Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Subdivision of the textile industry into its various components can be approached from
several angles. According to reference, the classical method of categorizing the industry
involves grouping the manufacturing plants according to the fibre being processed, that is,
cotton, wool, or synthetics. The modern approach to textile industry categorization, however,
involves grouping the manufacturing plants according to their particular operation such as
crocheting and pressing the fibers, spinning, weaving, knitting, knotting, apparel making, etc.
New innovations in clothing production, manufacture and design came during the Industrial
Revolution - these new wheels, looms, and spinning processes changed clothing manufacture
forever.
The rag trade, as it is referred to in the UK and Australia is the manufacture, trade and
distribution of textiles.
There were various stages - from a historical perspective - where the textile industry evolved
from being a domestic small-scale industry, to the status of supremacy it currently holds. The
cottage stage was the first stage in its history where textiles were produced on a domestic
basis.
During this period cloth was made from materials including wool, flax and cotton. The
material depended on the area where the cloth was being produced, and the time they were
being made.
In the later half of the medieval period in the northern parts of Europe, cotton came to be
regarded as an imported fiber. During the later phases of the 16th century cotton was grown
in the warmer climes of America and Asia. When the Romans ruled, wool, leather and linen
were the materials used for making clothing in Europe, while flax was the primary material
used in the northern parts of Europe.
During this era, excess cloth was bought by the merchants who visited various areas to
procure these left-over pieces. A variety of processes and innovations were implemented for
the purpose of making clothing during this time. These processes were dependent on the
material being used, but there were three basic steps commonly employed in making
clothing. These steps included preparing material fibers for the purpose of spinning, knitting
and weaving.
During the Industrial Revolution, new machines such as spinning wheels and handlooms
came into the picture. Making clothing material quickly became an organized industry - as
compared to the domesticated activity it had been associated with before. A number of new
innovations led to the industrialization of the textile industry in Great Britain. Clothing
manufactured during the Industrial Revolution formed a big part of the exports made by
Great Britain. They accounted for almost 25% of the total exports made at that time, doubling
in the period between 1701 and 1770.
The center of the cotton industry in Great Britain was Lancashire - and the amount exported
from 1701 to 1770 had grown ten times. However, wool was the major export item at this
point of time.
In the Industrial Revolution era, a lot of effort was made to increase the speed of the
production through inventions such as the flying shuttle in 1733, the flyer-and-bobbin system,
and the Roller Spinning machine by John Wyatt and Lewis Paul in 1738.
Lewis Paul later came up with the carding machine in 1748 and in 1764 the spinning jenny
was also developed. The water frame was invented in 1771 by Richard Arkwright. The power
loom was invented in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright.
In the initial phases, textile mills were located in and around the rivers since they were
powered by water wheels. After the steam engine was invented, the dependence on the rivers
ceased to a great extent. In the later phases of the 20th century, shuttles that were used in the
textile industry were developed and became faster and thus more efficient. This led to the
replacement of the older shuttles with the new ones.
Today, modern techniques, electronics and innovation have led to a competitive, low-priced
textile industry offering almost any type of cloth or design a person could desire. With its low
cost labour base, China has come to dominate the global textile industry.
REGULATORY STANDARDS
For textiles, like for many other products, there are certain national and international
standards and regulations that need to be complied with to ensure quality, safety and
sustainability.
Figure no. 1.3 Major growth drivers in the textile industry (%)
Cotton Textiles
Silk Textiles
Woollen Textiles
Readymade Garments
Hand-crafted Textiles
Jute and Coir
PRODUCTION
India is the second largest producer of fiber in the world and the major fiber produced is
cotton. Other fibers produced in India include silk, jute, wool, and man-made fibers. 60% of
the Indian textile Industry is cotton based.
The strong domestic demand and the revival of the Economic markets by 2014 have led to
huge growth of the Indian textile industry. In December 2014, the domestic cotton price was
up by 50% as compared to the December 2014 prices. The causes behind high cotton price
are due to the floods in Pakistan and China. India projected a high production of textile (325
lakhs bales for 2013 -14) .There has been increase in India's share of global textile trading to
seven percent in five years. The rising prices are the major concern of the domestic producers
of the country.
