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Summary Introduction Transport and Logistic Engineering:

Lecture 2-4
Introduction Transport and Logistic Engineering (Technische Universiteit Delft)

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Summary Intro TEL

Lecture 2
Advances in transport technology
1. Containerisation
2. Aviation
3. Hauling ore

Definition = an exact description of the nature of a thing or a brief explanation of the
meaning of a word provides us with a common language and enable exchange of
knowledge without confusion

Transport = the application of exact science to determine the physical principles which
govern the conveyance of goods, information and energy from one place to another and
the design and development of the equipment required to accomplish the physical
transport

Transport system = the collection of people, equipment and procedures organized to
accomplish transport

Logistics = concerns the application of mathematical methods to describe the physical
processes behind the transport process and the determination of the physical actions
that are necessary to permit the transport to be accomplished as efficiently and effective
as possible

Figure 0.1 LB: Transport (operation), RB: Transport system, LO: Transport system, RO: Transport

Transport system requirements

1. Equipment
2. People involved
3. Procedures

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1591)
Mona Lisa, beginselen helikopters, mechanische rekenmachines, vliegtuigen,
bepantserde tanks, onderzeeers etc.

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Georgius Agricola (1490-1555)

Chemicus, edelstenen en mineralen, mining techniques (watermills) the machine for
lifting men and material into and out of a mineshaft. Water mills found innumerable
applications, especially in crushing ores to release the fine particles of gold and other
heavy minerals, as well as working giant bellows to force air into the confined spaces of
underground workings, extractive metallurgy.

The nature and characteristics of the transported goods, information and energy affects
its convey ability.

Three categories of transport goods
1. Liquid and gasses no form, only volume, adept
their form to the unit that contains them for storage
or transportation
2. Bulk solid materials have a form, generally does
not give any problems for transportation
3. Goods with a unique identifiable form or shape
transportation options can be limited

Lecture 3
ULD = Unit Load Device. Standardized unit (container, pallet, box etc.), used to load
goods (luggage, mail, general cargo, livestock). Largest advantage: the dimensions and
characteristics are standardized which allows for example automation of the transport
process and ease multimodal transport
IKEA boxes are also standardized: when you open them up, a lot of space is filled with
piepschuim. So there are a lot of different sizes, but all standardised.

Continuous and discontinuous transport
Transport there is a requirement to move something from a well-defined point A to a
well defined point B within a certain period of time.

!!However, whether a transport system is continuous or discontinuous may be a matter
of perception and perspective!!

Continuous transport system offers transport capacity continuously in time

Discontinuous transport system offers transport capacity at discrete moments in time

Ld = transport distance between A and B [m]
Vc = continuous velocity [m/s]
Td = the time it takes to travel from A to B [s]
Md = the transport mass that moves from A and B [kg]

The consequence of assuming this is that there is no option to stop
The capacity of the transport system moving mass Md from A to B
If the load Md is distributed over the total length of the transport
system (i.e. on a belt conveyor) then the capacity can be defined, where Md is in [kg/m]

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Discontinuous conveyor
- Offers capacity in one way only
- Transport capacity changes depending on the state of the system
- Since carriers are mostly used on conveyors, the system is classified
discontinuous

Reasons to use it
Advantages
- To accumulate loads
- Normally ULDs are used
- To allow temporary storage
- You can easily automate the
- To allow for differences in the production rates system because you only deal
between adjacent areas
with one type of loading
- To smooth production when cycle times vary at - You have no unnecessary
stations along the conveyor
empty return part
- To allow different conveyor seed along the path

Discontinuous conveyor
Formula
Traveltime = distance between

AB/velocity

Disadvantages
You create a flow of
empty ULDs in our
system that need to
be handled

Material flow rates, where

Rf = material flow rate [1/s]
Rl = loading rate [1/s]
Sc = pitch between two materials on the
conveyor [m]
Tu = unloading time [s]
Tl = loading time [s]
Material flow rates when using carriers

with more than one part, where
np = number of parts per carrier

Continuous conveyor
- Offers constant transport capacity in time
- If carriers are used on the conveyor, then the capacity is offered continuously at
discrete times

Continuous conveyor
Formula
Le is length of the empty return loop [m]

Total time to complete a loop

Time a load spends in the system

Number of fixed carriers on system

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Number of loose carriers in system

Total number of parts in system

Flow rate

Two problems with continuous conveyors using ULDs
- The possibility that no empty carriers are immediately available at the loading
station when needed
- The possibility that no loaded carriers are immediately available at the
unloading station when needed

1. Speed rule

2. Capacity constraint

3. Uniformity principle
This principle states that part (loads) should be uniformly distributed
throughout the lengths of the conveyor so that no parts are fully loaded while
others are empty

Moving objects with a relatively small force is only possible by
1. converting an available smaller force in a larger force (lever, wedge, impact
force, hydraulic transmission)
2. Reducing the frictional resistances, by applying a roll, liquid or air layer, walking
or jumping, magnetic forces

!! FORMULES TOEVOEGEN !! (general introduction 2)

Lecture 4
Public transport system = a system of vehicles such as buses, trains, ferries and aircraft
that operate at regular times according to a timetable on fixed routes and that are used
by public. Can be operated by a private or public company.

