of by personal designs or can be used by programmed microcontrollers.
Both accomplish the task at hand. The personal designs would be more labor
intensive. The microcontroller would be more expensive.
Frequency tuning is taken care of in the modulation and amplification chip. The
control of this is handled by the microcontroller.
The auto/on off implementation is another feature controlled by the
microcontroller. The microcontroller will be in a continuous loop awaiting the
input in order to control the peripherals. The input is sampled through one of the
input pins of the microcontroller. This is only used to detect the input, no data is
sampled and once there is an absence of an input the power off count down
begins. This count down is a period to wait for signal before actually powering
down. This prevents premature power down.
The microcontroller will control the LCD display as well. When a frequency
change occurs, the microcontroller will send the appropriate control signals to the
LCD display. Each of the 4 digits displayed will be controlled individually, and
will only need to be refreshed when the frequency is change. The display is
always backlit. The microcontroller is connected to the inputs of the display.
The team considered several different approaches toward solving the logic
problem. After comparing the project needs with the available technologies, the
team decided to implement the logic controller with a PIC processor. The PIC
processor chosen was the PIC16F873A processor. It contains a 28 pin IO
interface and the memory and processing power needed for the teams application.
PIC processors will give us the necessary computing power to control all
components of the device including the LCD. At the same time PIC processors
are inexpensive and will fall within the project budget. PIC processors also
possess the non-volatile memory necessary to store the preset stations.
The BH1415F operates on a 4.0 to 6.0 V DC source. This is consistent with other
components in the device and the 5 V DC supplied from the power adapters. The
IC will also meet the device environmental requirements. The operation
temperature range is -40 to 80 degrees Celsius.
This IC accepts a stereo audio input through two pins, a L-ch input and a R-ch
input. The audio input frequency band ranges from 20 Hz to 15 kHz. The signal
can then be adjusted through a pre-emphasis circuit, a limiter circuit, and a low
pass filter. At this time the team has not determined whether these portions of the
IC will be used. The signal is then modulated on a frequency from 76 to 108
MHz. The carrier frequency can be set at any level within that range at 100 kHz
intervals. Because FM radio in North America is only broadcast on odd ending
frequencies, the device will be stepping the IC on 200 kHz intervals.
The signal is then transmitted with a maximum of 450 mW power dissipation.
This will be adjusted and limited to comply with FCC regulations.
The IC transmission settings are controlled via a serial data connection with the
microcontroller. The serial connection is implemented through three pins on the
BH1415F, CE (Chip Enable), CK (Clock), and DA (Data). The IC is refreshed
through a binary data packet.
Figure 4: Data Packet Diagram
The data packet consists of 16 bits transmitted from the microcontroller to the
BH1415F. No transmission frequency is specified for the data stream, however,
the frequency may not exceed .66 MHz. The transmission frequency is set using
the first 10 bits of the packet. The frequency is first divided by 10^5. This is then
encoded as a hex value and then transmitted in binary. For example, in the case of
99.7 MHz, the frequency divided by 10^5 is 997 which is 3E5 in hexadecimal.
The binary stream uses D0 as the LSB and D10 as the most significant bit.
Figure 5: Transmission Frequency Encoding
The remaining bits of the data packet will not be used in the implementation.
This includes control of stereo/mono operation, phase detection manipulation, and
test settings.
The BH1515f is available in a SOP22 package that will be easy to mount without
a complex manufacturing process.
Figure 6: BH1415F Package and Dimensions
2.2.3 Outputs
There are two outputs from the device. An LCD screen will display the frequency
that the device is currently transmitting at. The other output is the FM audio output
transmitted by the antenna. These two outputs are described in the following
sections.
2.2.3.2 Antenna
The output to the antenna is broadcasted to the car radio. This is the primary
output of the signal.
The device will use a small wire antenna that will remain inside the device case.
Because the case is plastic and the transmission range is small, there should not be
a need for an external antenna.