Man Made Fibers: These include manufacturing of clothes using fiber or filament synthetic
yarns. It is produced in the large power loom factories. They account for the largest sector of
the textile production in India. This sector has a share of 62% of the India's total production
and provides employment to about 4.8 million people.
The Cotton Sector: It is the second most developed sector in the Indian Textile industries. It
provides employment to huge amount of people but its productions and employment is
seasonal depending upon the seasonal nature of the production.
The Handloom Sector: It is well developed and is mainly dependent on the SHGs for their
funds. It market share is 13 % .of the total cloth produced in India.
The Woollen Sector: India is the 7th largest producer. Of the wool in the world. India also
produces 1.8% of the world's total wool.
The Jute Sector: The jute or the golden fiber in India is mainly produced in the Eastern
states of our country like Assam, West Bengal. Indian is 3rd largest producer of jute in the
world.
The Sericulture and Silk Sector: India is the 2nd largest producer of silk in the world. India
produces world's 18% total silk. Mulberry, Eri, Tasar, and Muga are the 3 main types of the
silk produced in the country. It is a labor-intensive sector.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
The Government of India has promoted a number of export promotion policies for the Textile
sector in the Union Budget 2013-14 and the Foreign Trade Policy 2009-14. This also includes
the various incentives under Focus Market Scheme and Focus Product Scheme, broad basing
the coverage of Market Linked Focus Product Scheme for textile products and extension of
Market Linked Focus Product Scheme etc. to increase the Indian shares in the global trade of
textiles and clothing. The various schemes and promotions by the Government of India are as
follows E-Marketing:
The e-marketing platforms have been developed by the Central Cottage Industries
Corporation of India (CCIC), and the Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation of
India (HHEC).
Skill Development:
Scheme on Integrated Skill Development Scheme targets to train approximately 26.75 lakh
people over a period of 5 years (2.70 lakh people in the first two years); cover all segments
under the ambit of the Ministry including: textiles and apparel; handicrafts; handlooms; jute;
and sericulture. A scheme has been proposed for implementation under the12th FYP with an
allocation of RS3500crore. A target of 1.5 lakh workers would be achieved by March 2014.
Credit Linkages: 25,000 Artisan Credit Cards have been issued to artisans under the Credit
Guarantee Scheme, and over 1.65 lakh additional applications have been forwarded to banks
for consideration.
Textiles Parks:
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The Indian Government has given approval to 21 new Textiles Parks to be set up and this
would be executed over a period of 36 months. The new Textiles Parks would leverage
employment to 400,000 textiles workers. The product mix in these parks would include
apparels and garments parks, hosiery parks, silk parks, processing parks, technical textiles
including medical textiles, carpet and power loom parks.
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESS
quality control
mainly
unorganized sector
due
to
domination
of
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Panipat is today world-famous for its beautiful and jubilant handloom made-ups, blankets and
other upholstery. This new fame seems to have superceded the nostalgia of the three historical
battles of Panipat. Some important features of the textile industry of Panipat are:
1. There is hardly any city of this small size in India that has such a big textile
manufacturing base.
2. This Industry comprises of seven segments that is handloom, woollen carpets, shoddy
yarn spinning, open end cotton yarn spinning, power-loom industry, wet processing
and hosiery woollen yarn industry. All of these together makes a business of around
Rs 4000 crores and provide employment to 2 lacs people.
3.
It contributes 50% of the total exports of the Handloom products from the country.
4. Panipat town has got a global distinction of having the maximum number of shoddy
spinning units at one particular place.
5. Panipat has been awarded Gold Trophy by the Export Promotion Council for the
highest quantity of exports in woollen hand tufted carpets.
6. The industry of Panipat is meeting out 75% demand of Barrack Blankets for the
Indian Military.
In the nutshell, Panipat is an industry with a wide range of handloom textiles, whether
requiredfor a five star hotel or for a poor man's cottage. However, Panipat is not an exception
caseduring these days of overall industry recession. The industries of Panipat are seriously
suffering from low capacity utilization, credit problems, less margins, labour problems,
overseas competition and changing preferences of consumers, which is resulting in shut down
of most of the small scale manufacturing units. In view of above there is an urgent need for a
need based, flexible, focused and action oriented policies targeted at sustained development
of the industry and economy.
