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PRE-SPANISH PERIOD

Filipinos had its own alphabet

wrote on fragile materials (bamboo, leaves of palms)

with existence of schools called BOTHOAN (in Panay)


o
teachers were priests, priestesses, judges
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materials documents, manuscripts, book of ritual and magic,
genealogies, calendars, impt. Laws and records of notable events

Literary forms: sayings, lyrics, legends, epics, proverbs, riddles, ritualistic


utterances (on simple life experiences)
o
Sample epics:

Hinilawod (Panay)

Hudhud and Alim (Ifugao)

Darangen (Maranaw)

Characteristics of literary works:


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Immaturity
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lack of sophistication and modes of expression
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lacked naturalness and simplicity
SPANISH PERIOD

Characteristics:
o
shift from nature and natural phenomena to preoccupation with the
lives of saints, miracles, hymns, and invocations founded on
Christian doctrine
o
Reading fare come from pamphlets, novenas, and
prayer books
that are religious in nature
o
Marked by literary imitation
o
Fanciful but lacked imagination
o
Plots were repetitious
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Themes are trite
o
Characters were mere clichs

Forms:
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continuation of duplo and karagatan
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Metrical romance (awit and corrido)
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Pasion
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Cenaculo
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Moro-moro
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Carillo (shadow play)
o
Tibag
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Zarzuela
PROPAGANDA AND THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

occurrence of nationalist literature

works were satirical and critical in nature

Diariong Tagalog (1882), Spanish-Tagalog newspaper signaled the open


campaign for reforms

La Solidaridad (mouthpiece of reform movement)

Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

Propaganda writings turned to revolutionary writings of the rebel patriots

Kalayaan(Liberty), newspaper of the society

Apolinario Mabinis True Decalogue

Jose Palmas Filipinas (now by Julian Cruz Balmaceda and Ildefonso Santos)

THE EARLY PERIOD (1900-1930)

August 13, 1898 American forces occupied Manila

April 1900 Pres. William McKinley directed the Phil Commission to make
English the medium of instruction in all public schools

US Army first teachers

1901 600 Thomasites replaced the first teachers


o
- Phil. Normal School was founded

Aim: To train the Filipinos in the art of teaching so


that they could eventually take charge of elementary
education

1899 English newspapers published


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The Courier
o
The Insular Press
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The Manila Freedom

1900 The Daily Bulletin was founded

1902 Cablenews started

1905 The Phil Free Press was founded


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edited by F. Theodore Rogers
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started as a bilingual in English and Spanish
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published the first Filipino short stories in English in 1908

1908 UP was founded (became the forerunner in the use of English for
higher education)

Oct 1910 College Folio was founded


o
printed works of promising writers
o
early selections on ghost stories and folk tales
o
taught a moral message

Topics for compositions: folk tales and experiences

Style of writing:
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formal and imitative
o
use of Spanish expressions
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awkward grammar
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difficulty in the use of pronouns and prepositions

1913 The Torch of PNS was published

1920 Phils Herald began its publication


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founded by Manuel L. Quezon
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magazine section edited by Paz Marquez Benitez

PMB makes familiar names such as Paz Latorena, Loreta


Paras, Jose Garcia Villa, Casiano T. Calalang

1924 AVH Hartendorp became the editor of Phil Education Magazine


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renamed to Phil Magazine four years after
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became the most influential literary magazine in the country
o
published some of the best Filipino writing in English

1925 FreePress began paying for theoriginal manuscripts and offered


P1,000 for the best short stories

Other Publications: Manila Tribune, Graphic, Womans Outlook, Womans


Home Journal, Philippine Collegian

1925 Phil Writers Assn was organized with Rizal G. Adorable as President

Early members include Paz Latorena, Loreto Paras, Jose Garcia Villa,
Jose Panganiban, Remedios Mijares, Casiano Calalang, Arturo B.
Rotor, and Augusto Catanjal
1927 Writers Club founded at UP; published Literary Apprentice
o

DRAMA and NOVEL hardly written because the vernacular plays and
zarzuela still dominated the stage
o
A Child of Sorrow by Zoilo M. Galang first Filipino novel in English
published in 1921 (Other works include Visions of Sower, 1924 and
Nadia,1929.)
o
Ernest Lopez, another novelist; published Awakening in 1929

ESSAYS- popular form of expression


o
light and humorous
o
serious subjects include education, history, politics, and social
problems

1921 Zoilo M. Galang published Life and Success

the first volume of essays in English

1924 Thinking for Ourselves appeared

edited by Vicente M. Hilario and Eliseo Quirino

Master of Destiny by Zoilo M. Galang


o
Essayists:

Francisco Benitez, Jorge Bocobo, Amador T. Daguio,


Leandro Fernandez, Zoilo M. Galang, Fernando Ma.
Guerrero, Fernando Maramag, Camilo Osias, Claro M.
Recto, Carlos P. Romulo, and Eulogio B. Rodriguez
SHORT
o
o
o