Personal Name
Grant Blythe
8
17
Totals
180
Luke Erichsen
18
75
14
23
15
15
174
Tony Hunziker
20
78
13
18
16
14
175
Jacob Sloat
19
82
15
21
17
16
185
Totals
29
73
313
58
82
66
31
62
714
Personal Name
1
Grant Blythe
10
10
16
20
18
17
Revised
Totals
107
Luke Erichsen
24
10.5
14
23
15
15
116.5
Tony Hunziker
26.5
8.5
9.5
13
18
16
14
113.5
19
7.5
15
21
17
16
110.5
76.5
34.5
37.5
58
82
66
31
62
447.5
Jacob Sloat
Revised Totals
The project plan was a larger commitment than expected. It accumulated almost
two times the amount of hours expected. This is reflected later on in the Gantt
chart. Task 2, technical considerations did not take as long as expected. This is
because within our project definition the team identified the most viable technical
opportunities. The third task was significantly less due to two aspects. Most
technical aspects concerning the final design are actually taken care of in the
surrounding tasks. The team also believes that this step is ongoing and has not been
completed. The tables are as follows:
Item
Cost (estimation)
Paper Printing
Photocopy
$11.00
$5.00
Miscellaneous
$6.00
Total
$22.00
Item
Cost
Printing of project
plan
Printing of design
report
Project Poster
$4.00
$25.00
Miscellaneous
$6.00
Total
$15.00
$5.00
Item
Part & Material
1. modulator
2. amplifier
3. antenna
4. liquid crystal display
5. microcontroller
6. case
8. DC adapter
Subtotal
Other costs (from Table 3)
W/O labor
With Labor
$ 2.74
$ 2.29
$ 2.17
$ 1.50
$ 12.95
$ 3.75
$ 5.65
$ 2.74
$ 2.29
$ 2.17
$ 1.50
$ 12.95
$ 3.75
$ 5.65
$31.05
$ 22.00
$31.05
$ 22.00
Labor at $ 10.00/hr
Grant Blythe
Luke Erichsen
Tony Hunziker
Jacob Sloat
$ 1800.00
$ 1740.00
$ 1750.00
$ 1850.00
Subtotal
$ 53.05
$ 7140.00
$ 53.05
$ 7171.05
Item
Part & Material
1. amplifier/modulator
2. clock
3. antenna
4. liquid crystal display
5. microcontroller
6. case
8. DC adapter
Subtotal
Other costs (from Table 4)
W/O labor
With Labor
$ 3.76
$ 0.75
$0.25
$ 4.50
$ 7.50
$ 8.00
$ 3.75
$ 3.76
$ 0.75
$ 0.25
$ 4.50
$ 7.50
$ 8.00
$ 3.75
$28.51
$ 15.00
$28.51
$ 15.00
Labor at $ 10.00/hr
Grant Blythe
Luke Erichsen
Tony Hunziker
Jacob Sloat
$ 1070.00
$ 1165.00
$ 1135.00
$ 1105.00
Subtotal
$ 43.51
$ 4475.00
$ 43.51
$ 4518.51
Figure 10: Revised Gantt chart of expected project flow and time span
The project schedule was updated to show the current status of the project. Completed
tasks, and their time span are noted. Actual work for some planning aspects exceeded
that initial time scheduled, however the project is still on schedule. Task estimates for
future task were changed accordingly.
Figure 11: Gantt chart of schedule of deliverables
Figure 4 has not changed from the original chart in the project plan. The deliverables
are mandated through the senior design class schedule.
4.1 Client
Iowa State University
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Senior Design
Address: 2215 Coover Hall, Ames, IA 50011
Website: www.ece.iastate.edu
5. Closing Summary
In summary, the designed FM transmitter will be able to take in an audio input from a
standard headphone audio output and transmit it to an FM receiver. The transmitter will
be able to transmit from 88MHz to 108MHz, and will have 4 preset frequencies. The
device will be powered from either a 12V dc automobile cigarette lighter, or through an
adapter connected to a 60Hz 120VAC standard outlet. Output will be displayed on a
backlit LCD screen.
The design implements all requirements and takes into consideration limitations imposed
by internal and external forces. Some of these forces include, client needs, government
regulations, and size constraints. After researching possible technologies, the design has
been implemented in a simple, yet thorough manner using proven components. The
designed solution will meet or exceed all specifications.
The end-product is expected to not only perform the required functions, but prove to be a
competitive model in the commercial market of FM transmitters. This design will be
capable of meeting the goal of having a product that will stand out in the marketplace.
This design should also allow for the project to be completed on time and at or under
budget. All current indications are that this project will be successful.
6. References
1. Microelectronic Circuits, fourth edition. By Sedra and Smith. Oxford
university press, 1997.
2. Field and Wave Electromagnetics, 2nd. Edition. By David K. Cheng.
Prentice Hall, 1989
3. Fundamental of Digital Logic with Verilog design. By Stephen Brown,
Zvonko Vranesic. McGraw-Hill, 2002
4. Engineering Circuit Analysis, 6th. Edition. By William H. Hayt, Jack
Kemmerly, Steven M. Durbin. McGraw-Hill, 2002
5. EE/CprE 491 Senior Design Course Notes. By John Lamont.
6. EE/CprE 491 Senior Design Coursepack Supplement. By John Lamont.
7. Fundamentals of Engineering Economics. Chan S. Park. Prentice Hall,
2003