You are on page 1of 4

Function of each component(in circuit):

a) Resistor :
- To resist or control the current flow
If a pure conductor (ie, wire) instead of a resistor is used, the path is said
to be short circuited and, in theory - but not usually in practice - an infinite
current would flow through it if the source was really able to deliver such a
current.
But, if there is some resistance in its path, the current taken from the
source will always be limited to the potential difference produced by the
source (measured in volts) divided by the resistance of the path
(measured in ohms).
I = E/R (Where I is current, E is volts and R is resistance)
Another use of a resistor is whenever you need to produce a voltage drop
in a circuit. This drop can can then be utilized for some other purpose,
noting the voltage will differ depending on the load. If the load varies in
resistance, so will the voltage drop.
When no resistors are met by the current, the voltage which is actually the
amount of work done in moving the charge will tend to zero. This means
that the current flows without any resistance and is said to be a dead
short to the source.
b) Zener diode ( D1N750):

operating the breakdown region.


also known as voltage-regulator diodes
maintain a constant output voltage.
A typical diode functions only in one direction (forward-bias). When
subjected to reverse-bias, the junction will eventually break down under

high enough voltage.


A zener diode works the same way, but breaks down at a very specific

reverse-bias voltage. This is called its zener voltage.


Because of this property, a zener diode can be used to regulate the
voltage in a circuit. When inserted the opposite orientation as you
typically expect a diode, it begins to conduct when the voltage across it
reaches the zener voltage. Then the voltage stays at that level.

c) Diode ( D1N914):

allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the


diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite

direction (the reverse direction).


can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This
unidirectional

behavior

convert alternating

is

calledrectification,

current to direct

current,

and

is

including

used

to

extraction

of modulation from radio signals in radio receiversthese diodes are


-

forms of rectifiers.
Semiconductor diodes: conducting electricity only if a certain threshold
voltage or cut-in voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in
which the diode is said to be forward-biased).

d) Transistor (Q2N2222) :
- main function is amplification. It can also be used as an oscillator. It
can function as a switch, as well as in other non-linear applications
such as rectifier or voltage limiter. It can be used in feedback circuits
-

as a voltage regulator.
Turns current off and on which developes a voltage across resistors in

circuit.
routes electicity basid on polartity.

The Role of Voltage Transformers in Our Electric Power Systems


Transformers are devices used in electrical circuits to change the voltage of
electricity flowing in the circuit. Transformers can be used either to increase the
voltage (called "stepping up") or decrease the voltage ("step down").
When electrical energy travels long distances in wires, some of the energy is lost.
This happens to electricity during thejourney from a power plant to your home. Less
energy is lost if the voltage is very high, so electrical utilities use high voltage in
long-distance transmission wires. However, this high voltage is too dangerous for
home use. Electrical utilities use transformers to change the voltage of electricity as
it travels from the power plant to you. First, the voltage of electricity coming from
the power plant is "stepped up" using transformers to the right level for longdistance transmission. Later, the voltage is stepped down before it enters your
home - once again using transformers.
In order for the electrical power distribution network to function, voltages must be
stepped up before power is transmitted great distances over power lines. One major
problem is that power is lost between the power plant and the consumers because
currents use some of the power to heat the transmission lines. The power
transmitted along the line is equal to the voltage times the current. The higher the
voltage the lower the current that must flow within the transmission lines to deliver
the same power. Lower currents produce much less heating and much less power
loss. Of course, the high voltages (needed to drive the low currents) must be
stepped back down before power is supplied to our homes. Transformers are the
critical elements that step up and down the voltages at each end of the line.

You might also like