Private transport systems = such as cars, taxi/cab, car pooing or hired buses which are
not shared by strangers without private arrangement. Operated by a private company.

Industrial transport = internal and external transport, depending on the area in which
the conveyance occurs and its relationship to the production process

Internal transport = within a production shop (intrashop) and between shops
(inter-shop). Mining industry it encompasses underground transport, surface
transport and quarry transport (in open-pit mining)

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Intrashop = an integral part of the production process, is used to move

work pieces and assemblies between working areas, sections and
departments within a shop

Inter-shop = generally not related to the production process, is used to
move materials, semi finished goods and finished products between
shops and warehouses located on the enterprises premises or in the
same industrial area.

External transport = brings raw materials, fuel and equipment to enterprises
and carries finished products from their premises either to transport points
linked with main line transportation or directly to the purchaser. It plays a major
role in supply chain logistics


During transportation passengers and baggage may be separated, because of
economical, convenience or security/safety reasons.
For transport efficiency passengers and baggage should be separated as late as
possible
For transportation convenience, security or safety separation should be done as soon
as possible.

Multimodal transport = the transportation of goods or people under a single contract,
but performed with at least two different transport modes (rail, sea, road and air). MTO
= multimodal transport operator.

The environmental impact of transport
- Energy consumption of transport equipment is an important design parameter
- However, the energy consumption of transport systems causes, direct or
indirect, emission sof NOx, CO2 and particulate matter.

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TLF: Transport Loss Factor (Lodewijks, 2006)

Kinetic energy
Where in the previous part the speed V was constant, that doesnt hold for
discontinuous transport modes such as trucks. So the TLF has to be extended to account
for this effect.

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TLF, energy consumption & emission output

Energy consumption
The energy use of the truck and belt conveyor will be compared with the help of the TLF.
To calculate the energy consumption, the motor and engine efficiencies of belt
conveyors and trucks are required.

The amount of used of primary energy must be calculated to compare the energy use of
an electrical powered belt conveyor and a diesel powered truck.

Primary energy = energy that has not been converted by an energy conversion system
or upgrading process.

The amount of primary energy Ep is calculated by Ep = rp x Es
rp = ratio of the used utilized energy and the used primary energy

Emissions of transport systems
The calculate the mass of the emission output, the specific emission factors of electricity
and diesel are required calculated by (the emissions of the Dutch national electricity
production) / (Dutch national electricity output)

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Comparison of trucks and belt conveyors

1. Comparison on primary energy use and emissions, including the effect of the
loss of kinetic energy
2. It is assumed that a truck stops only once per stretch, for loading and unloading
3. Trucks have an empty weight of 15 metric tons and drive a full load of 30 tons
with a speed of 20 m/s (72 kmph, about 45 mph??)
4. It is assumed that the trucks have an air drag coefficient Cd if 0.9, a rolling
resistance coefficient Cr of 0.0058 and a surface area At of 6 m2. Excluding the
kinetic energy the truck has a TLF of 0.021
5. The best case is a new truck that has an engine efficiency of 42% throughout the
whole stretch and complies with the Euro V standards. The average case is a
truck with an engine efficiency of 30%, that complies with the Euro IV standard.
6. The belt speeds is assumed to be 6 m/s, the capacity (equal to the trucks) is 918
MTPH
7. The TFL of the belt conveyor can be calculated to be 0.034
8. Only an integer number of truck can be used.

MTPH = Metric Tons Per Hour

Truck performs better than conveyor when
- Using TLF: if the transport distance exceeds the 3 km
- Using primary energy consumption: if the transport distance exceeds about 8
km using a new truck
- Using the CO2 emission: if the transport distance exceeds about 8 km using a
new truck
- Using the NOx emission: never!
- Using the particulate matter emission: never!

Conclusions
1. The TLF allows the comparison of primary energy use and emissions between
transport modalities. The effect of loss of kinetic energy is taken into account.
2. The influence of loss of kinetic energy on the TLF of the diesel powered truck is
significant
3. Only using the TLF as a basis for the assessment whether or truck fleet or a belt
conveyor should ne used for a transport job leads to incorrect solutions from an
environmental point of view.

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