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Sheena Exports
Om Overseas
Gaba Overseas
Paliwal Exports
Shivam Exports
Ess Kay Enterprise
Shri Krishna Furnishing
Shiv Shakti Exports
Shivam Exports is undoubtly one of the leading manufacture exporters of home furnishing
textiles based in well known industrial city in Panipat in Northern India. The Company
operates as rugs Export Company of Shivam Exports group and perhaps the only
organization that has implemented and maintained the modern day practices of
professionalism in term of management while keeping the hiccups of unorganized
manufacturing industry apart from our clients. As an outcome, our clients are enjoying the
artistic and traditional Indian flavours of home furnishing trends with finest quality and
efficient services like timely deliveries, quality assurance and lot more. With an experience of
around 40 years in the textile industry and our expertise in extensive textile products, we are
set to offer our clients unmatchable quality and exclusive designs.
The Company manufactures a wide range of home furnishing textile products like face to
face machine woven cotton bath mats and carpets, table linen, bed linen (Tapestry, Damask,
Velvet, Prints), bags throws, rugs, kitchen linen, curtains (cotton, polyester, voile, organza
and velvet).
The Company currently exports wide range of home Furnishing Textiles to various countries
such as France, Germany, South Africa, USA, and Dubai etc. It continues to broaden the
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reach to include additional designs and range in the portfolio, while expanding to new
markets overseas.
Quality has always been the key factor for us since our establishment. The company meets
various quality standards and complies with the norms of ILO (Indian Labor Organization).
Shivam Exports is one of the largest manufacturers & exporters of home furnishings, carpets
and floor coverings in India. The Company counts among their clientele some of the most
reputed stores and catalog companies of the world.
The Companys in-house design studio is reputed for its superior quality of designs and
innovative products. The Company is renowned for its exclusive theme-based collections that
reflect the moods of various seasons.
The Company is also renowned for creating custom-made products to suit the taste of
aesthetics from across countries. Shivam Exports is run by highly experienced professionals
who have in-depth knowledge in carpet designing, manufacturing and raw materials.
Shivam Exports has built up an international reputation in Home Furnishings on the basis of
our superior quality products and timely delivery.
The company is a recognized export houses since 1973 and also an ISO 9001:2008 and
14001 certified. The company is mainly manufacturing and exporting textile products
worldwide.
They are mainly producing:
Duvet
Table Linen
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Kitchen Linen
Bed Linen
Pouf
The main clients of the company are KOHLS, K-MART, TARGET, HOMESTEAD, WALMART etc. For the export performance, the company was awarded by the President of India
and the export promotion council.
The main motto of the company is to attain 100% in time shipments of its products. Well
trained managerial professionals and designers are involved in the managerial and product
specialization.
The compliance activities of the company are well integrated as per domestic and abroad
norms. Workers welfare is the prime attention towards workers of the company by serving
medical aid and the other educational facilities.
In house manufacturing facilities are the most important peculiarity such as weaving,
stitching, embroidery, braiding, tufting, dye, made ups, cotton blankets and bags- these
activities are being organized in one hut. The Company has approximately 250 full time
employees and some other employees who are working in the Company on contractual basis.
SET-UP INCLUDES:
Permanent workforce of 1500 loyal and skilled craftsmen only adult workers.
Apart from the above facilities, the Company is depending on outsourced facilities like
Printing, Computerized Embroidery, Quilting of some type of specialized products etc.
INFRASTRUCTURE
The Companys main unit is located in the reputed industrial sector of Panipat city, also
called as city of Handlooms in Northern India. The city is just 90 kms. from the capital city
and well connected to national highway. The industrial background of Panipat city provides
us with all the nut and bolts of textile business to flourish. Being recognized textile hub the
city has a flow of skilled labors from all parts of country.
The manufacturing unit is spread over a large area of land that provides enough space for the
workers to work in healthy and well ventilated environment. The campus is divided into
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different work areas sheds, storage rooms or god owns, labor rooms, finishing departments,
packaging department and finally a well organized managerial department.
Technically qualified and committed professionals meticulously plan in advance to honour
global commitments of quality. The Companys in-house production units ensure timely
deliveries under strict quality norms. It is having a well developed and systematic production
unit. It is divided into different sections and supervised by well trained staff.