STORIES
1910-1924 Period of the Novices
1925-1931 Period of Phenomenal Growth
Characteristics

tales were romantic

adventures, themes, and plots imitated

with difficulties in grammar

with tendency toward sentimentalism


WORKS PRAISED FOR HIGH LITERARY QUALITY

Jorge Bocobos Horrible Adventure (Phil Review, May


1916)

Paz Marquez Benitezs The Siren of 34 Real (Phil


Review, July 1917)

September 20, 1925 Phil Herald published Dead Stars


one of the best short stories written by a Filipino

1925 Zoilo M. Galang published the first collection of


short stories in book form, Box of Ashes and Other Stories

1926 Jose Garcia Villa encouraged yearly selection of


best short stories

1927 first anthology of Filipino short stories was edited


by Paz Marquez Benitez, Filipino Love Stories

Early short story writers: Paz Marquez Benitez, Jorge Bocobo,


Amador T. Daguio, Paz Latorena, Tarcila Malabanan, Jose Villa
Panganiban, Arturo B. Rotor, Loreto Paras Sulit, Jose Garcia Villa

POEMS
o
Sursum Corda

first known Filipino poem in English

written by Justo Juliano

appeared in Philippine Free Press in 1907


o
Poems borrowed images and similes from English or American poets
o
Reminiscences

first collection of poems in book form

written by Lorenzo Paredes


o
Never Mind

collection of Filipino poetry in English published in 1922

by Procopio Solidum
o
Filipino Poetry

anthology of Filipino poems published in 1924

by Procopio Solidum
o

1928 best short stories were compiled by Jose Garcia


Villa in Philippine Short Stories:The Best 25 Stories of 1928
1930 original and significant stories written

Zita by Arturo B. Rotor considered one of


the finest love stories in Filipino literature

Other poets: Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Luis Dato, Angela Manalang


Gloria, Alfredo Elfren Litiatco, Fernando M. Maramag, Natividad
Marquez, Juan F. Salazar, Abelardo Subido, Trinidad Tarrosa Subido,
Jose Garcia Villa

THE EMERGENCE PERIOD (1935-1945)

a time of self-discovery and of rapid growth

golden age of Phil Lit in English

Qualities:
o
Consciously set out to create national literature
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Gained full control of the English language
o
Experimentation with different literary forms, techniques, and
moods
o
Three groups of writers emerged

concerned with social consciousness

concerned with craftsmanship

concerned with local color

Causes of the flowering of creative energy


o
Philippine Book Guild (1937)
o
Philippine Writers Guild (1939)

o
o

Free press, the Graphic, Philippine Magazine


Commonwealth Literary Awards (1940)

Works given recognition:


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Lit and Society by S.P. Lopez (essay)
o
How Wife by M.E. Arguilla
(short story)
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Like the Molave by R. Z. da Costa (poetry)
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His Native Soil by Juan Cabreros Laya (novel)

1941-1945 Japanese occupation


o
lit devt interrupted

Noted writers:
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Nick Joquin
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F. Sionil Jose
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N.V.M. Gonzales
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J.G. Villa
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G. Brillantes
o
Gilda Cordero-Fernando
o
Edith Tiempo
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Kerima Polotan-Tuvera

Poetry symbolist
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Displayed considerable consciousness
o
Poets: E. Tiempo

V. Moreno

C. Angeles

C. Bautista

O. Dimalanta

R. Demetillo

B. Lumbera

Essays
o

From romantic idealism to romantic realism


o
(Arguilla, Gonzales, Joaquin, B Santos, C.V. Pedroche, E Alfon)
Poetry meager (JG Villa made a name)
o
Western poets served as models
1935
o
o
o

Novel
o
o

gave authors sense of responsibility;


essays flourished
Movies took over the zarzuela
Emergence of dramatists (Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero and Severino
Montano

Juan C. Layas His Native Soil


N.V. M. Gonzalezs Winds of April

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1945-Present)

Mushrooming of periodicals

College papers appeared

Creation of Barangay writers Project (1946)

NTC offered a 3-unit course in the Phil Contemporary Lit in English

Continuous recognition of good literary outputs

Palanca Memorial Award was created

National writers Conference held (PPEN)

Republic Cultural Heritage Award and Pro patria Awards created

Qualities of lit
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sensitive to literary fashions abroad
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more incentives offered to creative works
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writers have better knowledge of their craft
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guerilla and liberation stories begin to appear
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saw the appearance of literary criticism

offshoot of new political freedom

Filipino playwriting least developed


o
Playwrights: Virginia R Moreno

Alberto S Florentino

Wilfrido Nolledo

Novels
o

reflect social and political realities

Other forms
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Hyperpoetry/hypertextual poems
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Blogs/web log
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Text tula
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Flash fiction
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Oral history research
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E-book
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Pop music
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Science fiction
o
Speculative fiction
o
Graphic novels
o
urban legends

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