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Goal
Learn the operation of the Wheatstone bridge.
Related Topics
Electrics, electrical circuit
Introduction
We have learned before how to measure the resistance using a voltmeter and a current meter.
The accuracy of such measurements is limited by the internal resistances of these meters. Ideally,
we need the internal resistance of a voltmeter to be infinity, and that of an ammeter to be zero. But
that is not possible and all the measurements with these meters will have unavoidable instrumental
errors.
In this experiment we will learn a way to measure the resistance precisely by using an
equipment called Wheatstone Bridge, which is invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and
improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843[1,2].
1.
RX
R A RS
RB
(1)
Sincetheaccuracyofthemeasurementcruciallydependsonthesmallnessofthe
current through the ammeter, a galvanometer with high sensitivity is used. The
III-1
galvanometeristhereforeverydelicateandcanbeeasilydamagedifexcessivecurrent
is let to pass it. To prevent this,the galvanometer is first bypassed with a shunt
resistorforacoarseadjustmentsothatthebridgeis roughlybalanced.Whenthe
bridgeisbalancedatthelowsensitivity,thefineradjustmentcanbeachievedby
reducingtheshuntresistorgradually.
2.
M S G
RA / RB
,
R G (1 R A / R B ) 2
(2)
is the
3.
u B1 ( RS )
1
RS .
10
(3)
Experiment device
Three ZX21A resistors, an unknown resistor (about 2k), an 85C1 galvanometer, a DC
power supply, some connecting wires and two tapping keys.
Procedure
1.
2.
/
I G Div
III-2
RS / RS
/ Div
20
10
5
1
1/5
1/10
1/20
*) Here, please note the unit of IG is Div.
3.
Measure RX at different values of RA /RX., when RA =RB.(Set the voltage of power supply to
3V.)
Carry out the measurement with RA/RX similar to RA /RB given in Table 1(Note: RX should be
the value determined at the largest sensitivity M in table 1). Fill out the table and find for which
value of RA /RX, the sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge is largest.
Table 2 Data table when RA=RB
RA/Rx
RA/
RS/
R'S /
RX/
R S
IG
/
I G Div
RS / RS
/ Div
4.
RS/
R'S /
R S
/
I G Div
IG
/ Div
RS / RS
1.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
Questions
1.
2.
III-3
3.
Supplementary information about the resistance box: how to caculate the unertainty limits of
a resistance box?
For example: if the indication of the ZX-21 type resistance box is 30362.5, and the zero
resitance is 0.02, then the unertainty limits a is:
a=30000*0.1%+0*0.1%+300*0.1%+60*0.1%+2*0.5%+0.5*2%+0.02
Discuss how is measurement uncertainty of RX on different values of RA/RB, RA/RX and the
power supply voltages.
References
1.
2.
3.
III-4