VISION OF THE COMPANY
A credible presences in organize detail segment through setting up retail change store.
Quality Policy
Shivam Exports is committed to the manufacture and supply of the highest quality products.
Our objective is to meet or exceed customer requirements on time every time, and strive
towards a continuous improvement in the effectiveness of the established Quality
Management System.
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CONCLUSION :- In the above point of view, I liked overall company atmosphere by way of
functioning, working atmosphere of men and women and their welfare facilities and other
compliance activities are excellent.
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PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
Cotton Furnishings created at Shivam Exports are renowned for their quality and style all
over the world. Shivam Exports translates seasonal trends and designs, as conceived by the
buyers, into their coordinated programs for home furnishings that offer unique lifestyles. Also
designs are created and offered by Shivam Exportss design team.
Through the Companys own manufacturing facilities, Shivam Exports produces a wide range
of Home Furnishings like rugs, table linen, cushion covers, bed linen, kitchen linen, bathroom
linen, curtains, cotton blankets, knits and throws.
Cotton Home Furnishings made at Shivam Exports brighten the modern lifestyles and add
beauty to homes across the nations. They are preferred by leading stores, around the globe.
Figure No. 1.5 Product Portfolio
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1. Bed linen
In terms of value, this is certainly the most important market for household
textiles.Functions of bed linen are to protect the bedding, to enhance sleeping pleasure
and an aesthetic appeal. The most important development concerning bedroom linen in
recent decades has been the introduction of the eiderdown also referred to as duvet, or
quilt (together with the quilt cover).The quilt cover has much more potential for fashion
expression than sheets. Types of bed linen:
2. Bathroom linen
The major bathroom textile product is a terry towel: traditional towels, bath and beach
towels and guest towels. The most important differences are based on end-use which
dictates the different sizes. Other bath products are washing gloves, bath rugs and bath
mats besides shower curtains.
3. Kitchen linen
A decrease in the use of tea towels has been greatly influenced by the fact that
increasingly more households are using automatic dishwashers, so that hand drying is
no longer necessary. In the kitchen, two types of towels are used:
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4. Table linen
Table linen includes:-tablecloths, table covers, table centers, table runners and napkins.
The tablecloth has two functions: protection of the table and decoration (aesthetic
appeal).This market is not at all large. It is difficult to get hold of accurate figures on table
napkins separately, as they are almost always sold in a set matching the tablecloth,
particularly in the case of expensive quality. There is an enormous offer as to types,
forms, materials, colors and designs. Materials can be flat, structured, printed dobby,
jacquard, embroidered, damask with all kind of adornments and decorations. Table linen
is mostly made of cotton, material other than cotton, are 100% polyester (easy to launder)
and 50% polyester/505 cotton or viscose and the more luxurious textile fibers such as
silk.
5. Curtains
Curtains are used to provide privacy, eliminate (sun) light, insulation purposes (thermal,
acoustic), aesthetic effects etc.
Textiles for indoor window covering can be divided into the following categories:
Draperies are generally made of heavy fabrics, such as velvet, satin, opaque and jacquard.
They usually have a lining and are hung from hooks.
Curtains are relatively sheer and lightweight and are in most cases hung without
linings.
Lace or net curtains adorn the window frames in houses. The major fiber used for net
curtains is polyester filament. Other fibers are polyester staple and acrylic staple.
Shades are soft coverings, take less space than curtain and draperies and come in
fabric and a variety of other materials.
Curtains are largely sold ready-made in lengths which fit the standard window sizes and
several heights. Curtains and draperies are made from all types of fibers and fabric
construction; however, most curtains are made with synthetic fibers.
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6. CUSHIONS
Cushion covers can be developed on individual designs or could be supportive to a
coordinating story, adding the accent to any living place. It is one of the most versatile
engineered products providing immense scope to working on designs in creative and
innovative ways and enabling us to offer a large range of prices.
7. THROWS/ LAP SHAWLS
Throws has been one of the strongest areas of Shivam Exports. Various qualities and
counts of yarn are used with interesting weaving techniques on in-house Dobby and
Jacquard facilities. Shivam Exports actively pursues to develop throws of latest and
trendy designs in various price ranges, from very economical to highly sophisticated
masterpieces in quantity.
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Physical Exports:
If the goods physically go out of the country or services are rendered outside the country then
it is called as physical export.
Deemed Exports:
Where the goods do not go out of the country physically they can be termed as deemed
exports. This will be subject to certain conditions as prescribed by the DGFT. Under Deemed
Exports, the goods may be supplied to the manufacturer exporter who ultimately export a
finished product of which this supply forms a part and ultimately go out of the country. E.g.
Supply of fabrics to the garment exporter who exports the garments made out of the said
fabric.
The government may announce from time to time the types of supplies that may be
considered as deemed export. The Foreign Trade Policy gives the list of supplies considered
under the deemed export category. The policies and procedures are different for physical
exports and deemed exports.
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TYPES OF EXPORTERS
Exporters can be basically classified into two groups
Manufacturer Exporter: As the exporter has the facility to manufacture the product
Merchant Exporter: An exporter who does not have the facility to manufacture an
item. But, he procures the same from other manufacturers or from the market and exports the
same.
An exporter can be both a manufacturer exporter as well as a merchant exporter, he can
export product manufactured by him or he can export items bought from the market.
Once it is decided to export, it is mandatory for company to follow certain procedures, rules
and regulations as prescribed by various regulatory authorities such as DGFT, RBI, and
Customs. These procedures, rules and regulations are laid down in the Exim Policy 2006-11,
Exchange Control Manual, and Customs Act etc. Accordingly Export documents are required
to be prepared keeping in view of the requirement of the foreign buyers and our regulatory
authorities.
Shivam Exports is a manufacturer exporter.
CHOOSING APPROPRIATE MODE OF OPERATIONS
You can choose any of the following modes of operations
Merchant Exporter i.e. buying the goods from the market or from the manufacturer
Sales Agent / Commission Agent / Indenting Agent i.e. acting on behalf of the seller
Buying Agent i.e. acting on behalf of the buyer and charging commission.
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Coordinating with the ware house and excise department regarding packing and
documents with the Government Authorities in Discharge of Export Obligations, if any, filing
of returns to the various Government Agencies which are mandatory, prepare and keep an
information bank of various transaction of the company, their domestic as well as
international competitors.
A clearing and forwarding agent to handle the documents and the goods in the
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Bank receipt (in duplicate) / Demand Draft for payment of the fees of Rs. 1000/-
Certificate from the banker of the applicant firm as per Annexure 1 to the form given.
One copy of PAN number issued by Income Tax Authorities duty attested by the
applicant.
One copy of Passport Size photographs of the applicant duly attested by the banker to
the applicant.
of the applicant company, are not associated as proprietor/partners/directors in any other firm,
which has been caution, listed by the RBI. Where the applicant declares that they are
associated as proprietor/partners/directors in any other firm, which has been caution, listed by
the RBI, they will be allotted IEC No. but with an additional condition that they can export
only with RBIs prior approval and they should approach RBI for the purpose.
the licensing authority shall enter the information furnished in their database so as to dispense
with changes in the information given, importer/exporter shall intimate the same to the
licensing authority.
REGISTRATION WITH SALES TAX AUTHORITIES
Goods that are to be shipped out of the country for export are eligible for exemptions from
both Sales Tax and Central Sales Tax. For this purpose, exporter should get himself registered
with the Sale Tax Authority of is state after following the procedures prescribed under the
Sales Tax Act applicable to his state.
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Get statistical information as to imports of the product by various countries and their
Approach the chamber of commerce for their guidance to find out the market.
Approach the Export Promotion Council dealing in the product of selection to get
more information.
To describe cargo,
To indicate the ownership of goods for collection purposes or in the event of dispute
To obtain Payment.
The Preliminary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
EXPORT DOCUMENTATION
Figure no. 2.1 Documentation
I
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INVOICES
INVOICES
PERFORMA INVOICE
COMMERCIAL INVOICE
CONSULAR INVOIC
PERFORMA INVOICE
Quotation in form of regular invoice sent as a reply to an inquiry.
Importance of Performa Invoice
It may be useful for the importer in obtaining import license or foreign exchange.
COMMERCIAL INVOICE
Prepared by the exporter after the execution of export order giving details about the
goods shipped.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Description of goods giving details of quantity, rate and total amount in terms of
Consular invoice is a document required mainly by the Latin American countries like
Kenya, Mauritius, etc.
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For obtaining consular invoice the exporter require to submit three copies of invoice
to the Consulate of the importing country concerned.
CONSULAR INVOICE
Consular invoice is a document required mainly by the Latin American countries like
Kenya, Mauritius, etc.
For obtaining consular invoice the exporter require to submit three copies of invoice
to the Consulate of the importing country concerned.
importer's country.
Certification' of goods by the Consulate of the importing country indicated that the
importer has fulfilled all procedural and licensing formalities for import of goods.
It also assures the exporter of the payment from the importing country.
It facilitates quick clearance of goods from the customs at the port destination and
The importer is assured that the goods imported are not banned for imported in his
country.
Significance of Consular Invoice for the Customs Office
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CERTIFICATES
Certificate of Origin
It certifies the place of origin of the merchandise.
Federation of Indian Chambers Of Commerce and Industry, the export promotion councils
and various other trade associations have been authorized by the government of India to issue
certificate of origin.
Important in the case of countries, having preferential rates of tariff for Indian Commodities.
Types of the Certificate of Origin
(a) Non-Preferential Certificate, Of Origin: - Non-preferential certificate of origin is
required in general by all countries for clearance of goods by the importer, on which no
preferential tariff is given. It is issued by:
(b) Certificate of Origin for availing Concessions under GSP :- Certificate of origin
required for availing of concessions under Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
extended by certain, countries such as France, Germany, Italy, BENELUX countries, UK,
Australia; Japan, USA, etc. This certificate can be obtained from specialized agencies,
namely;
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(c)
It is required when the goods produced in a particular country are banned for import in the
foreign market.
It helps the buyer in adhering to the import regulations of the country.
Sometimes, in order to ensure that goods bought from some other country have not been
reshipped by a seller, a certificate of origin IS required.
CUSTOMS DOCUMENT
Shipping Bill
Shipping bill is the main customs document, required by the customs authorities for granting
permission for the shipment of goods. The cargo is moved inside the dock area only after the
shipping bill is duly stamped, i.e. certified by the customs. Shipping bill is normally prepared
in five copies:
Customs copy.
Drawback copy.
Exporter's copy
Based on the incentives offered by the government, customs authorities have introduced three
types of shipping bills:
Drawback Shipping Bill: - Drawback shipping bill is useful for claiming the
Dutiable Shipping Bill: - Dutiable shipping bill is required for goods which are
Duty-free Shipping Bill: - Duty-free shipping bill is useful for exporting goods on
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In order to facilitate easy recognition and quick processing, following colors have been
provided to different kinds of shipping bills:
Table no. 2.1
Types of goods
By Sea By Air
Green Green
Yellow Pink
White Pink
Details about packages, description of goods, marks and numbers, quantity and details
Of each case.
FOB price and real value of goods as defined in the Sea Customs Act.
Shipping bill is the main customs document, required by the customs authorities for
The cargo is moved inside the dock area only after the shipping bill is duly stamped,
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c)
Duly endorsed shipping bill is also necessary for the collection of export incentives
It is useful to the Customs Appraiser while determining the actual value of goods
TRANSPORT DOCUMENT
Mates receipt
Mate's receipt is a receipt issued by the Commanding Officer of the ship when the cargo is
loaded on the ship. The mate's receipt is a prima facie evidence that goods are loaded in the
vessel. The mate's receipt is first handed over to the Port Trust Authorities. After making
payment of all port dues, the exporter or his agent collects the mate's receipt from the Port
Trust Authorities. The mate's receipt is freely transferable. It must be handed over to the
shipping company in order to get the bill of lading. Bill of lading is prepared on the basis of
the mate's receipt.
Types of Mate's Receipts
Clean Mate's Receipt: - The Commanding Officer of the ship issues a clean mate's
receipt, if he is satisfied that the goods are packed properly and there is no defect in the
packing of the cargo or package.
Qualified Mate's Receipt: - The Commanding Officer of the ship issues qualified
mate's receipt, when the goods are not packed properly and the shipping company does not
take any responsibility of damage to the goods during transit.
Contents of Mate's Receipt
Bill of lading, which is the title of goods, is prepared on the basis of the mate's
receipt.
It enables the exporter to clear port trust dues to the Port Trust Authorities.
BILL OF LADING
The bill of lading is a document issued by the shipping company or its agent acknowledging
the receipt of goods on board the vessel, and undertaking to deliver the goods in the like order
and condition as received, to the consignee or his order, provided the freight and other
charges as specified in the bill have been duly paid.
Three main purposes:
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apparently in good order and condition and without any qualification is termed as a clean bill
of lading.
Claused Bill of Lading: - A bill of lading qualified with certain adversary marks such
as, "goods insufficiently packed in accordance with the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act," is
termed as a clause bill of lading.
Transshipment or Through Bill of Lading: - When the carrier uses other transport
facilities, such as rail, road, or another steamship company in addition to his own, the carrier
issues a through or transshipment bill of lading.
Stale Bill of Lading: - A bill of lading that has been held too long before it is passed
Freight Paid Bill of Lading: - When freight is paid at the time of shipment or in
advance, the bill of landing is marked, freight paid. Such bill of lading is known as freight bill
of lading.
Freight Collect Bill of lading: - When the freight is not paid and is to be collected
from the consignee on the arrival of the goods, the bill of lading is marked, freight collect and
is known as freight collect bill of lading
Contents of Bill of Lading
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It is a contract between the shipper and the shipping company for carriage of the
A clean bill of lading certifies that the goods received on board the ship are in order
The exporter can claim damages from the shipping company if the goods are lost or
The exporter sends the bill of lading to the bank of the importer so as to enable him to
The exporter can give advance intimation to the foreign buyer about the shipment of
It is useful to the shipping company for collection of transport charges from the
documents along with the shipping bill to the Custom House. The documents include:
O
Performa Invoice
Packing List
Quality Certificate
Purchase memo
Labels
GR Form
The duplicate copy of GR form together with a copy of invoice will be retained by the
authorized dealer till full export proceeds have been realized and thereafter submitted to the
RBI.
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PP Form
of PP form in case of exports to all countries by Parcel post, except when made on value
payable or cash on delivery basis.
PAYMENT DOCUMENT
Bill of Exchange
It must be signed by the maker or drawer. Unsigned document will not be legally
valid.
The money must be payable to a definite person or to his order or to the bearer.
2.
The drawee: The importer / person on whom the bill is drawn for payment.
3.
The payee: The person to whom payment is made, generally, the exporter / supplier
of the goods.
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Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Specified sum
5.
MISCELLANEOUS DOCUMENTS
Specific Policy: This policy is taken to cover different risks for a single shipment. For
a regular exporter, this policy is not advisable as he will have to take a separate policy every
time a shipment is made, so this policy is taken when exports are in frequent.
Floating Policy: This is taken to cover all shipments for some months. There is no
time limit, but there is a limit on the value of goods and once this value is crossed by several
shipments, then it has to be renewed.
Open Policy: This policy remains in force until cancelled by either party i.e.
Open Cover Policy: This policy is generally issued for 12 months period, for all
shipments to one or more destinations. The open cover may specify the maximum value of
consignment that may be sent per ship and if the value exceeded, the insurance company
must be informed by the exporter.
Insurance Premium: Differs upon product to product and a number of such other factors,
such as, distance of voyage, type and condition of packing, etc. Premium for air
consignments are lowered as compared to consignments by sea.
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Bill of Entry
The bill of entry is a document, prepared by the importer or his clearing agent in the
prescribed form under Bill of Entry Regulations, 1971, on the strength of which clearance
goods can be made.
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RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the conceptual blueprint for collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to the adopted for collecting the
relevant data and the techniques to be used in their analysis keeping in view the objectives of
the research and the availability of staff, time and money. Two broad classes of research
design are identified as:
In case of exploratory research studies.
In case of descriptive in case of research studies.
The research design used in the project report is descriptive research design. A Descriptive
research design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behaviour
of a subject without influencing it in any way.
Research:
Descriptive
Research Technique:
Tools Used:
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Data Source:
2. Secondary Data
Packaging List
Shipping Bill
Website of Shivam Exports
Files maintained by the departments
Books and Journals
SAMPLE SIZE:
The sample size for the study was 100.
45
The survey consists of 100 respondents who are asked general questions relating to
export activities
The study helped to get an insight about the awareness of export activities among the
employees
Lack of Experience:I was new on the topic which was assigned to me. So lack of
experience in getting information from respondents came in to the way of
collecting the relevant data.
46
Time: Time was a bit short to fathom into the depth of the study. But still all
efforts to the best possible extent have been made to collect the data.
Data Collection Constraints:Since most of the data used is secondary in nature,
this poses the constraints on the validity and reliability of the data.
Busy Employees:Employees are not available as are busy in their work
Appointments:There was a problem in taking appointments from the managers.
Sources: Sources were confounded some time to give proper information.
Area: The office area was very congested.
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S.No.
Options
No. of Respondents
1.
Manufacturing
30
2.
Trading Company
20
3.
Multinational Company
25
Nature of Business
Manufacturing
2000%; 22%
Trading Company
4000%; 44%
Multinational
Company
3000%; 33%
Interpretation:
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Of the total, 40% employees believe the primary business of the Company is Manufacturing.
However, 30% and 20% believe it as trading and multinational company, respectively.
49
S.No.
Options
No. of Respondents
1.
No foreign ownership
90
2.
3.
Foreign Ownership
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
No. of Respondents
Interpretation: Majority of the respondents agreed that there is no foreign ownership in the
Company.
50
S.No.
Options
No. of Respondents
1.
80
2.
16
3.
Year of Operation
Interpretation: Majority of the respondents know that the Company is operating since
1970s.
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S.No.
Options
No. of Respondents
1.
Yes
75
2.
No
25
No. of Respondents
40
30
20
10
0
Yes
No
Interpretation: The survey proves that the Company occupies prominent shelf space of
major retail chains.
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Q5: Awareness about international norms that are applicable for the Companys products
Table no. 4.5
S.No.
Options
No. of Respondents
1.
Yes
85
2.
No
15
No. of Respondents
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes
No
Interpretation: 85% of the respondents are aware of the fact that international norms are
applicable on the Companys products.
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Q6: Information about the changed or new regulation schemes for exports
Table no. 4.6
S.No.
Options
No. of Respondents
1.
80
2.
20
No. of Respondents
40
30
20
10
0
By Domestic Information Sources
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S.No.
Options
No. of Respondents
1.
Road
60
2.
Ocean
30
3.
Rail
10
Mode of Transport
Rail; 10
Road
Ocean
Rail
Ocean; 30
Road; 60
Interpretation: Most of the respondents observed that the Company uses road to transport
majority of its products.
55
S.No.
Options
No. of Respondents
1.
Yes
65
2.
No
35
Interested in Seminars
Yes
No
Interpretation: Only 65% of the respondents have shown interest in attending seminars
related to exports.
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S.No.
Options
No. of Respondents
1.
55
2.
35
10
3.
No. of Respondents
Interpretation: Majority of the respondents believe that the Company exports about 50% of
its products.
57
58
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5.2 CONCLUSION
Shivam Exports have a good location area in the vicinity of Panipat but its not able to
explore the citys resources in an efficient manner. So its concluded that the
management has the finance available but its not able to invest in a right direction.
Therefore it should take in concentration the financial analysis of concern statement to
take appropriate decisions.
Textile industry in India has vast scope to grow as Panipat is the hub of textile
industries and there are many options available to manufacture textile products. Such
as weaving and designing. Shivam Exports is basically in weaving section. Its
recommended to more into designing also which will increase the financial health.
Last but not the least this research work aims to gather the knowledge of financials
loo-pools of the company and in this research work I have contributed best of my
experience in Shivam Exports.
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5.3 SUGGESTIONS
Shivam Exports should utilize Panipat vicinity resources so as to increase
employment opportunities as it has maximum export from Panipat.
Shivam Exports should concentrate on others products like curtains, bed coverings etc
to increase market share.
As according to its carpet demand it should increase its capacity so as to meet the
required demand in the market.
It should diversify itself to other than Panipat area also and should not mainly
concentrate on export & import.
Short term liability such as salary, wages should not be immediately paid. Time
duration of 10-15 days should be kept for the payment of these liabilities this will
increase the cast balance within the organization.
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